Notion Of Unity Research Articles

The paradox of standards and innovation: Reconceptualising standards and standardisation with the help of Niklas Luhmann

AbstractThis research explores the intricate relationship between standards and innovation through the lens of Niklas Luhmann's theoretical framework. Standardisation transforms uncertainty into certainty, providing a stable foundation for modern social systems and shaping reality. Historically, standardisation has facilitated social homogenisation and bureaucratic efficiency, as observed by Max Weber. However, defining standards and standardisation remains ambiguous due to their diverse applications across various domains. This study reconceptualises standards and standardisation as dynamic constructs that integrate specific forms and general principles, aligning with Luhmann's notion of unity. It addresses the paradox of standards and innovation, which arises from the duality and simultaneity of complexity reduction (uniformity) and complexity increase (diversity), as well as the tension between compatibility (standards) and novelty (innovation). The research introduces the concept of stylisation to the works of technological standardisation, enabling the comparability of technological systems with art systems. By embracing dynamic stability and stylisation, systems can navigate the paradox effectively, ensuring sustainable growth and adaptation.

Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Analisis Atas Paham Nasionalisme dan Konsep Persatuan

The focus of this research is to examine civic education by analyzing the notion of nationalism and the concept of unity based on Sila III of Pancasila in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. The topic of study relates to issues of nationalism and unity which are frequently discussed. For example, the expression for the sake of national unity and integrity is echoed everywhere, specifically for the stability of national security, it is also discussed in official meetings of state officials, in books and magazines, both scientific and non-scientific. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative methods and critical reading of the text, namely: (1) the 1945 Constitution; (2) Books related to the notion of nationalism and the concept of national unity; (3) Articles that concentrate on studying the concept of national unity based on Sila III Pancasila and the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution. The findings in this study are that the concept of nationalism and the concept of unity is based on Sila III Pancasila and the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution, the notion of unity here means that the state protects all the Indonesian nation and all of Indonesia's bloodshed is based on unity and the realization of social justice for all six people. The definition of a unified state is that the state overcomes all group understandings, individual understandings, wants unity to cover the entire Indonesian nation. The state and every civil society prioritizes the interests of the state above the interests of certain groups or individuals.

Walking through the crevices of the junctions of incompatibles

Interstices are minority fields that, because of their opening, are capable of causing opacity in that which, apparently, presents itself with irreducible clarity. Resulting from an incomplete and maladjusted [at the least dual] marriage between the signs/entities that originate them, this interval may destabilize and cause disorder in these entities and their own meanings. The interstitials offer a hyphenated relationship: a simultaneous union and separation, a spacing between the entity’s identity and its otherness or, alterity. One and the other may no longer be seen without the crack or fissure that now separates them, uniting, by a space-time lapse. Ontological, semantic shifts are caused by this fissure, an absence between one and the other, one with and against the other. Based on an improbable approximation between some conceptual and semantic shifts within the design production of architect Rem Koolhaas and the textual production of the philosopher Jacques Derrida, this article questions the notion of unity, coherence, affinity, and complementarity in the process of construction of thought from these ontological, epistemological, and semiological fissures that rattle the signs/entities and their stable meanings. Fissures in a thought that is considered coherent, cohesive, formatted are the negativity that constitutes the interstices that allow us to move towards what still remains as non-identity, which allows us to begin another story.

Palimpsests: Poems Based on the Classics that Speak to the Present by C. Mann

Reviewed by: Palimpsests: Poems Based on the Classics that Speak to the Present by C. Mann Sihle Ntuli Mann, C. 2021. Palimpsests: Poems Based on the Classics that Speak to the Present. Cape Town: Dryad Press. Pp. 60. ISBN 978-1-990992-26-1. ZAR200. Palimpsests is a 2021 poetry collection by the late South African poet Chris 'Zithulele' Mann, published by Dryad Press and released not long after his untimely death in March 2021. In the same month, The Johannesburg Review of Books published his obituary, which serves as an appropriate tribute to a highly celebrated literary career.1 Throughout the article and the collection, it is abundantly clear that Mann was a South African poet who immersed himself in the indigenous Nguni culture of South Africa. The book's subtitle reads, 'poems based on the classics that speak to the present' and this is the broader focus that this review will consider. In particular, the question of whether these poems really do speak to the present requires an in depth look at Mann's sentiments as they are presented throughout Palimpsests. In addition, it is important to acknowledge that Palimpsests serves as the final message of one of the major figures of South African poetry. One main challenge that Mann takes on in this collection is the inclusion of numerous classical elements in ways in which the modern reader is able to grasp. In the book's preface, Michael Lambert explains the significance of the collection's title: 'Like many words in English, "palimpsest" originates in ancient Greek: it conjures up a manuscript written on parchment so precious that one text is rubbed out and replaced by another' (p. xi). Lambert was an appropriate choice to write the book's preface as his academic record reflects a classicist acutely aware of the field's need to locate itself together with, rather than against, black South African cultures.2 Mann has chosen to grapple with the modern world sometimes directly, though more often indirectly, through a recentering of the Classics. From this position he offers subjective observations of the present. He has chosen to utilize a hybrid approach that conflates elements of contemporary history with antiquity. The reader is presented with a question of balance, however, and particularly the question of whether the subject matter in this collection is weighted too heavily in favour of one side or the other. Mann begins philosophically; the opening poem 'Heraclitan heresies' immediately sets the tone for what is to come and, more importantly, is [End Page 292] programmatic of what Palimpsests sets out to do. The opening couplet begins, 'So what if map and satellite | can fix your place in space and time?' (p. 1). Mann sets up his poetic apparatus of comparison by way of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who was known for the assertion that everything is in a state of flux. 'Heraclitan heresies' does the work that an opening poem of a collection should do, which is to capture the reader's interest and lay down the work's foundations. The reader is quickly confronted with notions of unity and the balance of self: 'Is life not flux sinewed by strife? | Is strife not bonded in the whole' (p. 1). The structure of this work as a whole is the juxtaposition of a series of comparisons between the ancient world and banal everyday life. This is seen particularly in poems such as 'The curse of Sisyphus' (p. 10), 'The Ithaca of the internet' (p. 22), and 'The plague of Athens (430-426 bce)' (pp. 31-36). Next Mann forefronts his South African present with indigenous Nguni elements: poems such as 'The clan bard of the Drakensberg' (pp. 11-13) and 'A picnic beside Hlambeza Pool' (pp. 16-17) are representative of this mode. It is also seen especially in 'In praise of the shades' (pp. 18-19), in which the shades are what the abeNguni refer to as the amadlozi, or 'ancestral spirits'. The poem is particularly notable for being one of the few instances of a specific indigenous-culture element composed in a way that is not comparative. The third, and most striking of these references...

Mereological Nihilism and Simple Substance in Leibniz

Leibniz famously argues that there must be simple substances, since there are composites, and a composite is nothing but a collection of simples. I reconstruct Leibniz’s argument, showing that it relies on a commitment to mereological nihilism (i.e., the view that composites cannot be true beings). I show further that Leibniz endorses mereological nihilism as early as the 1680s and offers both direct and indirect support for this commitment: indirect support via the notion of unity and direct support via the notion of persistence. I then assess the alignment of Leibniz’s mereological nihilism with his other commitments during the 1680s, including his potential commitment to corporeal substances. I argue that any viable interpretation of Leibniz’s commitment to corporeal substances is compatible with mereological nihilism, which provides a new perspective both on Leibniz’s developing theory of substance and on his mature theory of simple substance.

Culture, politics, and identity in India

ABSTRACT The present article attempts to understand the shifting configurations between culture and identity and its implications on polity and society in India. Conventional notions of unity and diversity are questioned along with emergence of identity politics. The resurgence of ‘identity politics’ tears apart the deep rooted cultural fabric along with voices to the ethnic, gender, minority and caste groups in India. This article addresses the problems in culture, politics, and identity and the linkages between them to unfold various facets of identity formation process. It intends to take up two interconnected arguments: one, which explores rather theoretically the mutual link between culture and identity; the other substantiates the link through analyzing their relationship and implications on social structure in the Indian society.

Tierra de nadie, tierra de todos. Unidad y naturaleza en las figuras culturales de península Antártica y alrededores

Este trabajo estudia la historia del territorio antártico disputado por Argentina, Chile y Reino Unido en el contexto de procesos que culminaron con la reciente resignificación “edénica” del continente blanco: la atribución de valores positivos a su condición de espacio prístino, el consecuente desistimiento de actividades de explotación comercial, la promoción de su preservación y de la minimización de cualquier impacto. Como espacio “compartido” en su historia se articulan variados procesos de incorporación a imaginarios colectivos y territorios nacionales con aspiraciones que mueven el quehacer de cada país en el entramado de acciones, reacciones y valoraciones territoriales en que se busca ahondar. En lo que concierne a una dimensión morfológica, se plantea que los anhelos de cada uno motivaron proyectos de integración del espacio reclamado, se vincularon con escenarios de competición internacional y se asociaron con nociones de unidad territorial mayormente catalizadas por momentos críticos de la historia. En lo que concierne a una dimensión valórica, se estima que esta depende de cómo se interpretó la naturaleza de la Antártica en visiones de futuro que se estructuraron básicamente en dos aspectos. Uno de estos dice relación con la percepción de su virginidad, entendida como fuente de recursos a extraer o “Edén” a preservar. Otro dice relación con quienes deberían beneficiarse de ella, si comunidades nacionales, internacionales o globales. Las distintas etapas de los procesos de incorporación se analizan a partir de proyectos de arquitectura, infraestructura, estrategias geopolíticas y cartografías o incluso novelas y fotografías. Tratando de superar el paradigma de una separación conceptual entre transformaciones y representaciones del territorio, estos se entienden como “figuras”, manifestaciones culturales y fragmentos de discursos subyacentes a los procesos de incorporación: un conjunto de elementos variados, pero leídos de manera transversal a través de nociones de unidad y valores de la naturaleza que conllevan.

Political language and fake news

ABSTRACT This article outlines political symbolism and language in the 2019 election in Indonesia and aims to situate fake news narratives within them. By analysing official election campaign posters (spanduk), it is argued that Islam and nationalism are the only ideological references and are applied by both camps, leaving no room for other forms of ideological contestation. The article suggests understanding this phenomenon as a hegemonic, Gramscian ‘common sense’ which creates a notion of unity of the nation. This unity, however, is disturbed by hoaxes as in fake news. But instead of referring to hoaxes only as a threat to Indonesian politics, we argue that hoaxes are an integral part of the ‘common sense’. Hoaxes are a means to make the ideological framework of Islam and nationalism accessible for the popular masses, applying a kasar (rough) approach, contradicting the halus (soft) language of the political elite. They are also inevitably a means to create the impression that the camps are distinct. As hoaxes refer to the constitutive outside of the nationalism-Islam complex (as Islamists suggest that Jokowi has ties to the outlawed Communist Party or that Prabowo aims to establish an Islamic state, for instance), they serve the function of maintaining the ideological order in post-New Order Indonesia.

China: socialismo de mercado, relações internacionais e questão ideológica

Definindo as características do socialismo de mercado chinês, bem como os efeitos que esta formação social imprime às suas relações internacionais, o artigo discute as leituras ideológicas que esta realidade tem recebido nos meios intelectuais e políticos ocidentais nas últimas décadas e durante a atual pandemia da Covid-19. O pano de fundo teórico desta análise parte da noção de unidade e racionalidade da história inerente a um marxismo que se reconhece escoltado pela filosofia clássica alemã e notadamente pelo pensamento de Hegel.

Democracy in a Diverse Society An Enigma of Socio-Political Development in Pakistan

Democracy is a system of the government in which things and affairs are shaped and run according to the general will. In this system, the will of majority matters and minorities’ rights are protected through a social contract agreed by all the stakeholders. In such a system, how much it is likely that the masses or the society should be homogenous, or it should be diversity controlling society? If the society is predominantly a diverse society, then how much are chances of development of democracy in such society and is it justified to say that diversity is a hurdle in the way of democracy if the latter is taken in lieu of majority’s will? These are some of the questions directly attached to the issue of national integration and the development of democracy in Pakistan. Pakistan is a very diverse country by all means. It has a colossal diversity of race, ethnicity, religion, culture and so on. With this huge diversity, it was created as a single separate country in 1947, with vivid ideas of democracy and federalism. However, since the time of its inception, these are the same ideals that suffered the most. The annals of history suggest that Pakistan is a democratically failed state with intermittent authoritarian rules, the secession of its one province in 1971, and multiple separatist movements still going on in various regions of the country. Deprivation and exploitation lie as the root cause of this failure which ultimately marked the very process of national integration. Historical accounts tell that whenever the question of national integration was raised, it was dealt with the rhetoric of ‘unity in uniformity’. This flawed notion of unity in uniformity itself suggests that among all the hurdles in the way of democracy, diversity is the biggest one. Is diversity really an obstacle in the way of development of democracy and national integration? This paper is intended to find out the answer to these questions and also aims to investigate the positive correlation between democracy and diversity for the cause of national integration and democratic development in Pakistan.

Histories, memories and the male gaze: The Mumbai riots in Bombay

ABSTRACT Manufacturing dissent in the name of history, its instrumentalisation for political purposes and bloodshed over its competing versions are the hallmarks of the Hindu Muslim schism prevalent in India. A recurring feature in Indian historiography is its rupture in the form of riots leading to human casualty. In this context, through an attempt to read the 1992 Mumbai riots as a quagmire of power politics, I would like to propose that a popular film like Mani Ratnam’s Bombay stabilises the secularist notion of unity in diversity amidst voices of dissent. The top down memory of trauma and hatred which percolates from the records of ‘official’ history is neutralised to a certain extent by the bottom up memory induced by an ‘imagined’ account which loiters in the popular psyche of generations. The film thus becomes a striking example of a neutraliser of memory. But a more nuanced reading shows how the director has skilfully projected the principle of equivalence from among the multiplicity of gazes to the axis of male gaze in order to conceal the play of ideologies.

Together and apart: transnational life in the US–Mexico border region

ABSTRACT The term ‘transnationalism’ evokes notions of unity and strong bonds cultivated across international borders, and scholars of transnationalism have highlighted the ways in which international migrants’ cross-border ties have reduced the social and emotional distance between home and host communities. Based on data from interviews with 24 mixed-citizenship couples living in Mexican border cities, I find that the experience of transnationalism for these families is, surprisingly, quite the opposite of its outcomes: while transnational actors unify individuals, families, and communities that would otherwise be disconnected, the transnational actors themselves assume that burden of disconnection. Whether or not they regularly cross the border, borderlands transmigrants and their families experience the intrusion of the border on their lives in three specific ways: through the physical and symbolic presence of the border; through the act of crossing the border; and through US immigration laws and their associated punishments embodied by the border. While these families epitomise ‘transnationalism’ as it is described in the literature, their day-to-day experiences do not resonate as life across, beyond, or through borders, but rather an ‘entre-national’ life between borders, one bifurcated by the border and the sovereign powers it represents.

Corporal and Discourse Fuzzy Boundaries. The Partaking of Experience in Simone de Beauvoir’s Monologue

The paper sets out to analyze the multiple mirroring taking place between various aspects of the narrative reality in Simone de Beauvoir’s Monologue and suggested in terms of broken imagery. We seek to prove the unity and harmony existing in this disheveled text, which one may find difficult to make sense of upon a first reading. The aim is to reveal the way in which, in fact, the smallest details symphonically converge towards the main idea(s), in a finely-tuned and thought-over masterwork that the short story at hand obscures itself from being upon a superficial glance. Starting from corporal references, which abound in the text, we analyze the way in which these intertwine with and reflect the main themes – femininity and feminism, aggression and trauma, sexuality, motherhood, the obsession of contrasts, material and metaphorical obstructions and flows, patriarchy and truthfulness – and are reunited towards a bitter (and, as the protagonist claims, a more honest) interpretation of reality. The approach also proposes the acceptance of paradox, present in the notion of unity in difference, of fuzzy concepts, pointing to deconstructive construction and to the creation of broken identity. The demonstration ultimately resorts, for explanatory reasons, to the image of the partaking, as a metaphor for the process of using bits and pieces to the purpose of attaining communion, pieces which both aren’t and at the same time are the Whole.

The Utilitarian Aspect of the Philosophy of Ecology: The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility

This study aims to combine the philosophical perspective and the practical ethics of ecology in the everyday with a more pragmatic concept of corporate social responsibility. The importance of the latter is shown to be based in the abandonment of the distinction of subject and object and the development of personal as well as cultural ecological consciousness embedded in the notion of unity between man and nature. This philosophical shift in the consciousness is also reflected in terms of utility. Hence, the study examines whether the relationship between corporate social responsibility and firm’s sales growth is mediated by competitive advantage, and whether employees’ individual perception in the everyday and beliefs of social responsibility can play a moderating role on CSR-sales growth relationship. The analysis revealed that there is the link between CSR and sales growth and that there is a positive effect of CSR on sales growth which is positively moderated by employees’ individual beliefs of social responsibility which has been implied by the ecological consciousness.

The Nietzschean Self: Moral Psychology, Agency, and the Unconscious

The Nietzschean Self: Moral Psychology, Agency, and the Unconscious

Love and the Paradoxes of Unity: Zhu Xi’s Debate with Followers of Cheng Hao over “Perceptual Oneness”

At the end of the twentieth century, there was a trend in Chinese literature towards characterizing Chinese culture as the “unity of Tian (Heaven) and humanity 天人合一.” Rather than arguing against such a view, I present in this paper a series of debates over the paradoxes within the concept of unity as well as various notions of love, hoping to demonstrate the depth and complexity of this seemingly simple and dogmatic dictum so that those who cite it can be alert to its potential intricacies. I will discuss three elements which threaten to render the pursuit of oneness an impossible project: (1) the relation between naming and the named, which makes any conceptual attempt to attain oneness an infinite regress, as can be seen in Zhuangzi’s 莊子 argument against Hui Shi’s 惠施 oneness; (2) the gap between contemplation and practice, as can be seen in the contrast between Zhang Zai’s 張載 contemplative oneness and Cheng Hao’s 程顥 perceptual oneness; and (3) the self-bifurcating attentive acts of the heart-mind, which render any conscious endeavor to attain oneness a self-defeating project. Unlike Cheng Hao’s emphasis on the subjective experience of perceptual oneness, his followers posit its underlying metaphysical substance as qi or xing (nature) and believe that moral self-cultivation should start from a metaphysical insight into this substance. Zhu Xi 朱熹 rejects the approach of grounding ethics on metaphysics and argues that love is not based on the notion of unity in terms of qi . He sees the ultimate comprehension of unity rather as a “metaphysical promise,” a goal to be attained by following the Confucian Way of self-cultivation, which starts simply from reflection and practice on things near at hand.

State contestations in constructions of 1Malaysia

Abstract This article seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge about the relationship between political discourse and national identity. 1Malaysia, introduced in 2009 by Malaysia’s then newly appointed 6th Prime Minister Najib Razak, was greeted with expectation and concern by various segments of the Malaysian population. For some, it signalled a new inclusiveness that was to change the discourse on belonging. For others, it raised concerns about changes to the status quo of ethnic issues. Given the varying responses of society to the concept of 1Malaysia, an examination of different texts through the critical paradigm of CDA provide useful insights into how the public sphere has attempted to construct this notion. Therefore, this paper critically examines the Prime Minister’s early speeches as well as relevant chapters of the socioeconomic agenda, the 10th Malaysia Plan, to identify the referential and predicational strategies employed in characterising 1Malaysia. The findings suggest a notion of unity that appears to address varying issues.

Eternal friends and erstwhile enemies: The regional sporting community of the Southeast Asian Games

AbstractA paradox lies at the heart of the biennial Southeast Asian (SEA) Games. On the one hand, the region's premier sporting event has consistently celebrated themes of regional friendship and cooperation; on the other, the SEA Games are synonymous with controversy and poor sportsmanship, especially over the strategic selection of sports by host nations. Yet the Games go on – every second year – just as they have done since 1959. In introducing sport to existing debates on regional community in Southeast Asia, this article seeks to understand the key features of the sporting community of the Southeast Asian Games, particularly the emergence and development of the institutions and norms that help this event to thrive in the face of national self-interest. Through this analysis, the article argues for a distinctive approach to regional community in Southeast Asia, based not on notions of unity but principles of reciprocity and exchange.

From collocations to terms

Collocation as a syntactical and semantic unit, in which one of lexical components is combined with the other distinguished element with the high level of predictability, is in the focus of text researchers. They are studied using the automatic text analysis, compiling general and terminological dictionaries. A large amount of term combinations in scientific texts impels linguists to study conditions that have lead to forming such unities, and also possibilities of their summarization in one-word. The spreading of word combinations with adverbial or adjectival component has become the subject of this paper. A part of them form numerous term families of split nominations with a similar key word. In scientific text the number of terms grows and requires the attention of researchers to the structure of phrases and the possibility of converting them into a stable notion of unity and further shortening them into “words-univerbs” that become some kind of a simple affixed creation with one root: солянокислий гематин – гемін. Others turn into сomposites – consequences: blood corpuscle – білі кров’яні тільця – еритроцити – білокрівці, термофіли, теплолюбні організми, теплолюби. In systems of the automated text analysis it is important to highlight phrases-collocations (constant composition, frequent of repetition of the same meaning) claiming the role of terms. Outlining type of word-combinations according to their structure is relevant. Adjectives and nouns, nouns, nouns and verb word-combinations are best studied nowadays. Resent years three-componental adverbial-and-atributtive-and-substantive terms, that show the importance of fixing in a term some aspects of characteristics of basic component: біологічно активна речовина, морфологічно комунікативно спрямована категорія, морфологічна когнітивно орієнтована категорія, морфологічна формально спрямована категорія.

Constitutionalism and Pluralism: A Conflicted Relationship?

The briefest conceptual inquiry suggests why the relationship between constitutionalism and pluralism is a conflicted one. Constitutionalism speaks to the broad conviction that an institutional and normative framework for our common forms of political life can be supplied through a legal code. Pluralism offers a concept with an even wider referential scope. Yet what all variants of pluralism have in common is an emphasis upon the existence of a multiplicity and diversity of sources of whatever is central to the particular plural domain in question, and upon the need to accommodate that multiplicity and diversity in terms that are not reducible to a set ranking or any other general ordering formula. These features are present whether we are concerned with a pluralism of social and political constituencies – the type of pluralism (‘political pluralism’ for short) with which constitutionalism is most directly engaged - or with a pluralism of moral values, or world-views, or institutional forms, or even of overall normative systems. It follows that the scope for constitutionalism and pluralism both to repel and to embrace one another is apparent. The formal promise of constitutionalism typically sounds in singular terms. Constitutionalism is predicated on the idea of one overarching register of authority for the political domain as a whole, paradigmatically in the shape of the modern state. Yet the notions of unity, closure and hierarchical organisation of the duly constituted polity achievement are at odds with those of diversity, unsettlement and heterarchical accommodation we associate with the condition of political pluralism and its management. That is to say, the material circumstances and terms of engagement of constitutionalism are highly pluralistic. The sustaining of political society is today more than ever concerned with the negotiation and reconciliation of the differences in self-understanding and world-view between these individuals and groups who live together in physical or other forms of practical proximity. The success of any constitutional project in fashioning and sustaining such a polity depends on how acutely it comprehends and how effectively it addresses that basic plurality and variety, notwithstanding constitutionalism’s own formal singularity and unity. By exploring the disjunction, and associated tensions, between the formal unity and material pluralism of constitutionalism, we can capture much of the distinctive promise, limitations and challenges of the constitutional method today. In the paper, I conduct that exploration by looking at the two broad ways in which constitutionalism in practice seeks to entertain political pluralism. It does so most immediately as a matter of internal reference, operating within the confines of the constitutional order itself through what we may call ‘plural constitutionalism’. It also does so more remotely as a matter of external reference, addressing the relationship of overlap and interplay between constitutional orders through what we may call ‘constitutional pluralism’. In making these inquiries, we also address the key question of just how much continuity there is or can be between these two approaches – between plural constitutionalism and constitutional pluralism. To what extent, if at all, does it make sense to see these quite different formal architectures as the product of one and the same ‘constitutional ethic’?