Notion Of Modes Research Articles

Schema Therapy and Islamic understanding of the inner world of man: conceptual parallels and ways for integration

This article is located at the intersection of Islamic Psychology, Islamic Theology, and Schema Therapy and provides a thorough investigation of the fundamental schema therapy concepts in an Islamic discourse. The paper presents a study of the basic concepts of Schema Therapy in Islamic discourse and, in particular, suggests the consideration of schemas as an analogue of the "imprints" enveloping the heart (qalb). Both the patterns and these imprints are formed in early childhood as a result of good or bad upbringing, and later, in adulthood, they develop – strengthen or weaken – as the spiritual consequences of good deeds or sins. It is proved that the development of positive schemas and the modification, weakening of negative schemas are like "polishing" or cleansing the heart to bring it into an ideal healthy state, or the so-called “qalb salim”. The notion of modes in schema therapy is examined in Islamic discourse by means of a thorough analysis of the three types (parts) of nafs, which is Russian for "soul" or "I" ("Self"). The concepts of al-nafs al-ammarah, al-nafs al-lawwamah and al-nafs al-mutma’innah as types (parts) of nafs are compared to some modes from the schema therapy model (child modes, parent modes (critics), Healthy Adult mode).The conceptualization of the relationship between the components of the nafs was substantiated by comprehending the processes of interaction between modes found within the theoretical model of schema therapy. This enabled the identification of the strategic practical tasks of both the individual spiritual process of tazkiyat al-nafs, which is Arabic for "purification of the soul," and spiritually oriented psychotherapy for Muslim clients: 1) to develop and strengthen al-nafs al-mutma'innah, providing it with knowledge and wisdom, primarily from Islamic sources, and aiming it at "leadership" among other parts of nafs in order to keep them within established boundaries and moderation, as well as to help the qalb (heart) to find peace; 2) to orient al-nafs al-lawwamah to fulfill its originally inherent functions (the requirement of abstinence from sinful behavior and performance of duties), to prevent its excessive activity and switch it from destructive criticism to constructive; 3) through reminders from an-nafs al-mutma'innah, as well as reasonable and moderate demands from an-nafs al-lawwamah to keep an-nafs al-ammarah within the boundaries established by Allah, in the "golden mean", within the framework of the Islamic principle of wasatiyyah (moderation). This should ultimately contribute to achieving a healthy heart, or qalb salim, and harmony of nafs with fitrah, that is known as the very essence of human nature.

The DRk-M for Clustering Categorical Datasets With Uncertainty

The problem of categorical clustering has attracted much attention, during the last years, since many real world applications tend to produce or consume categorical data types. The k-modes were among the first algorithms developed for categorical clustering using the notion of modes as cluster centroids. However, their major drawback is the random update of the modes in each iteration. In this article, it is proposed to identify the most adequate modes among a list of candidate ones in the mode update step of the process. The proposed algorithm, called density rough k-modes (DRk-M), computes the modes’ density to characterize its observations’ distribution and the rough set theory (RST) to deal with the uncertainty involved in this process. The DRk-M was experimented using UCI datasets and compared to many state-of-the-art methods such as the k-modes (1998), the Ng's method (2007), Cao's method (2012), and their variants. The obtained results pointed an average performance improvement reaching 17% in some cases and more than 25.5% of the total experiments with an average improvement more than 7% between these methods.

University Spinout Formation: Legitimating Means of Knowledge Production for Competing Demands

Socio-economic demands and resource scarcity are thought to have engendered cognitive and organizational shift in universities. The notion of Mode 2 knowledge production (Gibbons et al., 1994) clai...

Mulla Sadra’s Ontological Perspective on the Qurʾan

The uniting of qurʾanic exegesis and Islamic philosophy reached its high point in the works of the great Muslim philosopher Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Širāzī, known as Mulla Sadra (979/1571-1045/1635), who, through the use of transcendental philosophy, brought the Qurʾān into wider philosophical discussions. This paper discusses his ontological notion of the Qurʾān as an integral part of his grand narration on existence (wuğūd). According to him, existence is one single reality but one whose nature is equivocal, which leads to the notion of modes of existence being seen in terms of strength and weakness. In this case, Mulla Sadra viewed the Qurʾān as a mode of existence. The qurʾanic text is an archetype (amṯila) that contains illustrations (amṯāl) of the multiple realities that lie in the higher realm of existence. This view has implications for all Sadra’s ideas related to the Qurʾān and leads to unique notions within the qurʾanic sciences.

Classical Negation and Game-Theoretical Semantics

Typical applications of Hintikka’s game-theoretical semantics (GTS) give rise to semantic attributes—truth, falsity—expressible in the Σ11-fragment of second-order logic. Actually a much more general notion of semantic attribute is motivated by strategic considerations. When identifying such a generalization, the notion of classical negation plays a crucial role. We study two languages, L1 and L2, in both of which two negation signs are available: ⇁ and ∼. The latter is the usual GTS negation which transposes the players’ roles, while the former will be interpreted via the notion of mode. Logic L1 extends independence-friendly (IF) logic; ⇁ behaves as classical negation in L1. Logic L2 extends L1, and it is shown to capture the Σ12-fragment of third-order logic. Consequently the classical negation remains inexpressible in L2.

Semantics of Historical Representation in Terms of Aspects

Abstract In his latest book, Frank Ankersmit proposes an original theory of historical representation. In this review I focus on what I take to be his most important semantic points with respect to representation, meaning, truth, and reference. First, I provide a short summary of the book. Second, I explore his semantics in terms of aspects and compare it with a different account inspired by the Fregean notion of mode of presentation. As my examination shows, Ankersmit’s analysis faces the problem of “loosing indirectness” and, moreover, there seems to exist an alternative and plausible view that does not suffer from this problem. Finally, I conclude with a couple of comments on the Copernican Revolution advocated in the book.

Consensus QSAR Related to Global or MOA Models: Application to Acute Toxicity for Fish.

Under REACH legislation, alternative methods (in silico or in vitro) like QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) models are expected to play a significant role. QSARs are based on the assumption that substances with similar chemical structures may have the same biological activities. However, identification of chemical classes could be problematic because chemicals often exhibit different chemical moieties, thereby confounding efforts to achieve a meaningful classification. This publication is focus on the notion of global model with the integration of a recent genetic algorithm for the generation of QSAR models. Starting from three datasets (EPAFHM, ECBHPV, AQUIRE), prediction of acute toxicity for fish (Pimephales promelas) with a global consensus model was carried out leading to very interesting statistics. The integration of the notion of Mode of Action was the second point of this study. A Bayesian classification associated to the genetic algorithm for consensus models was created leading to a good estimation of toxicity associated to derivatives with nonspecific MOA.

The Issue of Globalization through the Theory of Imperialism and the Periodization of Modes of Production

The aim of this article is to illustrate why the notions of mode of production and of social formation are still necessary for understanding the transformations taking place in the modern phase of imperialism. The basic object is to demonstrate the enduring significance of the Leninist theory of imperialism as a method used to analyse the current era of the capitalist development. What we have been witnessing over the last years is not the emergence of a new mode of production or the transition to a new stage of capitalism, so-called globalization, but merely imperialism in its modern phase.

Modes of Presentation and Modes of Determination in Frege

Michael Beaney has argued that Frege's characterization of the senses of names as modes of presentation early in On Sense and Reference is problematic, but the problem disappears if we use the notion of modes of determination as that was deployed in the Begriffsschrift to characterize senses. It is argued that there is no philosophically interesting difference between the two notions, and no problem posed by modes of presentation that would be resolved by appeal to modes of determination.

GUNTHER KRESS & THEO VAN LEEUWEN, Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Arnold, 2001. Pp. vii, 142. Hb $72.00, Pb $24.95.

Multimodal Discourse offers a theoretical framework for the study of communication in the modern world of multimedia. The book helps students of linguistics, cultural studies, and communication as well as journalists, photographers, designers, and others who work practically in the field of communication and design, to understand and differentiate the distinct levels of mass communication and their interaction. The authors also give an overview of the development of communication and discourse and show how this development is influenced by overall changes in society and social life. All the definitions of theoretical concepts and notions are further explained and illustrated by a great variety of examples. Linguists have shown that discourse is not only used and expressed in and/or by language; Kress & van Leeuwen also apply the term to music, architecture, and many other domains of culture. The notion of modes, however, is explained only in a very abstract way as “semiotic resources which allow the simultaneous realization of discourses and types of (inter)action” (p. 21). Media, on the other hand, are described as the material resources being used for the production. Examples of modes mentioned by the authors are music, language, and images. The medium is supposed to be the material, such as a book (6).

Conceptualizations of Short-Range and Long-Range Processes in Apparent Movement

The two-process distinction in apparent movement posits the existence of competitive `short-range' and `long-range' processes. It was proposed to account for the fact that the visual system seems to generate different qualitative percepts under different spatiotemporal conditions of stimulation. It has been shown to be in accord with empirical data from random-dot cinematogram experiments and bistable-percept experiments, as well as with subjective experience. Although it has been developed by some into a model of motion perception, the two-process distinction is perhaps best conceptualized as a metatheoretical perspective rather than a theory. That is, the two-process distinction has guided the development of a number of theories, all of which share the notion of a basic processing dichotomy. The present paper elaborates these ideas and addresses criticisms of the two-process distinction, arguing that they inappropriately test the processes against fixed `criteria'. It is claimed here that, like all complex perceptual processes, those associated with the two-process distinction cannot be easily isolated by manipulations of individual stimulus parameters in the search for criterion behavior. The nature of perceptual theories is discussed in this context, and the notion of modes of perceiving is used as a conceptualization for the two-process distinction. Consistency between the two-process distinction and other theoretical conceptualizations is shown. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made for the future of the two-process distinction.

Fixed Modes and Modes Not Attainable Under Structurally Constrained Output Feedback

Abstract Closed-loop linear systems under structurally output feedback are considered. Fixed modes of multiplicity h are exactly defined. Furthermore, the notion of modes not attainable by admissible output feedback is introduced. Based on algebraic properties of the closed-loop system determinant and its minors, algebraic characterizations both of fixed modes including their multiplicities and of modes not attainable under structurally constrained output feedback are derived.