Notion Of Gravity Research Articles

A Review of Inconsistencies and Unfounded Assumptions in Physics Enables A Path Forward

It is widely recognized significant parts of leading-edge physics are at an impasse. Perhaps it is time to re-evaluate long-standing inconsistencies and assumptions that have become dogma but are erroneous and blocking progress. Newtonʼs gravitational constant GN is assumed a natural constant, having originated via Newtonʼs notion of gravity as radial force acting on mass in flat observer space. But Einstein showed gravity due to curved space time with “mass” dimensionally c2 remote from the observer energy domain. Dirac stated (elementary) particles are “no more than electromagnetic energy localized in observer space”. This suggests gravity is emergent at the particle scale by spacetime curved in three dimensions. But Newtonʼs assumed radial force is consistent only with spacetime curvature in the two dimensions orthogonal to the radial, so how can GN be fundamental? Do the different dimensionalities of Newtonʼs and Einsteinʼs theories relate to the Dark Matter issue? Describing the electron as a photon in a relativistic quantum loop localized by curved spacetime enables derivation of an expression for GN giving a value within the empirical uncertainty. The electron is posited as relativistic electromagnetic energy in dynamic equilibrium between circumferential metric tension at the Strong Force scale and radial electrostatic force, satisfying the Planck “Force Equality” premise. As historically long suspected GN contains a numerical factor of c4, derived from the cgs units, in which it was first measured, and a relativistic factor, α-4/3, which move the Planck scale into exact correspondence with the electron parameters. General Relativity is shown a fundamental femto-scale theory where the strong force in a metric curved at the particle scale is manifest in observer space reduced by the classical “Large Number” of 5.7x1044 and is evident as gravity. The expression obtained for GN is supported by deriving the MOND constant and the observed flat galactic star rotation velocity curves. Resolving identified erroneous assumptions and inconsistencies will significantly impact cosmology and particle physics and bring gravitational and electromagnetic unification closer.

Кантовская асинхронность в отношении восприятия ньютоновского пространства и гравитации в докритических трудах

Kant’s ‘Newtonianism’ has been rightly highlighted by figures like Friedman. The follow-up debates led to a more adequate view on Kant’s natural philosophy and in particular his relation towards Newton. But the discussion that evolved did not point to the asynchronicity that takes place in Kant’s struggle with the central Newtonian concepts. Newtonian space and gravity, in revised form, are of central concern to Kant’s critical philosophy. But Kant adapted and re-evaluated these two concepts in an asynchronous way. While Kant tries to integrate a notion of gravity into his theory of matter in his very first published writing, he has at this stage no adequate notion of space. At this time, as in regard to space, he can neither be called a Newtonian nor a proper Leibnizian and misconceives the necessity of an independent space for the foundations of physics. This perspective changes under the influence of Euler at the end of the fifties of the eighteenth century and finally leads to his writing of 1768 and the adoption of transcendental idealism in 1770. In the following, I depict this asynchronicity by taking central pre-critical writings into account while discussing Kant’s concept of space and gravity. This sharpens the picture of Kant’s work and the different stages his philosophy of nature went through. Further, it helps to understand the influence of Euler on Kant’s development in natural philosophy and his critical philosophy in general, as Kant under the influence of Euler formed deeper-going reflections on Newton’s theory of space and these mark turning points of his development.

Holographic phase space: c-functions and black holes as renormalization group flows

We construct a $\mathcal N$-function for Lovelock theories of gravity, which yields a holographic $c$-function in domain-wall backgrounds, and seemingly generalizes the concept for black hole geometries. A flow equation equates the monotonicity properties of $\mathcal N$ with the gravitational field, which has opposite signs in the domain-wall and black hole backgrounds, due to the presence of negative/positive energy in the former/latter, and accordingly $\mathcal N$ monotonically decreases/increases from the UV to the IR. On $AdS$ spaces the $\mathcal N$-function is related to the Euler anomaly, and at a black hole horizon it is generically proportional to the entropy. For planar black holes, $\mathcal N$ diverges at the horizon, which we interpret as an order $N^2$ increase in the number of effective degrees of freedom. We show how $\mathcal N$ can be written as the ratio of the Wald entropy to an effective phase space volume, and using the flow equation relate this to Verlinde's notion of gravity as an entropic force. From the effective phase space we can obtain an expression for the dual field theory momentum cut-off, matching a previous proposal in the literature by Polchinski and Heemskerk. Finally, we propose that the area in Planck units counts states, not degrees of freedom, and identify it also as a phase space volume. Written in terms of the proper radial distance $\beta$, it takes the suggestive form of a canonical partition function at inverse temperature $\beta$, leading to a "mean energy" which is simply the extrinsic curvature of the surface. Using this we relate this definition of holographic phase space with the effective phase space appearing in the $\mathcal N$-function.

The Gravity Threshold under the ICC Statute: Gravity Back and Forth in Lubanga and Ntaganda

AbstractThe Prosecutor must exercise prosecutorial selection due to his limited capacity. Therefore, Article 53 provides a complicated corset that has to be applied in a consistent manner. One of the central themes is gravity, which has generated early case law in Lubanga and Ntaganda. In this article, the author argues that the notion of gravity entails two different layers: a legal gravity threshold and a relative (discretionary) gravity assessement, linked to Article 53(1)(b), 17(1)(d) and Article 53(1)(c) respectively. As will be shown below, neither the OTP nor the Chambers have developed a congruent gravity approach. Starting from the author's basic distinction between two gravity facets, the ICC's actors are now able to fill in the blanks: they must sort out legal and policy criteria and apply them accordingly under legal or relative gravity.