Nose Profile Research Articles

Theoretical and numerical investigation of wedge and cone nose profiles at supersonic speed

This research endeavor seeks to analyze the nose shapes of a wedge and a cone through simulations conducted with the ANSYS-FLUENT software. When designing missiles and aerodynamic vehicles for high speed, the selection of nose shape is thought to be the most crucial. The aerodynamic bodies traveling at supersonic speeds experience a pronounced influence of fluid compressibility, wherein high-speed fluid particles impart their kinetic energy as heat upon interacting with the frontal surface. The primary difficulty is that missiles and aerodynamic vehicles with high aerodynamic loads depend heavily on the shape of their noses. Therefore, the purpose of this research work is to compare the shape of the wedge and the conical nose at Mach number 2.0. A numerical simulation is used to estimate aerodynamic properties such as downstream Mach number, shock wave angle, pressure ratio, density ratio, temperature ratio, and aerodynamic coefficient, and the results are compared with theoretical results, which are obtained to solve oblique shock relation and Taylor–Maccoll equation. The conical-shaped nose model exhibits superior aerodynamic characteristics compared to the wedged-shaped nose.

Distribution of Flank Wear Width of a Rounded Nosed Insert Calculated from Nose Profile

Distribution of Flank Wear Width of a Rounded Nosed Insert Calculated from Nose Profile

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF DIFFERENT NOSE ANGLES TO REDUCE DRAG FORCE ON ROCKET

This article elaborates on the study of the mathematical expressions for the different nose profiles and their dimensions. The chosen nose profiles are Conical, Bi-conic, Parabolic, Elliptical, and Ogive. And order to improve the study of the pressure coefficient, shock wave angle, shock location, and drag characteristics of nose profiles to select which profile is preferable for a rocket under the aerodynamic forces.

Enhancement of Aerodynamic Performance of High Speed Train Through Nose Profile Design: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach

Aerodynamic drag of fast-moving train has significant impact on its fuel consumption and design safety. To improve aerodynamic performance, the drag forces on the train surfaces must be reduced. Train’s front-end nose design has boundless geometrical variations that can be applied for improved performance. Three geometric characteristics were used in present research: A-pillar roundness, nose length that controls its shrinking, and nose bluntness. Latin-Hypercube based random sampling method was used to determine appropriate values of these parameters for specific range. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a numerical approach was used to analyze train aerodynamic performance based on selected factors and operating conditions. Comparisons based on analysis of the base design and proposed design models were made and evaluated for enhanced performance. CFD analysis of the base design and iterative improvements in modified designs indicate drag reduction through change in A-pillar roundness and bluntness of nose to be 10% and 22%, respectively. The increase in nose length which controls nose shrinkage causes the drag to increase by 35%. Similarly, the boundary layer and pressure distribution on the front end of train were also considered and analyzed for performance improvement. It was concluded that the length controlling nose shrinkage of proposed train design is the key factor among the selected geometric parameters that has more influence on drag on high-speed train surface in comparison to other parameters considered. This research effort offers a modification, analysis and comparison of front-end nose geometry of high-speed train to improve aerodynamic performance and consequently fuel consumption.

Кефалоскопическая характеристика амурских эвенков (по материалам работы антропологической экспедиции АМГУ-МГУ-ЦПИ в 2015-2016 гг.)

Introduction. The article for the first time presents the results of the analysis of the cephaloscopic features of the Amur Evenks examined during the Amur Anthropological expedition in 2015 and 2016. The aim of the study is to characterize the Amur Evenks according to the program of descriptive features of the face and head and to consider them on the scale of cephaloscopic variability of the continental branch of the Asian–American race. Material and methods. Amur Evenks (men and women, N=83) were studied according to the classical cephaloscopic program, which included 32 descriptive signs. Most of the signs were determined by anthropological photographs. The expedition recorded the pigmentation of the skin and eyes, the color and shape of the hair, the degree of development of epicanthus. Empirical methods were used (counting the frequencies of feature scores and calculating their averages) and statistical methods (betweengroup analysis and plotting multidimensional scaling using special programs STATISTICA 8.0 and PAST). Results. Amur Evenks are characterized by dark pigmented hair and eyes, a fairly light skin tone. The hair on the head is straight and stiff. Beard growth is weak, eyebrows – average. The face is strongly flattened, with a strong or medium protrusion of the cheekbones and a weakly developed chin. The eye slit is of small width with an oblique internal slope. Epicanthus is either absent or poorly developed, the fold of the upper eyelid is strongly developed. The nose profile is concave. The upper lip is medium-high, proheilic. Compared with other Tunguska groups, Amur Evenks are characterized by darker pigmentation of the eyes, lower frequency of occurrence of epicanthus, a more concave back of the nose, a proheilic upper lip, a relatively high nose bridge, a strong inclination of the forehead and a developed brow. The results of the intergroup multivariate analysis illustrated the greatest convergence of the Amur Evenks with the groups of Central Asia, and with the groups of Northeast Asia, namely with the Yukaghirs and Evens. Conclusion. According to the totality of the cephaloscopic features of the Amur Evenks, they can be attributed to representatives of the Baikal type of the North Asian race, but at the same time, signs of the Katanga anthropological variant can be traced in their morphological type. The probable reason for the rapprochement of the Amur Evenks with the Central Asian samples may be the territorial proximity of the populations of the Amur Evenks to Yakutia, which could cause possible metisation processes between Evenks and Yakuts – representatives of the Central Asian type.

Three-dimensional nasal forms following unilateral cleft-lip nose correction with mandibular ramus cortical bone augmentation for concaved nasal dorsum

PurposeTo observe the pre- and postoperative three-dimensional (3D) nasal morphologies following mandibular ramus cortical bone augmentation (CBA) for a concaved nasal dorsum in definitive correction of an underdeveloped unilateral cleft lip (UCL) nose. Subjects and MethodsThree Japanese women with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) underwent nose correction using CBA on the flat or concaved nasal dorsum in combination with an extended spreader cartilage graft. The measurement items included the nasal dorsal angle, the nasal tip angle, and the x- and z- axis values of the nasal dorsum ridge and nasal tip points. The results were compared with those of thirteen sex- and age-matched women with complete UCLP who underwent the same nasal correction excluding CBA. Postoperative changes in cortical bone were also observed radiographically. ResultsThe nasal dorsal angle increased and nasal tip angle decreased postoperatively in the patients with CBA, becoming more similar to those of subjects without CBA. Postoperatively, improvement of the lateral nose profile with natural hardness was achieved in three all patients with CBA. 3D analyses of patients with CBA demonstrated an increased height of the nasal dorsum ridge and nasal tip points in the center of the face.Radiological observation revealed remaining transplanted cortical bone, although it became smaller. ConclusionsMandibular ramus cortical bone augmentation may be one of the options for molding up the severely concaved nasal dorsum on definitive correction of an underdeveloped nose in Asian patients with complete UCLP, without damaging other parts of the body.

Effect of Vibration on Surface Roughness in Finish Turning: Simulation Study

This paper presents the results of simulation analyses carried out to investigate the effect of adding controlled vibration of varying amplitudes and frequencies onto simulated workpiece profiles on surface roughness. The surface profiles were generated using the nose edge image of a real cutting tool insert at various stages of wear. The invariant moment sub-pixel edge detection method was used to extract the precise tool nose profile. The extracted nose profile was duplicated 20 times to generate the simulated workpiece profile. Vibration signals in the form of sine waves of amplitudes 0 to 50 % of the peak-to-valley height of the original workpiece profile and various frequencies were added to the simulated profile. Noise signals emanating from real machining were also added to the original profile to investigate their effect on roughness. The simulation study has shown that average roughness may increase continuously or fluctuate randomly depending on the magnitude of vibration added to the vibration-free workpiece profile. In the absence of vibration, the surface roughness of the workpiece decreases due to flattening effect of the tool nose during early stages of tool wear.

Ballistic performance of monolithic and double layered thin-metallic hemispherical shells at normal and oblique impact

The present study discusses experimental and numerical investigations on the ballistic performance of aluminum 1100-H12 hemispherical shell targets of 150 mm diameter against 19 mm diameter cylindrical steel projectiles. The influence of nose profile of the projectiles on the impact resistance of the targets, was observed by varying the nose geometry to ogive, blunt, conical and hemispherical shapes. Effect of normal as well as oblique impact on the failure mechanisms and perforation process of shells was studied at 0 (normal), 15 and 30° angle from the normal incidence path. Further, the ballistic performance of two target configurations, viz. 2 mm thick monolithic and double layered in-contact shell targets was investigated and compared within the configurations. The finite element analysis of the ballistic impact on shell targets was done in ABAQUS/Explicit solver by employing the Johnson – Cook constitutive strength and damage model for deformable target material, whereas all the projectiles were assumed as rigid body. The ballistic performance of both shell target configurations against oblique impacts with different projectiles was evaluated and compared in terms of ballistic limit, local and global deformations, failure mechanisms and plastic work done in radial, polar, meridional and shear deformations. The obtained experimental results were then compared with numerical simulations and found in good corroboration. It was observed that both monolithic and layered shell targets showed highest ballistic resistance against hemispherical nosed projectile. For all the projectiles, layered shell targets displayed higher energy dissipation than monolithic targets.

Modeling of a valve-type low-pressure homogenizer for oil-in-water emulsions

The geometric configuration of a valve-type homogenizer can have a significant influence on the performance of the emulsification process. Three new variants of low-pressure valve-type homogenizers which differ from one another by how the valve nose profiles and the upstream fluid chamber geometries are constructed were used to study fluid flow characteristics. All the three variants were conceived such that hydrodynamic cavitation can be induced as the oil-in-water emulsion passes through the valve. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations showed that by changing the valve nose shape from smooth profile to serrated nose profile, a substantially higher strain rate in the gap can be achieved, leading to higher stress on the droplet thus increasing the emulsification efficiency. The CFD simulations have also demonstrated that, incorporating a stagnation bluff in the upstream chamber results in a violence collapse of cavitating bubbles. This in turn promotes turbulence inertial and viscous effects which are essential parameters for enhancing emulsification efficiency. Droplet size analysis of oil-in-water emulsions from the physical experiments found that the serrated nose valve profile and the bluff in the chamber resulted in a mean droplet size of about 95 nm.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the behavior of thin metallic plate targets subjected to ballistic impact

In this study, the description of energy absorption capacity in different deformation modes in the perforation of thin metallic aluminum 1100-H12 targets is presented. The targets were impacted with 19 mm diameter hard steel cylindrical projectiles of varying nose profiles, viz. ogive, blunt, conical and hemispherical shape. Effect of oblique impact on the perforation behavior of 255 mm diameter circular plate targets was studied at 0 (normal), 15 and 30° angles from the incidence line. The ballistic performance of two different configurations of plate targets, viz. monolithic target of 2 mm thickness and in-contact double layered target of equivalent thickness (2 × 1 mm) was also investigated and compared. The numerical simulations were executed using Johnson-Cook elasto-viscoplastic material model for the targets in ABAQUS/Explicit solver and the results were corroborated with the experimental observations. The ballistic performance of the targets against different nose shaped projectiles, was evaluated and compared in terms of ballistic limit velocities, local and global deformations in the target, failure mechanisms and plastic work done in various deformation modes involved in the impact process. It was observed that the ballistic limit for all targets was increased with obliquity, except for targets impacted with blunt nose projectile. The energy absorbed in different deformation modes corroborated with the failure mechanisms involved in the target during perforation. Both target configurations showed the highest ballistic resistance for hemispherical nosed projectile.

Crash Analysis of Aircraft Nose Prototype

This paper presents the comparison of structural deformation of generic metals and the new age composite materials on the aircraft nose during a crash. The analysis is conducted to be able to make more educated predictions of the internal structure damage caused when the airplane has a head on collision with a vertical obstacle (buildings) or when affected by a bird strike. Two nose profiles widely seen nowadays are spherically blunted tangent ogive and elliptical. These nose cones have been designed based on model to prototype ratio on NX CAD. CFD has been performed on the nose designs and solved on ANSYS Fluent for flow visualizations. Materials like Aluminum alloy (which is still widely used in fuselage frames) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer with epoxy resins, have been applied to the CAD models. These were analyzed for stress, strain and deformation on ANSYS 18.1 by simulating the crash of the nose on a thick structural steel plate. After the analysis, it was inferred that the elliptical nose made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer has less structural deformation on being crashed.

Synchronous correction in secondary cleft deformities: a prospective cohort study.

Patients with cleft lip and palate deformities undergo multiple surgical procedures from infancy till adolescence. We hypothesized that combining these surgical procedures might offer a better quality of life without compromising on surgical outcomes. A prospective cohort study was conducted at our center including all adult patients who reported to us for the correction of secondary cleft deformities. All patients with secondary deformities associated with cleft lip palate and alveolus were enrolled in the study. Patients with medical issues who are not fit for general anesthesia, Bilateral Cleft deformities, and patients with gross skeletal deformity warranting surgical correction by Le fort I distraction were excluded from the study. All the patients who were included in the study underwent simultaneous lip revision, rhinoplasty and cleft alveolar bone grafting. The outcome lip nose profile was assessed using standardized patient photographs with Ascher Mcdade Scale and Aesthetic outcome index by 2 blinded maxillofacial surgeons and the bone grafting was assessed using Berglands grading system. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in the study, 10 patients were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Thus 18 patients planned for synchronous correction of unilateral secondary cleft deformities were included in the study The Ascher Mcdade Score improved from 15 (13-16), to 4 (4-5) in the post op. All the patients were totally satisfied with the surgical outcome. The aesthetic index showed excellent outcomes in all the lip-nose procedures, except for one case which showed a good outcome. The Bergland Scale showed normal bone height in all cases of alveolar bone grafting, except for one case, which showed less than 3/4th fill of bone. No complications were associated with any of the procedures. Simultaneous correction of multiple secondary cleft lip deformities should be considered when feasible, to improve the psychological benefit and reduce financial burden on these patients. However, careful planning and execution of the techniques is essential to avoid complications associated with vascular compromise.

Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation of the Slipstream and Trackside Pressure of Trains with Different Horizontal Profiles

The slipstream caused by high-speed trains may harm pedestrians and workers trackside. In general, the characteristics of the slipstream are influenced mainly by the nose shape of the train. The present study explores the slipstream caused by high-speed trains with three different horizontal nose profiles based on the results of three-dimensional, improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) with an unsteady turbulence model and a set of 1/8th scaled train models. The results obtained using this numerical methodology are in good agreement with those obtained from corresponding wind tunnel tests. The trackside pressure changes around the train models are also captured and analyzed. The analysis reveals that the width of the nose can significantly influence the magnitude and arrival time of slipstream velocity and pressure peaks. The results and proposed numerical methodology can be used as guidelines for the design of high-speed train nose shapes.

Effects of different nose types on class II treatments for female patients

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nose types on the perception of facial aesthetics following camouflage treatment and orthognathic surgery for skeletal class II female patients.MethodsA pre-treatment profile photograph of a skeletal class II adult patient was selected from the department archive. Two constructed photographs were created to represent orthognathic surgery and camouflage treatments with the aid of computer software. A total of 18 constructed images was composed using three profiles (pre-treatment, post-camouflage, and post-orthognathic surgery) and six nose types. These photographs were shown to the three groups (orthodontists, plastic surgeons, and lay people), and they were asked to assign an attractiveness score to each photo ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating the least attractive and 100 indicating the most attractive.ResultsFor the convex nose profiles, anterior movement of the mandible obtained by orthognathic surgery did not result in a significant change in the scores given by the lay people. When surgical or camouflage treatment was not implemented and, instead, just rhinoplasty was performed for these profiles, there was a significant increase in the aesthetic scores given by all groups. For the straight nose profiles, orthognathic surgery increased the attractiveness scores given by all groups. Furthermore, for all the profiles, extraction treatment did not affect the aesthetic scores given by any of the groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe lay people perceived that having a convex-bridged nose was a bigger problem than having a retrognathic profile. Overall, in terms of skeletal and dental orthodontic treatments, nose shape should be considered during the treatment planning process.

Ideals of Facial Beauty Amongst the Chinese Population: Results from a Large National Survey.

Surgical and non-surgical aesthetic treatments are very popular throughout Asia and in particular in China. With the globalisation and immigration of Chinese people to other countries where many seek treatment from Western-trained doctors, it is important to understand the ideals of beauty amongst Chinese people so as to achieve optimal results. We conducted an online survey to understand the preference of Han Chinese laypersons for facial shape, profile (straight, convex, concave), jaw angle and shape, and shape of the chin, nose, and lips. In addition, the participants were asked about their educational level, geographic location, likelihood to have cosmetic surgery, preference for surgical or non-surgical cosmetic procedures and whether ''being beautiful'' would affect their daily life. A total of 1417 responses were collected from 599 male and 818 female participants, the majority of them who were 25-35 years old (58.93%). The responses showed that the majority of participants preferred an oval face shape, with a smoothly tapered jaw angle for both men and women, round and pointy chin for both genders, straight to concave nose profile and full lips with well-defined cupid's bow. Most responders indicated they were not willing to undergo cosmetic surgery; however, when given a choice between surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures, 82.22% of the participants preferred non-surgical procedures. The majority of respondents (83%) thought that being beautiful has an effect on daily life and improves quality of life.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Ideals of Facial Beauty Amongst the Chinese Population: Results from a Large National Survey

Surgical and non-surgical aesthetic treatments are very popular throughout Asia and in particular in China. With the globalisation and immigration of Chinese people to other countries where many seek treatment from Western-trained doctors, it is important to understand the ideals of beauty amongst Chinese people so as to achieve optimal results. We conducted an online survey to understand the preference of Han Chinese laypersons for facial shape, profile (straight, convex, concave), jaw angle and shape, and shape of the chin, nose, and lips. In addition, the participants were asked about their educational level, geographic location, likelihood to have cosmetic surgery, preference for surgical or non-surgical cosmetic procedures and whether “being beautiful” would affect their daily life. A total of 1417 responses were collected from 599 male and 818 female participants, the majority of them who were 25–35 years old (58.93%). The responses showed that the majority of participants preferred an oval face shape, with a smoothly tapered jaw angle for both men and women, round and pointy chin for both genders, straight to concave nose profile and full lips with well-defined cupid’s bow. Most responders indicated they were not willing to undergo cosmetic surgery; however, when given a choice between surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures, 82.22% of the participants preferred non-surgical procedures. The majority of respondents (83%) thought that being beautiful has an effect on daily life and improves quality of life.Level of Evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Iranian Viewpoint about Various Attractiveness Indices of Rhinoplasty in comparison with International Standards

Background: Achieving a high facial attractiveness is the main reason why Iranians tend to undergo such a surgery. Objectives: Accordingly, the current study aimed at investigating the relationship between age, gender, education level, and perceived attractiveness of various nose profiles. Methods: Various nose profiles were created by making changes in the 4 variables of the nose including alar width, tip shape, tip projection, and columella. Three images were provided in respect to each variable; a nose with a standard value, a nose with a more than standard value, and a nose with a lower than standard value. A total of 400 people (200 males and 200 females) were asked to rank each set of images based on their perceived attractiveness. In the next step, the effect of various factors such as age, gender, and education level on the perceived attractiveness was assessed. Chi-square test and SPSS software were utilized to perform statistical analyses. Results: A standard profile had the highest level of attractiveness among participants. Moreover, profiles with values higher than the standard were the least attractive. There was no significant association between gender of participants and the perceived attractiveness of the nose profiles. The associations between education level and the perceived attractiveness of such variables as alar width in males, tip shape of males, columella in males, and tip projection in females were significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, Iranian people prefer the average and standard nose. Age and gender had no effect on the perceived nose attractiveness, while the effect of education level was significant.

Nose profile morphology and accuracy study of nose profile estimation method in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations

This study investigated nose profile morphology and its relationship to the skull in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations, with the aim of improving the accuracy of forensic craniofacial reconstruction. Samples of 86 lateral head cephalograms from Dundee Dental School (mean age, 11.8 years) and 335 lateral head cephalograms from the Universitas Padjadjaran Dental Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia (mean age 24.2 years), were measured. The method of nose profile estimation based on skull morphology previously proposed by Rynn and colleagues in 2010 (FSMP 6:20–34) was tested in this study. Following this method, three nasal aperture-related craniometrics and six nose profile dimensions were measured from the cephalograms. To assess the accuracy of the method, six nose profile dimensions were estimated from the three craniometric parameters using the published method and then compared to the actual nose profile dimensions.In the Scottish subadult population, no sexual dimorphism was evident in the measured dimensions. In contrast, sexual dimorphism of the Indonesian adult population was evident in all craniometric and nose profile dimensions; notably, males exhibited statistically significant larger values than females. The published method by Rynn and colleagues (FSMP 6:20–34, 2010) performed better in the Scottish subadult population (mean difference of maximum, 2.35 mm) compared to the Indonesian adult population (mean difference of maximum, 5.42 mm in males and 4.89 mm in females).In addition, regression formulae were derived to estimate nose profile dimensions based on the craniometric measurements for the Indonesian adult population. The published method is not sufficiently accurate for use on the Indonesian population, so the derived method should be used. The accuracy of the published method by Rynn and colleagues (FSMP 6:20–34, 2010) was sufficiently reliable to be applied in Scottish subadult population.

Volatile aroma components and MS-based electronic nose profiles of dogfruit (Pithecellobium jiringa) and stink bean (Parkia speciosa)

Dogfruit (Pithecellobium jiringa) and stink bean (Parkia speciosa) are two typical smelly legumes from Southeast Asia that are widely used in the cuisines of this region. Headspace/gas chromatography/flame ionization detection analysis and mass spectrometry (MS)-based electronic nose techniques were applied to monitor ripening changes in the volatile flavor profiles of dogfruit and stink bean. Compositional analysis showed that the ripening process greatly influenced the composition and content of the volatile aroma profiles of these two smelly food materials, particularly their alcohol, aldehyde, and sulfur components. The quantity of predominant hexanal in stink bean significantly declined (P < 0.05) during the ripening process, whereas the major volatile components of dogfruit changed from 3-methylbutanal and methanol in the unripe state to acetaldehyde and ethanol in the ripe bean. Moreover, the amount of the typical volatile flavor compound 1,2,4-trithiolane significantly increased (P < 0.05) in both ripened dogfruit and stink bean from 1.70 and 0.93%, to relative amounts of 19.97 and 13.66%, respectively. MS-based nose profiling gave further detailed differentiation of the volatile profiles of dogfruit and stink bean of various ripening stages through multivariate statistical analysis, and provided discriminant ion masses, such as m/z 41, 43, 58, 78, and 124, as valuable “digital fingerprint” dataset that can be used for fast flavor monitoring of smelly food resources.

Shelf life of fresh-cut lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta L.) monitored by electronic nose and relationship with chlorophyll a fluorescence and mechanical-acoustic test

The principal aim of this work was to investigate the applicability of electronic nose, as non-destructive technique, in monitoring freshness decay of fresh-cut Valerianella locusta. In addition it was evaluated the possibility to monitor texture changes due to senescence by the mechanical (firmness, dF/dS, area as work required to puncture) and acoustic (dBbreak, dBmax, Nsounds, Nsounds>50dB) puncture tests. The sampling was performed for Valerianella samples, packed in air (control) and in three modified atmospheres: nitrogen, CO2/O2/N2 mix and argon, stored at 4°C up to 13d. The experimental plan was repeated twice. The Fv/Fm ratio, an index of chlorophyll a fluorescence, showed a negative trend for all the samples, even though with some fluctuations, along the shelf life. Samples packed in air showed the least decay and the highest final Fv/Fm value, while those packed in argon and CO2/O2/N2 mix showed the lowest final Fv/Fm values. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was confirmed to be an useful tool for monitoring the senescence of ready to eat Valerianella. The mechanical-acoustic puncture test was not found to be appropriate to evaluate textural property throughout shelf life. No differences were found between the electronic nose profiles (E-nose) of the two repetitions, except for samples packed in nitrogen. Sensor responses significantly depended on packaging atmosphere. W1C, W5C and W3C sensors showed an overall decreasing trend in response throughout shelf life. The sensors W2S, W1S and W5S showed an increasing trend in response for samples packed in argon and in packages with a mixed gas atmosphere. Principal component analysis was applied to E-nose measurements. The highly significant correlation (P<0.001) was found between PC-1 and Fv/Fm ratio, demonstrating that the E-nose technique, applied directly on Valerianella bags, could be proposed as a rapid and non-destructive method for monitoring shelf life.