Notion Of Adequacy Research Articles

Adequate contextual explicitation in translation

AbstractOn the face of it, it appears that the explicitation of contextual knowledge is consistent withToury’s (1995)norm of acceptability rather than his norm of adequacy. This is because this type of explicitation, which seeks to bridge the gap in readers’ contextual knowledge, enhances readability and is directed towards the target audience. However, in this article I argue that the use of this type of explicitation actually demonstrates an awareness of the importance of adhering to the source text, and may thus be aligned with adequacy norms. To support the argument, I show that this type of explicitation seems to be more prevalent than ever before, using as an example a recent translation of a story by O. Henry into Hebrew, in the context of Hebrew translated literature generally moving towards the norm of adequacy (Zoran 1990;Weissbrod 1992;Ben-Shahar 1994). This highlights the complexity of the relation between increased explicitness and the notions of adequacy and acceptability.

KNOWLEDGE, JUSTIFICATION, AND ADEQUATE REASONS

AbstractIs knowledge definable as justified true belief (“JTB”)? We argue that one can legitimately answer positively or negatively, depending on whether or not one’s true belief is justified by what we call adequate reasons. To facilitate our argument we introduce a simple propositional logic of reason-based belief, and give an axiomatic characterization of the notion of adequacy for reasons. We show that this logic is sufficiently flexible to accommodate various useful features, including quantification over reasons. We use our framework to contrast two notions of JTB: one internalist, the other externalist. We argue that Gettier cases essentially challenge the internalist notion but not the externalist one. Our approach commits us to a form of infallibilism about knowledge, but it also leaves us with a puzzle, namely whether knowledge involves the possession of only adequate reasons, or leaves room for some inadequate reasons. We favor the latter position, which reflects a milder and more realistic version of infallibilism.

PECULIARITIES OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGINAL AND TRANSLATION OF E.SETON-THOMPSON’S SHORT STORY ‘THE ВIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY’

The role of Ernest Seton-Thompson as a writer who started the genre of animal short-story and his contribution into the national Canadian literature are discussed in the article. Peculiar features of animal-personages from his short-stories which are close to people were singled out. The peculiarities of the literary translation which aim is to reflect ideas, feelings transforming the author’s images with the help of another language material, the main features that make it different from a classical one were stated. Contemporary scholars who scrutinize this aspect in modern translation studies were found out. The notion of adequacy in the process of a literary text translation, the necessity and strive of the translator to reflect the sense, embodied in artistic images, to preserve genre and style and structural-compositional peculiarities of the original text in the context of comparative analysis of the literary text were noted. The differences between the original text of E.Seton-Thompson’s short-story “The Biography of a Grizzly” and its translation by М.Chukovsky were analyzed in the given article. The translation can be called adequate as some change of content and form of the original text by means of the target language did not impact into general perception of the short-story in its translation. The translator conveys the author’s ideas provoking reader‘s reaction to the story. М.Chukovsky preserved its content, the system of images and the author’s style and plot identity of the original text. Peculiarities of his translation, main structural-grammar and lexical transformations used in the translation were marked. Among the most frequently used transformation techniques actual division of the sentence, grammar changes, change of the sentence parts, concretization, generalization, addition, omission and antonymic translation are noted.

Using Vignette Methodology as a Tool for Exploring Cultural Identity Positions of Language Brokers

This article examines how vignette methodology can aid understanding of cultural identity. This is demonstrated through a study of child language brokers, wherein a child is engaged in the cultural contexts of both the host culture and the home culture and must therefore negotiate new cultural identities. Participants were young people aged 15 to 18 years; some of them were brokers, others were not. Drawing on notions of adequacy and inadequacy, visibility and invisibility, theoretical ideas around cultural identity theory and dialogical self-theory can provide an understanding of how the young people moved through different (often conflicting) identity positions.

Ethical Economic Engagement in a World beyond Control

Political projects are often grounded in theoretical analyses that present themselves as adequate to the world they hope to transform. This is true of many projects on the right as well as many on the left. In contrast, J. K. Gibson-Graham refuse any such notion of adequacy. Their refusal substantially complicates the ethical dimensions of academic practice, especially for those scholars who seek to promote projects of economic emancipation and justice. Gibson-Graham's practice provides a challenging vision of how we can engage ethically a world we cannot control. It is a practice based on what theologian Sharon Welch calls an “ethic of risk” rather than an “ethic of control.”

Spinoza and the Possibility of Error

If we consider certain features of Spinoza's metaphysics, it can seem very difficult to see how error, or the having of false ideas, is possible. In this paper I want to give the metaphysical background to the problem, before turning to a more detailed consideration of how Spinoza in fact accounts for error, or the having of false ideas. I will show the importance of the notions of adequacy and inadequacy in Spinoza's account. Having done this I will return to the central problem of accounting for the ontological status of false ideas vis a vis both the Infinite Intellect, and finite minds.

Visualization Metaphors

In the paper, a new approach to the notion of visualization metaphor is suggested based on semiotic analysis. The structure of the metaphor and the notion of visualization language are considered. Critical analysis is performed on how the notion of metaphor has been used in the theory of computer–human interface (CHI) and in the modern practice of interactive and visual environment design. Prototype tools for formal and empirical quality evaluation of visualization metaphors and languages based on the notion of adequacy in visualization are described.

From Courthouses to Schoolhouses: Emerging Judicial Theories of Adequacy and Equity

This research examines three decades of school finance litigation while highlighting emerging judicial constructs of equity and adequacy. The authors find that in large part these decisions turn on whether a finance system is adequate. A bifurcated judicial theory of adequacy has emerged in recent judicial opinions. In states where education finance systems have been upheld, a minimalist, basic skills notion of adequacy is employed. Conversely, in states where public education finance systems have been invalidated, constructs of equity could not be severed from constructs of adequacy as the courts call for a quality education for all children. The authors conclude that the groundswell of school finance litigation indicates that there is a broad movement under way to secure in law and in practice the rights of poor children to equal opportunity and nondiscrimination, which is similar to past civil rights activities on behalf of linguistic minorities and children with disabilities.

Abstract specification of resource accessing disciplines

A macro notation incorporating path notation is introduced. The notation was designed to permit the specification of the behaviour of a distributed system in terms of resources characterized by associated synchronization statements. The proper co-ordination of processes using the resources can thus be stated as the permissible order of execution of operations on shared resources as part of the resource definition. This contrasts with the usual "process oriented" approach which associates synchronization statements with the processes using the resource. This makes proper co-ordination of processes part of the individual task of each process. We argue that the process oriented approach is not suited for specifying highly parallel systems with distributed decision capabilities. The notions of adequacy, starvation, priority and interrupts are discussed in the context of our "resource oriented" approach and compared with thei counterparts in a "process oriented" approach. Semi formal demonstrations of the adequacy of simple but realistic example systems are sketched.

Language Isn’t for People: On Applying Theoretical Linguistics to Practical Problems

This article presents evidence that many of the assumptions which underlie a great deal of work in the mainstream of modern linguistics are unsound and that the work itself is at best of only indirect value to educators, psychologists, and others who are interested in the various problems connected with language behavior. It is suggested that the efforts of most linguists who are working in the Chomsky paradigm do not yield nor are likely to yield psychologically appealing results. Linguists have tended to be too concerned with internal validity at the expense of external validity. The first section of this paper, on competence and performance, attempts to show how this imbalance leads to basic problems in an attempt to characterize sentence comprehension and results in an account which appears to ignore the fact that language is for people. The following section, on the distinction between grammaticality and acceptability, advances arguments that even the internal validity is suspect by suggesting that generative grammars cannot avoid generating grammatical sentences that could not conceivably be acceptable while at the same time failing to generate acceptable sentences which are ungrammatical. The grammars not only fail on Chomsky's original notion of adequacy but also, it