Notion Of Truth Research Articles

Embedding the Calendar and Time Type System in Temporal Type Theory

Temporal Type Theory (TTT) has been recently introduced as a topos-theoretic approach to understanding the behaviour of systems over time. A truly innovative point of TTT is that it makes truth inherently dependent on time; this is to be contrasted with the classical approach in which past, present and future are related via logical operators. Further on this line of research, the notion of truth is substituted by the ‘time duration’ over which a proposition is true, giving rise to the logic of temporal landscapes. In this paper, we embed the main notions of the Calendar and Time Type System (a framework that was built for reasoning about calendric notions in the context of the Web and is centred around the notion of time granularity) in Temporal Type Theory, attempting to address a common requirement in the practical use of temporal formalisms: the ability to speak about certain time moments and appropriate time windows in (past and future) time, in the form of hours, dates, holidays, etc. With a view to concrete applications, we provide examples on how calendar types can be combined with temporal operators of TTT to augment the expressive power of this framework. In that respect, the addition of calendar types genuinely adds to the range of Temporal Type Theory as a powerful specification language.

Reflecting on believability: on the epistemic approach to justifying implicit commitments

By definition, the implicit commitment of a formal theory Th\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{Th}$$\\end{document} consists of sentences that are independent of the axioms of Th\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{Th}$$\\end{document}, but their acceptance is implicit in the acceptance of Th\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{Th}$$\\end{document}. In Cieśliński (2017, 2018), the phenomenon of implicit commitments was studied from the epistemological perspective through the lenses of the formal theory of believability. The current paper provides a comprehensive proof-theoretic analysis of this approach and compares it to other main theories of implicit commitments. We argue that the formal results presented in the paper favour the believability theory over its main competitors. However, there is still a fly in the ointment. We argue that in its current formulation, the theory cannot deliver all the goods for which it was defined. In particular, being amenable to a generalised conservativeness argument, it does not support the view that the notion of truth is epistemically light. At the end of the paper, we discuss possible ways out of the problem.

Postmodern Vision of Absolute Truth in "Atonement" by Ian McEwan

This paper explores Ian McEwan's "Atonement" and its postmodern interpretation of the concept of ultimate truth. The novel, which takes place in the early 20th century, examines the difficulties associated with memory, narrative, and the search for the truth. This essay examines how the novel reflects the postmodern rejection the idea of ultimate truth through a study of the text. It is possible to see the novel "Atonement" as a postmodern attack on the idea of ultimate truth. It is proposed that the novel's postmodern is a conception of reality highlights the importance of memory and narrative in the construction of truth. This paper is important because it applies postmodernism theory to the novel "Atonement" by Ian McEwan, giving it a fresh viewpoint. The study underlines the significance of subjective experiences and viewpoints in our perception of reality and underscores the function of memory and narrative in truth construction. Postmodernism theory is used as a literary movement that rejects the conventional belief in objective truth and emphasizes the importance of subjectivity and fragmentation in understanding of reality. This paper attempts to analyze the notion of absolute truth in Ian McEwan's novel. The primary aim of this paper is to examine the postmodern vision of absolute truth in "Atonement" and its implications for our understanding of truth and reality. This paper aims to demonstrate how the novel challenges traditional notions of truth and offers a vision of truth that is subjective and fragmented.

Amazon Journeys and Poetic Re-Discoveries in Jan Conn’s 'Jaguar Rain' and Malu de Martino’s 'Margaret Mee e a Flor da Lua'

The year 2023 marks the thirty-fifth anniversary of botanical artist Margaret Mee’s final expedition to the Amazon. On this trip, she was at last able to paint the rare night-flowering of Selenicereus wittii, commonly known as the Amazon moonflower. Such an accomplishment was not only significant due to the rare nature of the event, but also because it was the final piece created by an artist who renewed the practice of botanical painting. Originally from Britain, Mee lived in Brazil for more than thirty years, embarking on fifteen expeditions to the Amazon region between 1956 and 1988, painting while travelling in dugout canoes deep in the forest and becoming a fervent activist for the protection of the environment. Her work has influenced many artists, e cologists, and biologists, and has served as inspiration for literary and filmic creations. In 2006, Canadian poet Jan Conn published Jaguar Rain: The Margaret Mee Poems, in which she poetically recreates Mee’s journeys to the Amazon. As both a scientist and a poet who has also extensively travelled in the region, Conn reimagines Mee’s wondrous encounters while situating them as part of a tradition of travel and exploration in South America. A few years later, in 2012, the documentary Margaret Mee e a Flor da Lua, directed by Brazilian filmmaker Malu de Martino, was premiered. In the film, Martino reconstructs Mee’s final journey to the Amazon in search of the moonflower while also reinstating the artist’s important contributions as an artist, environmentalist, and contemporary explorer. The connections between the biographical, poetic, artistic, and professional Mee are closely woven throughout the documentary, which can be seen as inserted in a new documentary tradition, less analytical and more poetic, in which notions of truth, history, and reality are problematised and rendered through different lenses. Bearing in mind that both Conn and Martino re-read Mee’s journeys through the tropes of exploration and discovery, which are commonly associated with imperial practices and colonial narratives of the New World, in this paper, we propose to discuss in which ways these tropes are brought into context and problematised, especially in relation to the depiction of Amazonian nature.

Search for a Standard of Proof in the Lithuanian Civil Procedure

The article analyses the issues related to the standard of proof in the Lithuanian civil procedure. The study reveals that the social school of the civil procedure, on which the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania is based, and the objective of establishing the substantive truth justify the application of the intime conviction standard in Lithuanian civil proceedings.The first part of the article analyses the historical sources of the Lithuanian civil procedure law which lead to the conclusion that, since the 19th century, the Lithuanian civil procedure has followed the ideas based on the social civil procedure school.The second part reveals that the concept of substantive truth, which means that the Court is fully or almost fully satisfied as to the correctness of the decision to be given in a case, has the closest connection with the social civil procedure school. This notion of truth determines a specific standard of proof, i.e., the application of the intime conviction standard.In the third part, by taking into account the social school of the civil procedure, the purpose of substantive truth and the provisions of the Lithuanian Code of Civil Procedure, it is concluded that the standard of intime conviction must be applied in Lithuanian civil proceedings.The fourth part reveals the Case Law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania concerning the standard of proof and its developments.

Journalism in the post-truth era

The break of the citizens' confidence in the information conveyed to them by the media is not a minor issue. In a regime of opinion and in a globalized society in which the issues that directly affect us are beyond our reach or understanding, the mediation work of journalists is essential. For this reason, the phenomenon of fake news in the so-called post-truth era is of paramount importance because it undermines the notion of truth, which is supposed to be the heart and raison d'être of the journalistic profession. The task of journalists is to provide public opinion with true or honestly truthful information that allows citizens to form a complete idea of what is happening and, based on this, make well-founded decisions on matters under public discussion. Without a minimum consensus on the facts, citizens are exposed to the effects of pure propaganda, their ability to decide is manipulated and the core of democracy damaged. The actions of tobacco companies to deny the lethality of tobacco, the denial of climate change, the orchestrated campaigns against the efficacy of vaccines or the unbridled dissemination of "alternative facts" in politics, have highlighted the fragility of the truth in the face of to the distorting power of unscrupulous media and irrepressible social networks.

Truthfulness as the basis for ethical safeguards in deceptive research: An interview study with researchers

ABSTRACT Ethical safeguards such as debriefing are often recommended or required for research studies in which participants are deceived. However, existing guidance on these safeguards seems insufficiently coherent and precise, which may be associated with their suboptimal implementation in practice. This study aimed to contribute to a more coherent and precise framework of ethical safeguards in deceptive studies through semi-structured interviews with a diverse sample of 24 researchers who had significant experience with deception. Interviewees discussed which ethical safeguards they implemented and how, as well as their relation to the notion of truthfulness (i.e., the intentional communication of true information). Moreover, interviewees provided a variety of reasons for and against implementing these safeguards, as well as how these reasons varied with the particular context of a study. Overall, the current study contributes to a more coherent and precise understanding of ethical safeguards in deceptive research that could be useful for guiding researchers and ethics reviewers in their ethical decision-making, although certain imprecisions and incoherent aspects remain in need of further investigation and normative reflection.

Saving logic from paradox via nonclassical recapture

The Liar paradox arguably shows that a coherent and self-applicable notion of truth is governed by nonclassical logic. It then seems natural to conclude that classical logic is inadequate for defining a truth theory. In this article, we argue that this is not the case. In the spirit of Reinhardt (Math Logic Formal Syst 94:227, 1985; J Philos Logic 15:219–251, 1986), and in analogy with Hilbert’s program for the foundation of classical mathematics, we will articulate an instrumentalist justification for the use classical logic: it will be argued that classical reasoning is a useful but dispensable instrument, which can yield philosophically adequate truth theories.

Quine’s Tarskian Angle on Truth: Immanence, Semantic Ascent and the Importance of Generality

There are two main parts to this article:  (1) Quine's view of truth is substantive in a way that is not generally recognized.  There are elements in the view of deflationism, minimalism, and of course disquotationalism to be sure, but from Quine's perspective the capacity for generalization - ascribing truth not to explicitly given sentences but to kinds of sentences - requires a full-bore Tarskian apparatus.  This is necessary in order for truth to play what for Quine are its vital roles in science, philosophy (epistemology and those parts of metaphysics that Quine recognizes), and crucially in logic itself.  (These points have not been made with adequate care in the literature). (2) But is Tarskianism sufficient for playing all of those roles? Contrary to an interesting article by Lars Bergström - I argue that it is indeed sufficient, at least from Quine's point of view, and to see the point is to appreciate how thoroughgoing and powerful the notion of truth is, despite its being, 'in itself', only a device of sentential generalization.  This dovetails with Quine's famous naturalism, a connection which I bring out at the end.

Plato's critique of standpoint epistemology: balancing subjectivity and objectivity in contemporary discourse

The discourse on knowledge formation distinguishes sharply between the concept of "standpoint" and Plato’s notion of truth. Plato’s philosophy argues for a form of truth that is both objective and universal, largely independent of individual experiences. In contrast, the "standpoint" theory underscores the significant role of personal and contextual experiences in shaping one's knowledge. This paper contends that the "standpoint" theory’s major flaw is its emphasis on individual perspectives, which can lead to a form of relativism detrimental to the quest for objective truths. This analysis seeks to reaffirm the relevance of Platonic ideals in the contemporary debate over "standpoint" theory, emphasizing the necessity of rational and objective evaluation in the acquisition of knowledge. The methodological approach of this study involves a detailed comparative analysis between the philosophical underpinnings of Plato and the principles of "standpoint" epistemology, exploring their respective impacts on the validation of knowledge. Plato’s philosophy insists on the rational justification of knowledge claims and critiques the reliance on subjective perceptions, which he argues, lack universal applicability. This stands in stark contrast to "standpoint" epistemology, which, while enriching academic discourse with diverse viewpoints, risks reducing knowledge to mere subjective interpretations devoid of broader validation. The conclusion of this study posits that integrating Platonic objectivity with the subjectivity inherent in "standpoint" theory introduces complex challenges. Although "standpoint" enriches the diversity of academic debates, the Platonic framework is indispensable for developing a methodology that ensures knowledge is scrutinized both rationally and objectively. The pursuit of a balanced approach between these divergent perspectives promises to advance a more inclusive and equitable epistemological framework. This balanced approach not only fosters rigorous validation of knowledge but also appreciates the diverse experiences contributing to academic discourse, potentially leading to a richer and more comprehensive understanding of truth.

A Dialogue between Pragmatism and Existentialism: W. James and F. Nietzsche on Truth

In this article, I elucidate the ways in which pragmatism and existentialism can be viewed as compatible by focusing on the notion of truth. For this purpose, I explore James’ pragmatic method and Nietzsche’s critical approach to ‘will to truth’ to reveal the notable link between them. Both thinkers react against the idea of truth as absolute, fixed, and indifferent to individuals’ practical needs. Accordingly, they argue that truth, conceived pre-theoretically, is a process immanent to subjects’ concrete experiences of life. I critically examine, through pragmatic and existentialistic considerations, how these philosophers question truth within the framework of the individual’s existence as an acting agent.

Speculative photography. an attempt (essay) of making visible (manifesto)

This essay and manifesto define speculative photography from a historical perspective and through practical poetics, as photography that integrates fantastic and experimental elements in both its subjects and processes. Such photography is even more urgent at a time when generative artificial intelligence (AI) and computational photography are driving photography to an impasse of fabricated yet all-pervasive realism. The text defines speculative photography in its semiotic and information-theory aspects, outlines a taxonomy of speculative qualities in photography alongside examples of photographers and photographic communities practicing them, and pays particular attention to contemporary subcultures of early-2000s digital camera (digicam) reuse and internet pop-cultural redefinitions of “aesthetics”. While theories and definitions of speculative photography have existed since the 1970s, they are scattered and cover only select aspects of the broader concept proposed here. This paper argues that speculative photography rejects empiricism and notions of truth while practicing an art of the “medium” in its most literal – physical, artistic and spiritual – meanings.

"Emotional Truth"

People of color speaking on their experiences are frequently discredited and disbelieved. A long theological, philosophical, scientific, and legal tradition has invalidated testimony from people of color and constructed a rigid and ultimately reductive definition of “truth”; moreover, racialization and oppression are lived experiences that are extremely difficult to articulate, often involving interactions in which racism is not explicitly apparent to non-marginalized people. The insidious nature of racism has forced non-white philosophers, writers, and artists to be creative in crafting tools to express the “emotional truth” of the experience of marginalization. White listeners must approach these works with humility and openness, employing a “hermeneutic of charity” and exercising empathy. This framework enables the questioning and reimagining of white supremacist notions of truth, aiming to center marginalized individuals’ experiences and include the “emotional truth” as a legitimate element of credible testimony.

History of Error: Jacob Taubes’s Apocalyptic Interpretation of Martin Heidegger’s Vom Wesen der Wahrheit

Abstract Through a close reading of the opening pages of Occidental Eschatology, this paper analyzes how Jacob Taubes relied on Martin Heidegger’s philosophy to understand the nature of eschatology. Taubes implemented Heidegger’s notions of truth, error, and history from his seminal essay “On the Essence of Truth,” (mis)interpreting the essay by ascribing an eschatological meaning to it. This surprisingly allowed him to find in Heidegger a model to come to terms with the Jewish experience of history. In order to fully understand this untimely use of Heidegger’s work, the paper turns its attention to the correspondence of Jacob Taubes with his first wife, Susan Taubes. The conclusion asks to what extent Jacob Taubes’s uncritical use of Heidegger’s thinking plays into the latter’s notorious antisemitism.

Trust in Media and journalism credibility in the sea of misinformation

Public trust is a crucial factor in numerous social activities, including journalism. For journalists and news organizations, credibility serves as a prerequisite that allows for competitive distinction, public recognition, and social authority within the information market. Despite this, in recent years, there has been growing concern regarding the declining confidence in the news media. This trend also extends to other sectors of contemporary life, such as governments and companies, resulting in a crisis of institutional trust. This pervasive distrust adds to an intense atmosphere of disinformation, further undermining the consensual notions of truth and reliability, which are essential to information systems. In this article, we address the challenges associated with measuring trust in media and journalism, shed light on additional difficulties stemming from the post-truth era, and present insights into an ongoing proposal for measuring credibility in the Global South.

Radical Conventionalism and Hinge Epistemology

In the paper I explore some hints one can find in an updated version of Ajdukiewicz’s radical conventionalism that may help to resolve some controversies within hinge epistemology, i.e. a family of positions that invoke Wittgenstein’s idea of groundless grounds of knowledge. In particular I put into doubt whether there is a real difference between pragmatic and transcendental justification of hinges, I reject epistemological disjunctivism, and I argue for anti-realistic reading of truth in a context determined by particular hinges while retaining the classical notion of truth as a regulative idea of knowledge that governs the possible revisions of hinges.

Sacropolitics

Two decades into the twenty-first century, a panoply of formerly separate movements, interests, organizations, and individuals have converged around shared anxieties about the future of life on earth. This article focuses on the implicit logic on which this “cult(ure) of extinction” is based. We refer to this logic as sacropolitics—the politics of mass public sacrifice. We suggest that sacropolitics describes a practical reimagining of the political emergent across the world during periods of acute crises, such as our shared present. Sacropolitics draws on multiple dispersed, decentralized sources and has emerged during a period of great turbulence and acrimony in the public sphere, when the very notion of truth is up for grabs. Despite its ambiguity, sacropolitics offers a range of related, collectively generated intimations or visions of what the future might be.

Design Stories in the Global South: Fabulation as a Means to Decolonize Design History

This article aims to discuss, through the critical fabulation of Saidiya Hartman, the use of fabulation in the field of design history as a decolonizing methodological tool, as it challenges and problematizes notions of truth and neutrality in research and the boundaries of scientific writing. Assuming that all writing, even that which claims to be committed to reality, has elements of fiction, I argue that researchers in design can engage in writing that, with historical rigor, utilizes imagination not as a means of falsification but as a materialization of what is suggested in documents but escapes the possibility of verification. I conclude that fabulation can be employed as a means to imagine alternative occurrences, as a way to speculate on what cannot be answered through archival materials, and as a tactic for democratizing academic discourse.

Postmodernism, Quietism and Philosophy

ABSTRACT In my 1993 IJPS paper it was suggested that postmodernist verdicts on ‘the death of philosophy’ relied on a rejection of any ‘substantive’ or ‘metaphysical’ notion of truth. The present paper relates these verdicts to Wittgenstein’s alleged ‘philosophical quietism’. In both cases, for example, there is a rejection of ‘depth’. Various characterisations of Wittgenstein’s position are questioned, including the idea that his quietism consists in showing the impossibility of sceptical challenges to our ‘hinge’ propositions and beliefs. It is then argued, however, that recognition of the groundlessness of beliefs (and practices), far from curing ‘vertigo’ or ‘Angst’, is apt to inspire it. In a final section, I propose that the ‘metaphysical horror’ at the impossibility of articulating grounds for our beliefs can be allayed only by the thought that these answer to a reality that cannot be articulated and must therefore remain a mystery. One role for philosophy might be to cultivate a sense of this mystery and trace its implications for how we should live.

Maria Hablevych and the Concept of Truth in 'Hamlet'

The paper is focused on the interpretation of the notion of Truth in Ukrainian translations of Hamlet through the lenses of the contemporary Ukrainian Shakespeare Studies scholar Maria Hablevych (1950). In particular, it deals with the reproduction of Truth based on the notion of agent’s professional habitus, which is regarded as a heterogeneus entity with several sub-habiti. The paper is an attempt to prove that multifaceted agency as the result of complex habitus, reflected in the agent’s hexis, or style, facilitates better understanding and re-interpretation of the issues raised in Shakespeare’s tragedy. The research touches upon the Ukrainian translator-agents, with some of them being committed to more than one agency, to trace the influence of the existing restrictive norms on their habiti and the respective interpretation of Truth in Shakespeare’s tragedy.