Northern Transition Zone Of Karnataka Research Articles

Morphological and Physico-chemical Properties of Soils of Amtur-3 Micro-Watershed on Schistose Landscape in Bailhongal taluk of Belagavi District, Karnataka, India

Aims: To assess the morphological and physico-chemical properties of two soil series viz., KKT (Kabulayathkatti tanda) and SDH (Singadahalli) of Amtur-3 micro-watershed developed on schistose landscape in northern transition zone of Karnataka. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Amtur-3 micro-watershed (4D5B8t04) located in Bailhongal taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka during 2022-2024. Methodology: Horizon-wise soil samples were collected from the two representative pedons viz., KKT (Kabulayathkatti tanda) and SDH (Singadahalli) soil series, were identified, characterized and classified up to family level according to revisions in Soil Taxonomy using morphological, physical and chemical properties. Results: The soils of these two series were sandy clay loam to clay in texture, neutral in soil reaction and had low salt content. Calcium and magnesium were the dominant cations followed by sodium and potassium. Both the soil series belonged to the order Inceptisol.

Morphological and Physico-chemical Properties of Soils of Amtur-3 Micro-Watershed on Schistose Landscape in Bailhongal taluk of Belagavi District, Karnataka, India

Aims: To assess the morphological and physico-chemical properties of two soil series viz., KKT (Kabulayathkatti tanda) and SDH (Singadahalli) of Amtur-3 micro-watershed developed on schistose landscape in northern transition zone of Karnataka. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Amtur-3 micro-watershed (4D5B8t04) located in Bailhongal taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka during 2022-2024. Methodology: Horizon-wise soil samples were collected from the two representative pedons viz., KKT (Kabulayathkatti tanda) and SDH (Singadahalli) soil series, were identified, characterized and classified up to family level according to revisions in Soil Taxonomy using morphological, physical and chemical properties. Results: The soils of these two series were sandy clay loam to clay in texture, neutral in soil reaction and had low salt content. Calcium and magnesium were the dominant cations followed by sodium and potassium. Both the soil series belonged to the order Inceptisol.

Influence of Bioformulations on Productivity, Profitability and Quality in Soybean under Rainfed Condition of Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka

Background: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the most important major oilseed crop among the edible oil seed crops. It has emerged as a potential protein as well as oilseed crop worldwide. The average productivity of soybean is low due to less importance and mostly grown under rain-fed condition without using bio-fertilizers (novel bio-formulations). Hence the current study was carried out to enhance the productivity and profitability of soybean under rainfed condition. Methods: The present investigation was carried out at AICRP on Soybean, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad with medium deep black soil under rainfed condition. The experiment was executed in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and seven treatments. The influence of bioformulations on growth, yield parameters, yield, economics, quality and nutrient status of soybean (DSb 21) was carried out during kharif 2021-22 and 2022-23. Result: The pooled data of two years concluded that, application of 100% RDF alone (T2) was recorded significantly higher dry matter production (79.2 g plant-1), pods per plant (64.0), seed index (14.41 g), seed yield (2,797 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4,340 kg ha-1) and similarly higher uptake of nitrogen (103.74 kg ha-1), phosphorus (17.54 kg ha-1) and potassium (91.40 kg ha-1) in soybean crop followed by next best treatment with application of 75 per cent RDF + Rhizobium + MDSR14 + 12c (76.6 g plant-1, 61.6, 14.19 g, 2,631, 4,170, 100.12, 16.73 and 86.64 kg ha-1 respectively) (T7) as compared to other treatments. Further, higher net returns (Rs.1,13,015 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (4.73) was also obtained in T7. Therefore, the application of 75 per cent RDF + Rhizobium + MDSR14 + 12c can be recommended for eco-friendly, economically viable, environmentally sound and sustainability in nature, besides improving the physico chemical properties of soil and in turn higher productivity and profitability under medium deep black soil in Northern Transition zone of Karnataka (India).

A study on adoption of natural farming practices in northern transition zone of Karnataka

A study on adoption of natural farming practices in northern transition zone of Karnataka

Influence of biostimulants on growth, yield and benefits of soybean in Northern transition zone of Karnataka

Field experiment was executed on “Influence of biostimulants on growth, yield and economics of soybean in Northern transition zone of Karnataka. Eleven treatments consists of foliar application at various concentration of Biostimulants (CropMax and Biozyme) at flowering and pod formation stage. Significantly higher dry matter accumulation (80.68 g/plant), seed yield (2,693 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 1,03,702/ha) and BC ratio (3.4) were recorded with the foliar application of CropMax @ 700 ml/ha at flowering followed by Biozyme @ 625 ml/ha at pod formation stage.

Effect and profitability of foliar application of thiourea on soybean yield

A field study was conducted to know the “effect of soybean to the foliar application of thiourea in rainfed conditions” under Northern transition zone of Karnataka. Among various thiourea levels, foliar application of thiourea at 750 ppm at 20-25 DAS and at 50-55 DAS recorded significantly higher seed yield (2582 kg/ ha) and net return (` 56386/ha). Interaction effect showed that foliar application of thiourea at 750 ppm at 20-25 DAS and at 50- 55 DAS in all the three varieties of soybean recorded significantly higher seed yield and profitability compared to all other treatment combinations. Thus foliar application of thiurea at 750 ppm proved most productive and remunerative compared to other thiourea levels for DSb-21 variety with seed yield ( 2587kg/ha) and net returns (56579 `/ha).

Estimation of Phytochemicals in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Accessions under Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka, India

The present investigation was carried out for the estimation of phytochemicals in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions at Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, Devihosur, Haveri under northern transition zone of Karnataka. Fifty chilli genotypes collected from different sources were screened for quality components like ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, and phenols. The analysis of variance revealed that the quality components varied significantly among the genotypes. The ascorbic acid content in green chilli and chlorophyll content in leaves varied from 40.73 to 191.15 mg/100 g and 0.26 to 1.80mg/100 g, respectively. Whereas, the phenols in leaves varied between 3.86 to 12.15 mg/100g. The maximum amount of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, and phenol content were observed in the accessions IC-572470, EC-399572 and Ujwala. respectively, which can be further utilized as potential parenting materials for quality improvement programme in chilli.

Sustainable Maize Based Cropping Sequences for Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka, India

Maize in SW monsoon and sorghum, wheat and chickpea during winter are the important crops in Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka, India. But, due to rising temperature and erratic rainfall patterns the productivity and profitability of maize based cropping sequences are being threatened under rainfed condition. As a result, a modelling research was conducted utilising the DSSAT model's seasonal analysis tool to test and determine sustainable and profitable cropping sequences for current climates of NTZ in Karnataka state. Field experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to calibrate and validate the DSSAT model for four crop cultivars (maize, chickpea, wheat, and sorghum) grown under rainfed conditions on deep black soils, and then the DSSAT model's sequential analysis tool was run for 32 years (1985-2016) for three cropping sequences (maize-sorghum, maize-wheat, and maize-chickpea). The yield, number of years the crop failed throughout different seasons, and the B:C ratio of each sequence were used in the simulated output study. Out of 32 years maize crop, grown during kharif, failed three times whereas, during rabi season wheat, sorghum and chickpea failed nine, eight and five years, respectively. Out of 32 years maize-sorghum sequence recorded the highest B:C ratio (2.86) followed by maize-chickpea (2.82) and maize-wheat (2.66). Considering chances of crop failure, B:C ratio and owing to cereal followed by short duration legume, maize-chickpea sequence under rainfed condition was proven to be the most reliable and profitable system for NTZ of Karnataka under of current climate.

Strategies to cope with warming and reduced rainfall in green gram for northern transition zone of Karnataka, India

South West monsoon has become more erratic and unpredictable in the northern Transition Zone of Karnataka and in the coming decades this will continue further with warming. To cope with change in climate, agronomic adaptation strategies (optimum sowing window and application of irrigation at critical stages) are required to maintain higher yields of greengram. As a result, the DSSAT model was used to investigate the influence of climate change on greengram. The study included a combination of two temperature (+1 and +2 °C) and two reduced rainfall (˗10 and ˗20 %) scenarios in comparison with the baseline scenario (i.e., current climate). These scenarios were built for 32 years using historical weather data from 1985-2016. With regard to adaptation strategies, six dates of sowing; starting from June 1st week to July 2nd week at a weekly interval and four irrigation treatments each of 60 mm; one at pre-flowering stage, one at pod formation stage, one each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages, and no irrigation (rainfed) were included. Between sowing dates, the model's simulation of average grain yield across 32 years revealed that, 3rd (513 kg ha-1) and 4th (508 kg ha-1) week of June were found to be optimum under future climate. Irrigation at any of the critical stages increased the yield, but largest positive yield response was replicated with two irrigations: one at pre-flowering and the other during the pod formation stage (556 kg/ha). This study clearly showed that under future climates of 1 to 2 ℃ warming with reduced rainfall scenarios (-10 % & -20 %), sowing on 3rd and 4th week of June is best one, providing two irrigations (60 mm each) one at pre-flowering and the other at pod formation stage would more than compensate the loss in yield projected under changing climates in coming decades.

Effect of jeevamrutha on quality and bio-chemical attributes of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. L-49 under Northern transition zone of Karnataka

The present field investigation was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Kumbapur, Dharwad, Karnataka, during 2019-20 and 2020-2021.The objective of the study was to study the influence of application of liquid jeevamrutha at different dosage and frequency on fruit quality and biochemical characteristics of guava cv. L-49. The experiment was designed in two factorial randomized block design with each factor having three levels. Three different levels of liquid jeevamrutha viz., 500 l/ha, 750 l/ha and 1000 l/ha at different frequencies like 15 days, 21 days and 30 days was applied to guava trees in the effective root zone area. The combination effect of dosage and frequency of application was compared with recommended package of practice (RPP). The results showed that, application of higher dosage of liquid jeevamrutha i.e., 1000 l/ha at an interval of 15 days recorded improved quality and biochemical attributes. Similarly in interactions also D3F1 (Application of liquid jeevamrutha @ 1000 l/ha at 15 days interval) recorded higher TSS (12.40 O Brix), TSS to acid ratio (31.44), ascorbic acid (156.25 mg/100 g), reducing sugars (4.68%), non-reducing sugars (2.69%), total sugars (7.37%), shelf life (7.67 days).When the interactions were compared with control treatment (RPP) significantly higher TSS, sugar content, ascorbic acid and shelf life was recorded in control treatment.

Influence of different dosage and frequency of liquid jeevamrutha application on leaf nutrient status of guava (Psidium guajava) cv. L-49 under Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka

The present field experiment was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Kumbapur, Dharwad during 2019-20 and 2020-2021. The objective of the study was to study the influence of application of liquid jeevamrutha at different dosage and frequency on leaf nutrient status (N, P, K, Ca, Mg & S) of guava cv. L-49. The experiment was designed in two factorial randomized block design with each factor having three levels. Three different levels of liquid jeevamrutha viz., 500 l/ha, 750 l/ha and 1000 l/ha at different frequencies like 15 days, 21 days and 30 days was applied to guava trees in the effective root zone area. The combination effect of dosage and frequency of application was compared with recommended package of practice (RPP). The results showed that application of higher dosage of liquid jeevamrutha i.e., 1000 l/ha at an interval of 15 days recorded significantly higher leaf nutrient status. Similarly in interactions also D3F1 (Application of liquid jeevamrutha @ 1000 l/ha at 15 days interval) recorded significantly highest nitrogen (1.79 % and 1.56 %), phosphorous (0.30 % and 0.23 %), potassium (0.73 and 0.68 %), Sulphur (0.54 % and 0.49 %), calcium (2.30 % and 2.09 %) and magnesium (0.68 % and 0.50 %) at flowering and after harvest respectively.

Effect of Water Regimes on the Growth of and Yield of Rabi / Summer Groundnut Genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka

Background: Groundnut crop grown during Rabi / summer experiences moisture stress, thus irrigation is must. However, water for irrigation gets scarce during summer month hence it becomes important to choose stress tolerant varieties and optimize irrigation schedule without compromising the yield.Methods: A field experiment with four rabi / summer groundnut genotypes (G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52) exposed to four irrigation regimes (I1: 7 irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS as control, I2: withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS i.e., pegging stage, I3: withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS i.e., at pegging and pod filling stage, I4: withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS i.e., at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage) was carried out from December to April of 2016-17 on black cotton soils at AICRP on Groundnut UAS, Dharwad.Result: Among the genotypes tested, Dh-86 recorded significantly higher pod yield (2,376 kg ha-1) followed by Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1) and K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1), whereas G2-52 gave the lowest yield (1,880kg ha-1) and all of them performed well at I1 and I2 irrigation regimes. Among different water regimes, I1 (i.e., control) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, more branches and higher dry matter at harvest as compared to other irrigation regimes, hence it also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,870 and 4,691 kg ha-1, respectively), but was found at par with I2, i.e., crop stressed only at pegging stage (2,858 and 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively). This suggests that, at the most, one irrigation can be skipped at pegging stage without compromising on yield.

Effect of Moisture Regimes on Water use Efficiency of Rabi / Summer Groundnut Genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka

Background: During rabi / summer irrigation water is a scarce resource, but crop needs more water due to non-rainy season and warmer climate. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during rabi / summer season of 2016-17 to study the effect of irrigation water regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) of groundnut genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka. Methods: This field study comprised of four main plots as water regimes viz. I1: (control) seven irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS, I2: Stress at pegging stage; withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS, I3: Stress at pegging and pod filling stage; withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS, I4: Stress at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage; withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS and four genotypes as sub plots viz. G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52. Treatments were replicated thrice and laid out in split plot design. Result: Among the water regime, I2 recorded significantly higher WUE (6.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) followed by I1 (control; 5.5 kg ha-1 mm-1). Water regime I2 also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,857 kg ha-1 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively) along with other yield attributes, but was found at par with control (I1). This study showed that WUE as well as yield of rabi / summer groundnut can be enhanced if crop was exposed only to mild stress by skipping an irrigation at pegging stage out of total seven irrigations. Among the genotypes, Dh-86 with 2,375 kg ha-1 of pod yield performed significantly better over others like Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1), K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1) and G2-52 (1,880kg ha-1) suggesting differential response to moisture stress, thus choice of moisture stress tolerant genotypes is equally important to enhance WUE. Interaction between irrigation regime and genotypes showed that Dh-86 (G1) with I2 irrigation regime recorded significantly higher WUE (6.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), pod yield (3,168 kg ha-1) and net return (Rs. 95,655 ha-1) and was found at par with full irrigation regime (I1).

Performance of Mesta (Hibiscus spp.) genotypes under rainfed conditions in the northern transition zone of Karnataka

Performance of Mesta (Hibiscus spp.) genotypes under rainfed conditions in the northern transition zone of Karnataka

Response of Greengram to Climate Change in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka: DSSAT Model Based Assessment

Background: Rise in temperature and expected changes in erratic rainfall patterns projected under future climates are going to affect the performance and productivity of most crops, especially under rainfed condition. But, extent of adverse effect would vary from location to location and crop to crop. Greengram is an important Kharif season crop of Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka mainly grown under rainfed conditions. Methods: Calibrated and validated DSSAT-CROPGRO model was used to study response of greengram to climate change in NTZ of Karnataka. A combination of three temperature (control, +1°C and +2°C) and three rainfall (control, -10% and -20%) scenarios resulting nine combinations were used to simulate phenology, yield and total biomass using weather data for the period of 32 years (1985-2016). Result: Model based seasonal analysis showed that the greengram is more sensitive to change in rainfall than temperature. Rise in temperature by 1-2°C, reduced days to physiological maturity by 2 to 3 days and yield by 1.7 to 3.5%. On the contrary, reduction in 20% rainfall alone reduced grain yield and total biomass by 9.5% and 10.48%, respectively. Combined effect of reduced rainfall (-20%) and elevated temperature (2°C) resulted in 16.36 and 21.16% reduction in grain yield and total biomass, respectively. This indicates that, rainfall plays greater role on kharif greengram yield in NTZ.

Growth, Yield and Oil quality of Mustard in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Intercropping System under Different Row Ratio in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, to study different row ratio of chickpea and mustard on growth, yield and quality of mustard. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with two sole crops of chickpea and mustard including eight different row ratio of chickpea + mustard (2:1, 3:1,3:3, 4:2, 4:4, 5:1, 6:2 and 8:2). Results indicates that, sole mustard recorded higher growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf area, number of branches primary and secondary per plant, dry matter and higher seed, straw yield and harvest index. Among intercropping, higher growth attributes were found in 5:1 row ratio. Significantly higher seed (1128 kg ha-1), straw yield (2294 kg ha-1) and harvest index (27.62 %) was found in 4:4 ratio, followed by 3:3 row ratio. Higher oil content (35.16 %) and oil yield (606 kg ha-1) was recorded in sole mustard.

Foliar application of water soluble fertilizers in summer groundnut in a Vertisols

A field experiment was carried out during summer season to know the effect of water soluble fertilizers on theperformance of groundnut (cv. TAG 24) in Vertisols of Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka. Application of FYM+ 100% RDF + foliar spray of fertilizers at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) recorded 7.35% higher pod yieldover application of 100% RDF and was on par with the treatment receiving FYM + 85 % RDF + foliar spray offertilizers at 30, 45 and 60 DAS and recorded the highest B:C ratio.

Effect of Nutrient Levels on Growth, Yield and Economics of Dolichos Bean (Dolichos lablab L.) in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India

The field experiment was conducted at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, during 2016-17 and 2017-18 to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen (0 and 25 kg/ha), phosphorus (0, 50 and 75 kg/ha) and potassium (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha) on growth, flowering, yield and economics of dolichos bean. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design comprising of eighteen treatments replicated thrice. Among indivisual NPK levels, the higher level of nitrogen (25 kg N/ha), phosphorus (75 kg P2O5/ha) and potassium (50 kg K2O/ha) recorded significantly maximum growth (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf area and dry matter content per plant at harvest), early flowering (except N2 level) and pod yield (162.32, 184.14 and 164.75 q/ha) as compared to lower levels in 2016-17 and 2017-18 growing seasons and pooled data. Similarly, amongst all NPK interaction levels, higher fertilizer dose of 25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha recorded significantly maximum growth parameters however, it was at par with 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha except dry matter content per plant during both the experimental years. Pooled data followed similar trend. On pooled basis, recommended fertilizer dose (25-50-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha) showed early days to 50 percent flowering whereas pod yield (198.44 q/ha) was recorded maximum at higher fertilizer dose (25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha). Similarly, in case of economics, higher fertilizer dose of 25-75-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha recorded highest benefit: cost ratio (5.27) during both the experimental years as well as in pooled data but it was at par with 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha. Hence, for profitable cultivation of vegetable type dolichos bean in northern transition zone of Karnataka, NPK fertilizer must be applied at the rate of 25-75-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha.

Simulated impacts of rise in temperature on kharif sorghum genotypes in Northern Transitional Zone of Karnataka, India

Thoroughly calibrated and validated DSSAT–CERES sorghum model’s seasonal analysis tool was used to evaluate the sensitivity of four kharif sorghum cultivars across three dates of sowing to changes in temperature. Five temperature scenarios (no change in temp, + 0.5 °C, + 1 °C, + 1.5 °C and + 2 °C) were created using 32 years’ observed past weather data (1985–2016). The model was run for all four cultivars across three dates of sowing under standard package of practices recommended to Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka for 32 years under rainfed conditions. Average of 32 years’ model simulated outputs revealed that kharif sorghum yield is sensitive to changes in temperature. Among the genotypes tested, CSH-16 gave the highest grain yield in all temperature scenarios across dates of sowing, and was followed by CSV-17, CSV-23 and CSH-23. Among the dates of sowing, across all temperature scenarios, early sowing (15th June) gave the highest grain yield as compared to later sowings (i.e., 30th June and 15th July of 2011 and 2012). Among the cultivars tested, irrespective of dates of sowing, for every 0.5 °C increase in temperature, the average yield reduction was found to be the highest in CSV-23 (9.39%), followed by CSV-16 (7.51%), CSH-23 (7.26%) and CSV-17 (7.25%), which shows the differential response among cultivars to rise in temperature. This study indicates that as part of adaptation to future climates manipulation in sowing date as well as choice of heat tolerant cultivars would be required.

Planting pattern and phosphorus management in pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system

A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during rainy season of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of planting pattern and phosphorus management on production and profitability of intercropping system of mungbean and pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and eight treatments. Among them, four planting patterns [sole pigeonpea, mungbean + pigeonpea 1:3 (120 cm x 20 cm), mungbean + pigeonpea 1:2 (90 cm x 20 cm) and mungbean + pigeonpea 2:2 (90 cm x 20 cm)] were main plot treatments and two phosphorus levels (P2O5 @ 50 kg ha-1 and P2O5 @ 75 kg ha-1) were sub plot treatments. Based on pooled data the results revealed that, the significantly higher mungbean seed yield (424 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of 75 kg P2O5 as compared to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1. Whereas, in planting pattern, sole mungbean recorded significantly higher seed yield (757 kg ha-1) as compared to all other intercropping systems. Yield advantage indices and net returns were significantly higher in pigeonpea + mungbean (1:3) with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to other treatments. This study indicated the need of fifty per cent higher dose of P2O5 for the pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system (1:3) in northern transition zone of Karnataka.