Not In Education, Employment Or Training Status Research Articles

Antecedents of youths who are not in employment, education or training: Micro-level evidence

Orientation: The increasing number of young people not in employment, education or training (NEET) is a concerning global trend.Research purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to young individuals being classified as NEET in South Africa.Motivation for the study: Given the rising NEET rates in South Africa and the potential loss of human capital, this study addresses a critical gap in understanding the drivers of youth unemployment and disengagement from education and/or training.Research approach/design and method: Employing cross-sectional data analysis techniques, the study used the Quarterly Labour Force Survey data with a sample of 14 338 youths aged 15–34 years from Statistics South Africa.Main findings: The study identified education level, race and age as significant predictors of NEET status. The research highlighted the role of social capital and geographical barriers in determining the NEET status of young individuals, with location and gender having an impact.Practical/managerial implications: The study’s findings have important implications for policymakers. Possible strategies can target the specific factors identified, such as improving access to education and training, addressing racial disparities and reducing gender-related barriers.Contribution/value-add: This study reveals the causes of NEET among South African youth. Policymakers can use this information to create targeted interventions, reduce the NEET population and promote socio-economic development. The research provides a valuable resource to guide efforts in reducing the NEET population and harnessing the potential of the country’s youth.

청년 니트 결정요인

Youth period is a period of life in which individuals strive to design and realize their dreams and hopes. Recent profound changes in society, technology, the economy, ecology and environment, and politics have posed a crisis in youth employment and, if mishandled, can lead them into a state of NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training). In this study, we aimed to analyze the main factors contributing to youth NEET status, considering not only general demographic background information but also socio-economic variables such as self-efficacy, parents' occupation and education, housing type and residence, and financial independence from parents. To do this, we utilized data from the Korean Employment Information Service's Youth Panel from 2007 to 2015-2022 and conducted empirical analysis using logistic regression models.
 The analysis results indicated that, in general, young individuals with lower self-efficacy were more likely to transition into NEET status. Additionally, young adults who were financially dependent on their parents and lived with them were more likely to become NEETs. Regarding housing environment, it was found that young adults living in apartments or detached houses had a higher probability of becoming NEETs. Furthermore, the probability of NEET status was higher for males compared to females, and regional differences showed that young adults residing in the Jeolla-Gwangju region had a higher probability of NEET status.
 The implications of this study are as follows. Firstly, policy programs that can prevent youth unemployment (NEET) should be activated. Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the content of the subject and establish performance indicators to enhance self-efficacy in the knit prevention policy program. Thirdly, a tailored industry development policy that takes into account regional characteristics, along with strategic Human resource development(HRD) in the field of education and training, should be implemented to improve youth employment opportunities. Lastly, it is recommended to establish a fair recruitment and talent management culture based on competencies rather than academic qualifications, along with policies to alleviate excessive wage gaps between job positions. A holistic approach to youth housing and employment policies was also suggested.

Exploring the determinants of NEET youth in Jambi Province: A socioeconomic perspective

This study aims to analyze: 1) the socioeconomic characteristics and NEET (Not in employment, education, or training) status of young individuals in Jambi Province; 2) the determinants influencing the NEET status of young people in Jambi Province. The data utilized in this study is derived from a survey conducted in four sample villages within Jambi Province, consisting of 200 young participants. Descriptive statistical tools, single-frequency and cross-frequency tables, and binary logit regression are employed for analysis. The findings of the study reveal that: 1) NEET youth, when compared to non-NEET youth, tend to be older, have a higher proportion of females, possess higher education levels, are more likely to be married, are predominantly non-migrants, and have fewer siblings or step-siblings; 2) The parents of NEET youth, in comparison to non-NEET youth, generally have higher incomes and predominantly belong to non-Malay ethnicities in Jambi. 3) Factors significantly impacting the categorization of youth as NEET include gender, education, marital status, and parental income.

Non-Western Immigrants, the Transition from School to Education and to Work and NEET Status

This article examines the transition from compulsory school to education and work for children of immigrants and native Danes by focusing on NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) status. Using administrative register data, I first examined the overrepresentation of children of immigrants in the NEET group three years after completion of compulsory school. I then analysed: (a) whether differences in family background and grades can explain this overrepresentation and (b) whether NEET status during this period is associated with a high risk of NEET status four years later (i.e., seven years after compulsory school completion). My results show higher NEET rates for children of immigrants than for native Danes. Regression analysis of three year groups suggests, unfavourable family characteristics explain the higher probability of NEET status among children of immigrants in two of these groups. NEET status in the three-year period after school completion is associated with higher risk of NEET status four years later for both children of immigrants and native Danes.

Being poor and being NEET in Europe: Are these two sides of the same coin?

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10888-022-09561-7.

Predictors of Becoming not in Education, Employment or Training: A Dynamic Comparison of the Direct and Indirect Determinants

Abstract This paper uses a dynamic latent factor model to investigate the determinants of not in education, employment or training (NEET) status among adolescents in the United Kingdom. We bring together within one framework various determinants of NEET status, such as educational achievements, non-cognitive skills, family socio-economic factors, aspirations, mental health and local labour market conditions. We model the educational progress over multiple periods through the life of the young person, up to the completion of compulsory schooling. By taking into account this progression, we can determine the direct and indirect impacts of different determinants of NEET status, and the stage in the life of the young person at which each determinant is important. Our findings suggest that cognitive ability (as measured by educational achievements) remains the key predictor of NEET status. Further, while a range of individual and family factors determines NEET status, the impact of most of these factors is largely indirect, through ability formation and not necessarily direct. To gauge the relative contributions of various determinants, we conduct simulations to predict the probability of the young person being NEET under different scenarios and assumptions. The exercise indicates that the effects of aspirations of the young person, their school engagement, and the local youth unemployment rate on the likelihood of the young person being NEET are as large as boosting their cognitive skills.

Can adolescent work experience protect vulnerable youth? A population wide longitudinal study of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET)

ABSTRACT Early work experience is found to be an influential factor in young people’s transitions from school to work. Still, we know little about whether early work experience can protect vulnerable young people from subsequent exclusion from labour and education in early adulthood. Our objective is therefore to examine how early work experience in adolescence influences the risk of being NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training), and whether this relationship is stronger for early school leavers and young disabled people. We utilise Norwegian register data covering the entire 1985-birth cohort, followed from age 16 to 29 (n ~ 50 000). Linear probability models are used to estimate the NEET risk at age 25 and age 29. The findings reveal that early work experience is related to a lower NEET risk for everyone, but more strongly for the young people with disabilities or early school leaving. The findings support early work experience as a potentially important protective factor against subsequent NEET status, particularly among vulnerable young people.

The validity of the residuals approach to measuring resilience to adverse childhood experiences

BackgroundResilience is broadly defined as the ability to maintain or regain functioning in the face of adversity. Recent work to harmonise the quantification and definition of resilience quantifies resilience as the residual variance in psychosocial functioning that remains after accounting for adversity exposure. However, there have been no published studies that have formally investigated the validity of this approach. Considering this, we examine the construct and predictive validity of the residuals approach using participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a multigenerational, longitudinal cohort study.MethodsWe regressed exposures of adolescent adversity on adolescent psychopathology scores using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and obtained the residual variance. We investigated construct validity by analysing whether previously identified demographic and resilience factors significantly predicted resilience. Predictive validity of resilience was investigated by comparing the predictive power of resilience with other determinants of psychosocial functioning on two developmental outcomes: depressive symptoms at 18 years, measured by the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire, and NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) status at 17 and 23 years. The associations between depressive symptoms at 18, resilience, ACEs and covariates were tested using multiple linear regression. NEET status at 17 and 23 were run as separate binary multiple logistic regression models to test associations with resilience and known demographics previously associated with NEET status.ResultsSeven previously identified protective factors, including self-esteem, positive sibling relationship, temperament, and positive perception of school, significantly predicted resilience to adolescent psychopathology, thus providing strong construct validity. Resilience significantly predicted a reduction in depressive symptoms at 18 years, and significantly decreased the likelihood of having NEET status at both 17 years and 23 years, even after taking into account early childhood adversity and other risk factors. None of the socioeconomic factors were significantly associated with resilience.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that the residuals method of operationalising resilience has good construct and predictive validity yet recommend replication studies. It has the potential to advance research into the mechanisms and modifiability of resilience.Trial Registration: Not applicable.

How Young Mothers Rely on Kin Networks and Formal Childcare to Avoid Becoming NEET in the Netherlands.

Motherhood is often cited as one of the main reasons for young women to become NEET (not in employment, education, or training). Given the potential long-term negative implications of NEET status, it is important to understand which types of resources can help young mothers to avoid becoming NEET around childbirth. In this paper we investigate how the chances of young mothers to become and stay NEET around the time of first birth are related to the availability and characteristics of members of their social support network, especially partners and grandparents, to assist in childcare. In addition, we consider the local availability of formal childcare. We use population-wide register data from the Netherlands and estimate discrete-time eventhistory models. Our results show that young mothers who are cohabitating or married are less likely to become NEETs than single mothers. We also show that economic activity and relative wage of both young mothers and their partners decreases the likelihood to become NEET and to exit NEET. With respect to the grandparents, we find that having more grandparents live in the immediate vicinity is associated with a lower likelihood to become NEET and a higher likelihood to exit NEET. Furthermore, we find that young mothers with economically inactive parents are more likely to become and less likely to exit NEET. Lastly, we find evidence for crowding-out of informal and formal childcare. Formal and informal childcare sources interact in such a way that the role of either becomes less important as more of the other is available.

Understanding economic inactivity and NEET status among young women in the UK and France

ABSTRACT This article examines the position of young women in the UK and France who are defined as not in education, employment or training (NEET) and economically inactive (EI). While the challenges facing the young unemployed are well documented, far less is known about economic inactivity and its propensity to impact to a much greater extent on the lives of young women. The UK and France share some similarities with regard to their NEET EI female populations, in terms of the relative size of the group and the barriers young women face, despite being exposed to very different types of policy intervention and welfare support. Drawing on quantitative evidence (via the Céreq) from France and a recent qualitative study in England, the paper provides a deeper understanding of the characteristics and trajectories of young women who are NEET and EI. It highlights a need for policy interventions beyond employability initiatives: policies which tackle the barriers that young women, especially young mothers, face in accessing employment, as well as their difficulties in securing good quality and sustainable employment.

Not in employment, education or training (NEET); more than a youth policy issue.

IntroductionAustralians who are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and receive income support span a wide spectrum of working ages. Australian research has concentrated on NEETs aged 15–29 years, in line with international standards. This paper investigates extending the NEET concept to include all working age persons 15–64 years and the value added to welfare policy through analysis of a new linked dataset.MethodsAn observational study design was implemented with individuals aged 15-64 years recorded as receiving Department of Social Services (DSS) income support payments from September 2011 being linked with Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census data from August 2011 to create a linked dataset for analysis. Descriptive analyses were undertaken of NEET status by Census socio-demographic characteristics, and we modelled the adjusted likelihood of NEET status by Census demographics.ResultsSome 1.37 million or 45.2% of linked DSS payment recipients qualified as NEET. Of NEETs, more than twice as many were female, nearly half were aged 45–64 years, and under 1-in-5 were aged 15–29 years. Multivariate analyses showed that NEETs were more likely to be older, have low educational attainment, have a disability, and to be Indigenous.ConclusionsYoung NEETs aged 15–29 years represented less than 20% of linked DSS payment recipients classified as NEET, suggesting that standard NEETs reporting neglects information on around 80% of the working age NEET population in Australia. Combined with other demographic insights, these results have implications for welfare policy, and indicate a wider range of demographics should be considered under the NEET classification. This may also have implications for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reporting.

Is It Possible to Tackle Youth Needs with Agricultural and Rural Development Policies?

Rural youth are influenced by a wide range of uncertainties regarding their personal and professional development. Rural youth and in particular rural NEETs (Not in Employment, Education or Training) are especially vulnerable and face higher risks of labour market, social and economic exclusion. This paper aims to analyse the determinants of the dynamics of rural NEETs in three post-transitional countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Serbia) compared to the EU-28 average and to Ireland as an example of an established EU member state with over 50% of its population living in rural areas that can act as a benchmark for effective policy implementation to address challenges of marginalized youth, during the 2009–2019 period. The dynamics of rural NEET status and the efficiency/adaptability of regional development policies are revealed through analysis of macro and socioeconomic factors as well as specific employment-related indicators disaggregated by gender and degree of urbanisation. The comparative analysis indicates deficiencies in regional development policies among post-transitional countries and the potential to adapt modern European practices and policies for improving the rural NEETs’ position.

Internalising and externalising problems during adolescence and the subsequent likelihood of being Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) among males and females: The mediating role of school performance

Mental health problems are associated with a greater risk of being Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) during young adulthood. Yet evidence on the extent to which self-reported mental health problems precede males' and females’ NEET status and on the potential pathways linking mental health problems to NEET is lacking. This study examines the longitudinal associations that internalising and externalising problems during adolescence share with the risk of being NEET in young adulthood, with a focus on the mediating role of school performance. Data comes from a representative sample of 4,452 Swedish youth (51% females) who provided information on internalising and externalising problems at age 14–15 years. Information on secondary school grades (age 15–16 years), completion of upper secondary school (age 20–21 years) and NEET status at 21–22 years were drawn from administrative registers. Overall, 6% of participants were NEET at 21–22 years of age and rates were higher for those who had internalising and externalising problems at age 14–15 years. A series of gender-stratified multivariate regression models showed that for both genders, greater internalising and externalising problems predicted lower school grades and a reduced likelihood of upper secondary school completion. However, externalising problems were associated with an increased risk of being NEET for males, while internalising problems were associated with a higher likelihood of being NEET for females. The effects of externalising and internalising problems for males and females, respectively, were partially mediated by school performance. The findings indicate that mental health problems in adolescence are associated with exclusion from the labour market and education in early adulthood, but that internalising and externalising problems represent different risks for males and females. Furthermore, school performance in comprehensive and upper secondary school helps explain links between mental health problems and subsequent NEET status.

Transition From Low-Threshold Vocational Education and Training to Work in Switzerland: Factors Influencing Objective and Subjective Career Success

Context: There are currently two low-threshold vocational education and training (VET) options in Switzerland for young people at risk: A two-year programme for a Federal VET certificate and a practical training programme designed for young people with special needs. In the present study, we looked at transitions from these programmes to the labour market. Possible influences on objective and subjective indicators of career success, such as social background, personal disposition, and training, were considered.Methods: Data were collected from 418 apprentices in the French- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland at three measurement points: t1, at the beginning of training; t2, upon completion of training; and t3, 10 months later. Participants responded to a written questionnaire.Findings: Ten months after completing their apprenticeships, the majority of participating young people were either employed or continuing their education. Results of the multinomial logistic and linear regressions showed a differentiated, rather than uniform, picture depending on the criteria for career success. The background factors of gender and school (9th grade) were associated with objective success after the apprenticeship ended but not with subjective career success (hypothesis 1). For the variables concerning person disposition and agency (hypothesis 2), we found two plausible associations: A positive attitude towards life helped with unemployment avoidance and a highly self-rated school performance was associated with later satisfaction. As predicted in hypothesis 3, situational factors related to the VET company and school showed a number of significant but sometimes weak associations with objective and subjective career success. Additionally, competencies and support of VET trainers related to continuance in the learned profession.Conclusions: The career development paths of young people are influenced by various background and personality factors, as well as the training situation. VET trainers should be aware of their crucial role and understand how their interventions affect apprentices’ self-perceptions and perceptions of their learned professions, which consequently influence their motivations and career aspirations. The situation at the VET school (as a learning and social place) is equally important, especially because of the aim to increase permeability for further training. Young people not in employment, education or training (NEET) are of particular concern. Even though this group is smaller in Switzerland than in most other countries, a number of problematic symptoms can be detected during apprenticeship that point to the need for the prevention of a later NEET status.

Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage

The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage.

How does the sexual, physical and mental health of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) compare to workers and students?

BackgroundSyndemic theory highlights the potential for health problems to interact synergistically, compounding impact. Young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) are more likely to experience disadvantage and poorer general health outcomes. However, there is little research on their sexual health, or the extent to which this clusters with mental and physical health outcomes.MethodsAnalysis of data from 16 to 24 year olds (1729 men, 2140 women) interviewed 2010–12 for Britain’s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. Natsal-3 is a national probability sample survey using computer-assisted personal interviewing with computer-assisted self-interviewing. Participants were classified as workers, students or NEET. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between being NEET (relative to worker or student) and risk behaviours and outcomes in physical, sexual and mental health domains. We then examined how risk behaviours and poor health outcomes cluster within and across domains.Results15% men and 20% women were NEET; 36% men and 32% women were workers; and 49% men and 48% women were students. Young people who were NEET were more likely to report smoking and drug use (men) than other young people. There were few differences in sexual health, although NEETs were more likely to report condomless sex, and NEET women, unplanned pregnancy (past year). Risk behaviours clustered more within and across domains for NEET men. Among NEET women, poor health outcomes clustered across mental, physical and sexual health domains.ConclusionsHarmful health behaviours (men) and poor health outcomes (women) clustered more in those who are NEET. This points to a possible syndemic effect of NEET status on general ill health, especially for women. Our paper is novel in highlighting that elevated risk pertains to sexual as well as mental and physical health.

Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET): More than a Youth Policy Issue

Australians who are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and receive income support span a wide spectrum of working ages. Australian research has concentrated on NEETs aged 15–29 years, in line with international standards. This paper investigates extending the NEET concept to include all working age persons 15–64 years and the value added to welfare policy through analysis of a new linked dataset. Individuals aged 15-64 years recorded as receiving Department of Social Services (DSS) income support payments from September 2011 were linked with Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census data from August 2011 to create a linked dataset for analysis. Descriptive analyses were undertaken of NEET status by Census socio-demographic characteristics, and we modelled the adjusted likelihood of NEET status by Census demographics. Some 1.37 million or 45.2% of linked DSS payment recipients qualified as NEET. Of NEETs, more than twice as many were female, nearly half were aged 45–64 years, and under 1-in-5 were aged 15–29 years. Multivariate analyses showed that NEETs were more likely to be older, have low educational attainment, have a disability, and to be Indigenous. Young NEETs aged 15–29 years represented less than 20 per cent of linked DSS payment recipients classified as NEET, suggesting that standard NEETs reporting neglects information on around 80 per cent of the working age NEET population in Australia. Combined with other demographic insights, these results have implications for welfare policy, and indicate a wider range of demographics should be considered under the NEET classification. This may also have implications for OECD reporting.

What prolongs the duration of NEET status for youth? Evidence from Japanese panel data

This paper examines the determinants of transition to the labor force status for non-labor force youth, known as NEET (not in employment, education, or training). We use panel data of Japanese youth who experience the NEET status to estimate the competing risk model from transition out of the status. The results show that although many NEETs exit the status within a year, there exists a negative duration dependence of joblessness. We also find that higher educational qualifications and job experience improve the transition from NEET, the impact of which varies with gender with respect to educational background. For men, graduation from university or a graduate school promotes the transition from NEET, but for women, graduation from a professional school and junior college also promotes the transition. Considering the difference between regular and non-regular employment, women tend to engage in work as non-regular employees, while men tend to be unwilling to work in non-regular employment. The hurdle for employment might be relatively higher among men, because their reservation values for work may be higher relative to women.

Phenomenon and determinant characteristics of NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) youth in matrilineal province

Economic development positions human as an important factor of production. Therefore quality human resources are needed for sustainable development. Indonesia as a country with a large population potential is expected to take advantage of the opportunity through demographic bonuses that will occur in 2020-2030. However, the emergence of NEET (not in employment, education or training) has become a new problem that threatens the success of development. NEET is a measure that includes young people in the age range of 15-24 years old, who are not in employment, education or training. NEET is considered more comprehensive than unemployment because it can see the dynamics and activeness of youth in the labor market. The presence of NEET is inseparable from the determinant characteristics the chances of someone becoming a NEET youth. This study uses Sakernas data for 2017 and 2018 to see the phenomenon and determinant characteristics of NEET status. The result showed NEET youth in West Sumatera was dominated by economically inactive youth. And by using logistic regression analysis, obtained several characteristic that significantly influence the chance of youth’s vulnerability to become a NEET. Youth who live in rural areas have a greater opportunity to become NEET youth, while youth with high level education are even more vulnerable to becoming NEET. Gender does not have a significant effect on determinants of NEET status in areas that adhere to this matrilineal kinship system. Based on the result of this study, the government as the holder of authority is expected to implement policies to reduce the proportion of NEET youth.

Risk factors for young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) using the Scottish Longitudinal Study

BackgroundThe high level of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has been an important long-standing issue in Scotland. The experience of being NEET has long term detrimental effects.
 Main AimIdentify risk factors that could inform interventions aimed at reducing the number of NEETs.
 MethodsWe use the Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS) which provides a 5.3% representative sample of Scotland’s population based around the Censuses of 1991, 2001 and 2011. The SLS includes Vital Event data, Census data for the SLS sample and also those living in the same household and, since 2007, school census data.
 This allows us to study two cohorts of 16-19 year olds (the ages used in Scotland when considering NEET status) over a period of 10 years:
 
 those 6-9 years old at the time of the 1991 Census to the 2001 Census when they were 16-19 years old
 those 6-9 years old at the time of the 2001 Census to the 2011 Census when they were 16-19 years old
 
 We used logistic regression to investigate whether NEET status is associated with individual, family and household characteristics measured 10 years previously and later data including school qualification, school behaviour, areal characteristics and teenage pregnancy.
 ResultsThese analyses found several factors were associated with the likelihood of being NEET for both cohorts, including having no qualifications, teenage pregnancy and living in an area where there was a relatively high level of NEETs (100% census data). For the later cohort, school census data were available and school behaviour were important factors, whereas household characteristics at childhood were important factors for the earlier cohort.
 ConclusionA number of factors are associated with NEET but those closer in time to the NEET ages of 16-19 appear to be more important than childhood factors.