Nose Length Research Articles

Characterizing a device for easy simulation of compression waves induced by trains passing through tunnels

When a high-speed train enters a tunnel, an initial compression wave (ICW) is generated, which radiates out as it propagates lengthways through the tunnel to the exit, forming an uncomfortable micro-pressure wave (MPW). The aim of this research is to develop a scaled device to quickly simulate this aerodynamic phenomenon. Our device achieves this by using the instantaneous release of high-pressure air in the chamber. In the first part of the paper, the reliability of this device is verified by various methods, including an airtightness check, calibration of transducers, and repeatability experiments. Next, the mapping of the parameters of the device to engineering values is discussed. The propagation process of the ICW and the pressure fluctuations in the tunnel are then analyzed, and the discussion centers around a control variable case. Finally, the MPW generated near the tunnel exit is explored and acoustically evaluated. It is found that the initial pressure in the chamber, the opening voltage, and the number of solenoid valves in the experiment can be mapped to the train speed, the characteristic length of train nose, and the blockage ratio, respectively. When the pressure amplitude of the ICW is higher, there will be a certain steepening phenomenon in the propagation process. The pressure fluctuation cycle in the tunnel is calculated as 4× tunnel length/wave velocity, and the amplitude of fluctuation decays exponentially over the cycles. In most cases, the sound pressure level of MPWs near the tunnel exit exceeds the hearing threshold, based on the auditory properties of the human ear.

Craniometric determinants of the fitted filtration efficiency of disposable masks.

Exposure to harmful aerosols is of increasing public health concern due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and wildland fires. These events have prompted risk reduction behaviors, notably the use of disposable respiratory protection. This project investigated whether craniofacial morphology impacts the efficiency of disposable masks (N95, KN95, surgical masks, KF94) most often worn by the public to protect against toxic and infectious aerosols. This project was registered with ClinicaltTrials.gov (NCT05388201; registration May 18, 2022). One-hundred participants (50 men, 50 women) visited the Environmental Protection Agency's Human Studies Facility in Chapel Hill, NC between 2022-2023. Craniometrics and 3D scans were used to separate participants into four clusters. Boosting and elastic net regression yielded five measurements (bizygomatic breadth, nose length, bizygomatic nasal arc, neck circumference, ear breadth) that were the best predictors of filtration efficiency based on overall model fit. Fitted filtration efficiency was quantified for each mask at baseline and when tightened using an ear-loop clip. The mean unmodified mask performance ranged from 55.3% (15.7%) in the large KF94 to 69.5% (12.3%) in the KN95. Modified performance ranged from 66.3% (9.4%) in the surgical to 80.7% (12.0%) in the KN95. Clusters with larger face width and neck circumference had higher unmodified mask efficiency. Larger nose gap area and nose length decreased modified mask performance. We identify face width, nose size, nose shape, neck circumference, and ear breadth as specific features that modulate disposable mask fit in both unmodified and modified conditions. This information can optimize guidance on respiratory protection afforded by disposable ear-loop masks.

Facial morphological analysis for the development of a representative atlas of the brazilian population

The objective of this study was to propose categories of morphological classification for the face and its anatomical structures, as well as to propose illustrations to support the development of an atlas that facilitates facial morphological analysis of adult Brazilians. It was a descriptive study based on the analysis of the frequency and distribution of 13 photoanthropometric facial ratios (RFAs) obtained from a representative sample of the Brazilian population. RFAs related to facial height and width, eye width, intercanthal distance, nose length and width, philtrum ridge height and width, mouth thickness and width, upper and lower lip thickness, and chin height were analyzed. The study included a sample of 5.000 individuals aged between 18 and 22 years, evenly distributed between genders. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, considering them as parametric when p > 0.05. For the RFAs that showed normal distribution, mean ± 1.5 standard deviations (SD) were used to categorize facial measurements as regular, below average, or above average. Non-parametric RFAs were analyzed based on the median and 10th and 90th percentiles of the data. Based on the established average iris diameter, which is considered the most stable facial measurement, the values of the described RFAs were converted to a numerical scale in centimeters, allowing for the illustration of female and male faces. In this way, it was possible to categorize the facial anatomical structures and, consequently, visualize the facial morphological pattern of the adult Brazilian population.

Effect of streamlined nose length on aerodynamic performance of high-speed train with a speed of 400 km/h

Effect of streamlined nose length on aerodynamic performance of high-speed train with a speed of 400 km/h

Numerical study of aerodynamics drag and flow characteristics of the high-speed train head design

A native design of the Indonesian high-speed train has been developed as an improvement of the previous medium-speed train model. As the design speed is proposed to be increased from 160 km/h to 250 km/h, the nose shape and nose length of the train head were modified into a sharper and longer nose. In this study, numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics was used to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena and flow behavior around the modified train head and carbodies. The CFD simulation was used as the verification of the shape design and a tool for rapid design changes and optimization. The model configuration is three cars on a real scale by ignoring other parts like the train window and door, pantograph, and train connecting. A k-ε turbulence model was used in the simulation. From this investigation, it is found that the coefficient of drag on the model is calculated to be 0.34. Meanwhile, an experimental wind tunnel test validates the result with a coefficient drag is 0.38 or 10% divergence from the numerical method.

Modified calculation model of train-induced aerodynamic pressure on vertical noise barriers considering the train geometry effect

High-speed trains (HSTs) generate air disturbance, leading to significant aerodynamic pressure on the noise barriers. Differences in train geometry result in variations in the aerodynamic pressure on noise barriers, implying that existing European standard calculation models may not necessarily be suitable for all types of HSTs. In this paper, the influence of the width, height, and nose length of the train on the aerodynamic pressure on vertical noise barriers was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Results showed that taller and wider trains result in greater aerodynamic loads on noise barriers. Conversely, an increase in the nose length of a train leads to a reduction in such pressure. Using grey relational analysis, correlation of various factors with the train-induced aerodynamic pressure is, from strong to weak: distance to the track center, width, height, and nose length of the train. Building upon the EN 14067-4 calculation model, the shape coefficients of trains with varying geometric characteristics were derived using the simulation data obtained in this study. A modified pressure calculation model was established accounting for the differences in geometric features of HSTs and pressure distribution in the vertical direction of noise barriers and validated using relevant data from the literature.

Thermal relations in sled dogs before and after exercise.

Regulation of internal body temperature (Tb), or thermoregulation, is an evolutionarily conserved trait that places demand on basal metabolic rate of endothermic animals. Across species, athletes generate increased quantities of heat in comparison to their nonathletic counterparts and, therefore, must mediate physiological unbalance by upregulating the effectiveness of their heat dissipation abilities. Canine athletes are no exception to this phenomenon, however, with literature denoting body temperatures lower than nonathletic canines, it is clear they must possess adaptations to mitigate this demand. With VO2 max measurements of more than 200 mL/kg/min in sled dogs with mild training to 300 mL/kg/min in highly trained animals, sled dogs are a prime example of athleticism in canines. Seeking to determine correlations between Tear and body mass, morphology, and age of canine athletes, core body temperature (Tb) was measured with an instant ear thermometer, using Tear as a correlate before and after a 2-mile run. In addition, we employed thermal imaging analysis to capture body-wide heat dissipation patterns in sled dogs, and focused on thermal variation of mouth (Tmouth), nose (Tnose), and eyes (Teye). Furthermore, we looked at correlations between thermal variability across these four tissues and head morphology of each dog. Tear was consistently the highest temperature across all tissues measured, with a 1.5°C increase between pre- to postexercise (p < 0.001). Thermal imaging revealed significant positive correlations between Tmouth and body mass 15 min postexercise (p = 0.0023) as well as significantly negative correlations between Tnose and body mass at before exercise (p = 0.0468), Teye and nose length after run (p = 0.0076), and Tmouth and nose length after run (p = 0.0110). As body temperature rises during exercise, it becomes increasingly important to regulate blood flow throughout the body to supply working tissues with oxygen. This demand is offset by the role of the snout in evaporative cooling through panting, functioning as a prime location for heat dissipation and therefore maintaining significant relationships with many other vascularized tissues.

Morphometric analysis of the skulls of a ram and ewe Romanov sheep (Ovis aries) with 3D modelling.

With the development of technology, 2D images have left their place for 3D models. The 3D modelling technique is widely used in plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, traumatology, dentistry and medical education. The skull is important in terms of containing the starting parts of systems with vital functions. The aim of the study is to reveal the difference between male and female and other species by 3D (three-dimensional) modelling and craniometric measurements of Romanov heads. In our study, skulls of Romanov sheep (10 females and 10 males) older than 1-year-old were used. The heads of Romanov sheep were scanned with computed tomography and modelled in 3D. In the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female sheep in terms of the largest nose length, facial width, molar row length, viscerocranium length, and foramen magnum height parameters (p < 0.05). It was determined that the greatest width of the foramen magnum measurement parameter and the skull index showed statistically significant differences between the genders at the p < 0.01 level. No statistically significant difference was found in other measurements (p > 0.05). The data obtained as a result of the study will help in the racial discrimination and classification of bones obtained from zoo archaeological excavations.

Approximate theory of armour perforation by ductile hole expansion

The present study suggests a complete analytical model for armour perforation by ductile hole enlargement process. The new approximate model is applicable for entry, tunnelling and exit phases of a rigid nose-pointed projectile with an arbitrary nose-shape. The theory is based on dividing the target into infinitesimal thin layers, in which a cylindrical hole expansion is assumed. The elastoplastic work that is consumed by the target for infinitesimal projectile advancement is based on the specific cavitation energy and leads to reduction of the projectile kinetic energy. Several equivalent formulae for ballistic limit velocity, and a formula for the ballistic limit thickness are found to be independent of projectile nose-shape and nose length. The approximate model is compared with numerical simulations for AA6061-T651 targets that are impacted by two different ogive nose-shape projectiles at several striking velocities. A small nose-shape effect on the ballistic limit velocity is observed in the numerical simulations and is attributed mainly to the target axial effect and the bulge formation at the target rear surface, which are not considered in the approximate model.

Facial Analysis of Patients with Unilateral or Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using 3D Stereophotogrammetry.

To evaluate the quantitative values of linear and angular facial anthropometrics in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compare them with those of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) using three-dimensional (3D) facial imaging. Retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study. Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies/USP (HRAC/USP). In total, 61 non-syndromic patients with CLP who underwent multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitated with a prosthesis were enrolled and divided into those with UCLP (G1; n = 31) and those with BCLP (G2; n = 30). Facial images were captured using a 3D camera after landmarks were marked on each patient's face. The software evaluated linear and angular parameters. Statistical tests were applied. Significance was determined as P < 0.05. Overall, 22 linear and 13 angular measurements were evaluated. The nasal length (P = 0.08), middle third of the face (P = 0.06), base nose width (P < 0.001), nasal root width (P < 0.001), nasal tip angle (P = 0.018), philtrum width (P < 0.001), lower face width (P = 0.039) and midfacial depth (P = 0.040) were significantly higher in G2; the upper cutaneous lip height was significantly higher in G1. Sexual dimorphism was observed except for linear measurements (linear distance between the labiale superius and labiale inferius landmarks, nasal root width, and upper cutaneous lip length) and angular measurements. G2 had a greater length and width of nose and nasal root, nasal tip angle, philtrum width, and lower face width, midfacial depth, and midface third than G1. These findings also revealed the presence of sexual dimorphism.

Clinical analysis of the nose on Down syndrome patients in the Minangkabau tribe

Background: Down's syndrome (DS) is a congenital disorder due to prenatal trisomy 21 which causes malformations of organs and body shape, including the nose. The variables measured are the points that determine the aesthetics of the nose. Purpose: This study aimed to describe primary data thus obtained from nose anthropometry of Down syndrome in the Minangkabau tribe can be used as a reference in nose reconstruction in patients with Down syndrome to restore physiological function and add aesthetic value. Methods: This research is a descriptive type study with a cross-sectional method using primary data as subjects. The sample of this study were people with Down syndrome who have Minangkabau ethnicity, totaling 22 samples with an age range of 13-25 years from special schools in Padang city. The study was conducted by observation and anthropometry of the nose using graphical images computerized by software called rhinobase software. Results: The results of this study showed that the nose width is 15.25 mm ± 2.07, the ala nasi width is 41.41 mm ± 3.47, the nasofrontal angle was 133.59° ± 5.89, the nasolabial angle was 109.24° ± 13.60 , the nose length is 32.16 mm ± 3.24. Conclusion: From this study, various results were found on the size of the aesthetic points of the nose of Down syndrome patients in the Minangkabau ethnic group when compared to DS patients in different race, ethnic, or non DS patients.

Differences in normal nasal computed tomography findings in different dog breeds

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing canine nasal diseases. However, it cannot easily detect minor abnormalities in inflammatory diseases because they are not accompanied by obvious morphological changes. Aim: The present study aimed to compare the differences in normal CT findings of turbinate structure and mucosa between breeds in order to establish criteria for CT diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity. Methods: CT data from 77 dogs of five breeds without nasal diseases were retrospectively studied. The nasal air percentage, which reflects the volume of the nasal turbinate structure and mucosa, was measured. The nasal turbinate mucosa was measured for contrast enhancement reflecting blood flow. Measurements were performed in the ventral and ethmoid turbinate regions. Comparisons were made between breeds and sections. Results: The air percentage in the ventral and ethmoid turbinate regions was significantly different between breeds. Contrast enhancement was significantly different between breeds only in the ethmoid turbinate. Moreover, different breeds had different correlations between body weight, age, nose length, and air percentage. Conclusion: In this study, reference values for normal CT findings of the nasal structure and mucosa were obtained, taking into account the breed, measurement section, and patient factors. The results showed that the volume of the turbinate structure and contrast enhancement of nasal mucosa differed depending on the breed. The measured values also differed depending on the cross-sections and patient factors.

Photographic analysis of orofacial soft tissue alterations related to rapid maxillary expansion in pediatric patients.

Maxillary transverse deficiency is widely recognized as one of the most common skeletal issues in orthodontics, and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is commonly employed as a treatment method. This study aimed to investigate the impact of RME on the soft tissues of the orofacial region in pediatric patients. The study included two groups: an experimental group comprising 30 patients (16 females and 14 males) with maxillary skeletal transverse deficiency who required rapid maxillary expansion (RME), and a control group consisting of patients (10 females and 10 males) who did not require RME or orthodontic treatment. Frontal and profile photographs were taken before and after RME for both groups. Frontal photographs were used to obtain 12 linear measurements, while profile photographs were used to perform 2 linear and 2 angular measurements using the "protractor" and "pixel ruler" software. Burstone-Legan, Steiner and Rickett's analyses were performed to determine the locations of the upper and lower lips. Student t-test, paired samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate the data. In the experimental group, there was a statistically significant increase in nose width and intercommissural distance at the end of the treatment (p < 0.05). Similarly, both the experimental and control groups showed a statistically significant increase in the dorsum of nose length at T2 compared to the initial measurement (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the male participants in the experimental group exhibited a statistically significantly higher increase in nose length and dorsum of the nose during the T1 and T2 periods compared to the female participants in the experimental group (p < 0.05). RME may lead to changes in soft tissues in pediatric patients and was observed to be gender-specific. However, these changes were not clinically noticeable, and long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the long-term effects of these changes.

The influence of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion on the deviation of the nasal septum.

Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is one of the most common abnormalities impacting the maxillofacial development of children. Herein, we investigated the impact of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the nasomaxillary complex and NSD in pediatric patients. The study sample consisted of a total of 40 patients divided into two groups. The experimental group included 26 patients (13 females and 13 males) with skeletal maxillary transversal constriction and NSD greater than 1 mm, while the control group comprised 14 patients (6 females and 8 males) with skeletal maxillary transversal constriction but no NSD. All the patients were treated for approximately 15 days with the tooth-tissue born RME device. The activation procedure was to turn the transversal Hyrax screw a quarter turn, twice a day. After that, the device was left in place for a period of five months to facilitate passive retention. Radiographic analysis was performed on posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric radiographs taken at pre-expansion (T1) and post-expansion (T2). The data were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Sign tests. The experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the distance from the axis of symmetry to middle of nasal septum (SNM-mid) and to inferior part of the nasal septum (SNI-mid) measurements, indicating a reduction in NSD. Additionally, both experimental and control groups showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in maxillofacial measurements, including the distance between the nose length (X-SNM and SNM-SNAC), width of the nasal cavity (Pir L-R), basal maxillary width (Mx L-R), vestibular cuspid of upper first molars (CVM + L-R) and lower first molars (CVM-L-R). Based on the study findings, RME was considered effective in achieving craniofacial improvement in pediatric patients with NSD, which positively impacted their healthy growth and development. The improvement in the nasomaxillary complex was similar between genders.

Comparison of various nasal parameters in different anteroposterior jaw relationships and growth patterns

Introduction: Evaluation of the patient soft tissue is one of the most important considerations in the diagnosis and customized treatment plan to enhance the facial esthetics of the patient. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the nasal parameters in different anteroposterior jaw dysplasia and its association with different growth patterns and any gender dimorphism. Materials and Method: This study was conducted at the Chitwan Medical College in the Department of Orthodontics. Lateral Cephalogram of 100 patients with age ranging from 18-27 years were collected and traced manually. Various nasal parameters were then measured and descriptive statistics were performed followed by ANOVA tests to find out any statistical differences. Result: Among 100 subjects, 48 had average growth pattern, 26 had horizontal pattern, and 26 had vertical pattern. Likewise, 41 samples had skeletal class I, 39 had skeletal class II, and 20 had skeletal class III relationship. Nose length was greater in vertical growth pattern and skeletal class I. Nasolabial angle was greater in vertical growth pattern and skeletal class II. Nasal depth was greater in horizontal growth pattern and skeletal class II. Lower nose to Frankfurt horizontal angle was greater in average growth pattern and skeletal class III. All the parameters showed greater value in males with no statistically significant difference between gender. Conclusion: The present study showed that although different parameters showed variation among different malocclusions and growth pattern but it was not statistically significant.

Cog graft, a new septal extension graft for designing nasal tip rotation and projection in rhinoplasty

BackgroundAdjusting the nasal tip rotation and tip projection according to the patient's face and wishes is a very important stage in rhinoplasty with the use of a cog graft positioning the tip point in the appropriate place is possible by adjusting the nose length, tip projection and tip rotation together. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to facilitate positioning the tip rotation and projection in the appropriate place according to the patient's needs in rhinoplasty with Cog graft. Materials and methodsCog graft was applied in 32 patients who underwent rhinoplasty. Cog graft was prepared from costal cartilage in 10 patients and from septal cartilage in 22 patients. Cog graft was prepared by shaping the superior edge of the septal extension graft like a gear wheel. It is fixed to provide desired projection to the caudal septum. In the position where rotation and projection are evaluated adequately, the graft is fixed with sutures. They were followed in average 18 months (between 6 and 24 months). ResultsTwenty of the patients were primary cases and 12 were revision cases. The targeted rotation and projection results were achieved in all patients. All patients had satisfactory esthetic results. ConclusionsCog graft is a useful graft with which we can adjust the nose length, projection and rotation appropriately and in a short time with a single graft.

The DISCS method for perforation simulation of thin metallic plates by a rigid projectile

The DISCS method had been developed for penetration analysis of an axisymmetric projectile with a slender nose into a semi-infinite medium. Recently, the authors developed an approximate approach to assess perforation of concrete slabs of finite thickness, using the DISCS method. The present paper extends the approximate model to the perforation analysis of ductile metallic thin plates and determines the key parameters of the projectile residual velocity, the target perforation limit, and the ballistic limit. The present investigation focuses on thin metallic plates, the thickness of which is considerably smaller than that of the concrete slabs and smaller in comparison to the projectile nose length. The method is rather simple, easy to implement and provides a fast solution. An idealized target is characterized by a set of discs of small thickness responding in the plate plane, disregarding the local damage around the penetration ductile hole. The in-plane response of the discs during penetration and perforation of an idealized target are calculated. The Residual Velocity upon perforation of the Idealized Target (RVIT) is lower than the residual velocity of the real plate since it disregards the local damage, hence, the RVIT is the lower bound of the true residual velocity of the real perforated thin plate. Therefore, a positive RVIT for the thin plate with a given thickness indicates right away that the real target will be perforated. Using the RVIT parameter, the proposed DISCS method turns into a series of RVIT-perforation problems of plates with thicknesses that are smaller than the real thickness, to determine the decreasing RVIT with increasing thickness, until the full thickness is considered. The analysis is carried out using the modified (hybrid) DISCS method, that aims at analyzing penetration depth into a thick target. The analysis is based on the theoretical field equations and the constitutive equations of the plate material. The proposed method is based on a theoretical model and on engineering insight. Neither empirical constants nor any calibrations are required. Validation of the proposed method is carried out thorough comparisons with numerous test data on ductile aluminum and steel plates of different thicknesses that are struck by rigid projectiles at different impact velocities. All the comparisons demonstrate very good correspondence between the proposed method predictions and the test data.

Vertical Alar Lengthening technique in correcting short noses

BackgroundIt is crucial that the nose length must be compatible with the face in order to obtain beautiful results that suits the face. Shorter and upturned noses appear as if the tip of the nose is cut from the front and gives a piggy appearance to the patient's face. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to obtain longer noses with increased tip definition by effectively lengthening the medial and lateral crura's in patients with short nose and Asian noses. Materials and methodsVertical Alar Lengthening (VAL) technique was applied to 17 revision and 12 primary Asian noses. VAL technique consists of three steps. In the first step, the medial crus were lengthened by stealing from the lateral crus. Later, a lateral crural extension graft was applied to the shortened lateral crus, and the lateral crus was lengthened and sutured to the medial crus. In the final stage, a subdomal graft was placed and supported in the space formed underneath the alar tip between the mucosa and the new dome. They were followed in average 12 months (between 6 and 18 months). ResultsVAL technique was applied to 17 revision and 12 primer Asian noses. Suggested surgical technique move the tip forward and downward reduced its cephalic rotation and lengthened the nose. Targeted tip point, rotation and projection results were achieved in all patients. All patients had satisfactory esthetic results. ConclusionsIn revision cases and short nose deformities in Asian noses, the nasal tip point was extended forward and downward with the VAL technique, reducing its rotation and lengthening the nose.

Real Face Analysis of Masculinity-Femininity, Facial Ratios, and Attractiveness.

Previous studies have evaluated the influence of facial features in determining male and female sex using prototypical renderings or artificially altered faces in relatively small sample sizes. Using a large set of human photographs and raters, this study hypothesized that certain anatomic facial ratios are associated with perceptions of masculinity/femininity, can interact to predict sex, and are associated with ratings of attractiveness differently in males and females. Ratings of masculinity-femininity and binary self-identification (male or female) were compared with facial anatomic ratios from 827 frontal facial photographs. Ratios were used to characterize facial feature relativity, where higher ratio scores indicated relatively more facial feature representation. Femininity was associated with prominent middle third ratio, nose length, lip vermillion height, eye height, and eye width ratios; masculinity was associated with prominence of the upper and lower facial thirds, nose width, chin height, and philtrum height ratios (all P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis demonstrated many of these relationships persisted when evaluating masculinity in females and femininity in males. Misgendering in males was associated with greater middle third ratio and upper lip ratio, whereas misgendering in females was associated with increased nose width ratio. This study demonstrates associations of femininity with increased horizontal middle third representation, and masculinity was associated with increased upper and lower horizontal representation. These facial ratios interact to predict male and female sex, which could have implications for optimizing facial feminization/masculinization outcomes and building algorithms for artificial intelligence analysis of faces.

Investigation of the effect of nose shape and geometry at supersonic speeds for missile performance optimisation

This paper investigated and analysed the influence of the missile nose shapes and geometry on the drag force coefficients at supersonic Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 5. The nose shape investigation includes a pointed cone, pointed ogive, and blunt cone with a constant length and diameter of cylindrical afterbody. Subsequently, the nose length was manipulated to investigate how the nose geometry with different fineness ratios affected each drag component. The drag force coefficient and its components were determined using a program called MATLAB_Aerody, in which a semi-empirical approach was implemented for the calculations. The program was validated against the semi-empirical results with existing theoretical and experimental results. The comparison showed a maximum error of 3.6%. The results of the nose shape analysis show that a sharper and more slender nose with a pointy tip produces a minimal drag. Nose bluntness, however, creates considerable additional drag force due to a higher wave drag coefficient by forming detached or bow shock waves. At supersonic speeds, increasing the fineness ratio significantly reduces the drag force by drastically decreasing the wave drag coefficient with a marginal increase in the skin friction coefficients. However, the results show an insignificant additional gain for the skin friction drag and a reduction in the wave drag coefficient when the nose has a fineness ratio beyond 4.5. Furthermore, the results from both analyses show that the base drag coefficient is invariant with the nose shape and the fineness ratio. Therefore, a better missile performance can be achieved with a sharper and more slender nose shape with a higher fineness ratio.