Northern-style Chinese Steamed Bread Research Articles

Physicochemical properties and molecular structure of starches from different wheat varieties and their influence on Chinese steamed bread.

Starch is one of the key factors for the texture of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). In this study, the molecular structures and physicochemical properties of starches from 11 wheat varieties with amylose content (AC) of 1.75%-28.79% were investigated. Northern style CSB was made using these wheat varieties to explore the structure-property-quality relationship of starches. AC was negatively correlated with the pasting and gelatinization properties. The relative crystallinity (RC) had a negative correlation with AC but a positive correlation with gelatinization. The molecular structure results from the fluorophore-assisted capillary electrophoresis spectrophotometer indicated that the length of short amylopectin chains (βAp,i ) was positively correlated with hot paste and cool paste viscosities. The amount of medium amylopectin chains (hAp,iii ) was positively correlated with peak and breakdown viscosities but negatively correlated with setback viscosity. The hAp,iii had positive correlations with gelatinization temperatures and RC. The amount of long amylopectin chains (hAp,v ) had a positive correlation with peak temperature. For the CSB texture, βAp,i had negative correlations with hardness and chewiness, whereas had a positive correlation with resilience. The hAp,iii was negatively correlated with springiness and resilience. The hAp,v was negatively associated with resilience. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Starch has a vital role in wheat flour products. Clarifying the structure-property-quality relationship of starches will help illuminate the role of starch molecular structure in CSB production and provide valuable information for the control of CSB quality. It also provides a significant reference for wheat breeding.

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread, consumed in Southeast Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Hence, flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread, Korean style steamed bread (KSSB) and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (NSCSB). KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb. KSSB showed lower height, larger diameter and volume of steamed bread, higher stress relaxation, and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB. The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB. About 90% of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content, mixing tolerance of Mixograph, average particle size of flour, final viscosity and solvent retention capacity. Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB. Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread (704.7 mL) than Glu-A3d allele (645.8 mL) in KSSB, although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions. Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB, Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB. Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread, and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.

Effects of water deficit and different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the quality of wheat for Chinese fresh white noodles and steamed bread and the composition of storage proteins.

Noodles and steamed bread are popular wheat products consumed worldwide, particularly in China and other Asian countries. We performed the first comprehensive study of the influence of water deficits and different nitrogen fertilizer applications on two elite Chinese bread wheat cultivars, Zhongmai 175 and Jimai 22, which are distinct in gluten strength. These wheat cultivars were tested to determine the qualities that are optimal for the production of Chinese fresh white noodles (CFWN) and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (NCSB), and storage protein composition. Water deficit and high nitrogen (N) fertilizer application promoted total grain protein content and the accumulation of gliadins and glutenins, while low N resulted in the opposite results. Water deficit and high N fertilizer in Jimai 22, with medium-to-strong gluten strength significantly improved NCSB and CFWN qualities. The quality of CFWN under low N, and that of NCSB under both high and low N conditions, was significantly reduced. However, NCSB and CFWN quality in Zhongmai 175 with weak-to-medium gluten strength was not significantly affected by water deficit and different N fertilizer applications. Grain subproteome analysis revealed that considerable cultivar-specific gliadins and glutenins showed significant accumulation changes in response to water deficit and high / low N fertilizer treatment, which could be responsible for NCSB and CFWN quality changes under different treatments. Water deficit and high / low N fertilizer treatments caused changes in cultivar-specific storage protein composition, resulting in differences in the accumulation of gliadins, glutenins, and the quality of NCSB and CFWN. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

QTL mapping for the textural property traits of northern-style Chinese steamed bread by using recombinant inbred lines of wheat

Textural property is one of the most important factors influencing the quality of northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB). We detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the textural properties of CSB by using 184 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two Chinese winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Linmai6 and Tainong18. Eighteen putative QTLs were detected on 14 chromosomes: 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7B, and 7D. Six textural quality traits, one QTL for hardness (QHa-4A), three QTLs for springiness (QSp-3B, QSp-4B, and QSp-5B), seven QTLs for cohesiveness (QCo-6A, QCo-7B.1, QCo-7B.2, QCo-3A, QCo-1D, QCo-2B.1, and QCo-2B.2), four QTLs for resilience (QRe-2D, QRe-2A, QRe-7D, and QRe-1B), two QTLs for gumminess (QGu-6B, and QGu-3B), and one QTL for chewiness (QCh-7D) were detected. The contributions of the QTLs ranged from 6.19% to 15.74%. The present study enhances understanding of the genetic basis for the textural properties of northern-style CSB and provides the basis for gene mapping of these traits.

Bran characteristics influencing quality attributes of whole wheat Chinese steamed bread

This study investigated the variations in the characteristics of brans obtained from a pilot-scale milling of 17 soft red winter wheat varieties and their influences on the quality of whole wheat northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) prepared from blends of a base flour, brans of different wheat varieties and vital gluten. Protein, starch, total dietary fiber (DF), water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) and total phenolic contents of brans ranged from 14.3 to 19.1%, 12.0–19.4%, 43.5–50.3%, 0.69–1.35% and 14.3–18.9 mg/g, respectively. Surface smoothness, crumb structure and stress relaxation scores of whole wheat CSB ranged from 3.0 to 9.5, 6.5–12.5 and 24.3–34.3, respectively. Bran bound and total phenolic contents exhibited negative relationships with CSB surface smoothness and crumb structure. Bran WEAX content showed positive relationships with CSB specific volume, surface smoothness and stress relaxation scores. Bran insoluble DF content was negatively related to CSB stress relaxation score. Bran protein and starch contents showed negative and positive relationships, respectively, with CSB spread ratio score. Cluster analysis of wheat brans based on CSB surface smoothness and crumb structure indicated that bran with a low protein content, low bound and total phenolic contents, and high starch and WEAX contents is desirable for making whole wheat CSB.

A genetic analysis of the quality of northern-style Chinese steamed bread

Dissecting the genetic basis for the traits of northern-style Chinese steamed bread (NCSB) is of great significance for wheat quality breeding. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the processing quality of NCSB were studied using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) consisting of 173 lines derived from a “Shannong01–35 × Gaocheng9411” cross. Twenty-four putative additive QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B, 6B, and 7B. Of these QTLs, QTex1A.1-27, QHei5B.5-488, and QGum4B.4-17 had the highest contribution and accounted for 9.33, 10.9, and 12.0% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. Several co-located QTLs with additive effects were detected on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 4B, and 5B. Two clusters (RFL_CONTIG2160_524-WSNP_CAP12_C2438_1180601 and EX_C101685_705-RAC875_C27536_611) for height, total score, and texture and for chewiness, gumminess, and hardness were detected on chromosomes 1A and 4B, respectively. Two QTLs for chewiness and hardness (QCh1D-4, QHa1D-4) with additive effects were detected; these alleles could be good targets for improving the processing quality of steamed bread from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In addition, QTLs for wheat flour quality and the associated correlations with NCSB were simultaneously analyzed. Negative correlations were detected between chewiness and the wet/dry gluten content (WGC/DGC) or protein content. Two QTLs (QCh4B.4-17 and QPr4B.4-17) and three QTLs (QCh4B.4-13, QWG4B.4-13, and QDG4B.4-13) clustered in the same chromosomal region. The detected QTL clusters should be further investigated during wheat breeding and could be used by breeders to improve wheat quality and especially the processing quality of NCSB.

Quality characteristics of northern-style Chinese steamed bread prepared from soft red winter wheat flours with waxy wheat flour substitution

Quality characteristics of northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) prepared from two soft red winter (SRW) wheat flours blended with 0–30% waxy wheat flour (WWF) were analyzed to estimate the influence of starch amylose content. The increased proportion of WWF in blends raised mixograph absorption with insignificant changes in protein content and dough strength-related parameters. WWF incorporation generally increased specific volume and crumb softness of CSB. The analysis of covariance revealed that CSB quality attributes were little affected by protein content and dough strength-related parameters, indicating that starch amylose content was largely responsible for the changes in CSB quality. Flour blends with 5–10% WWF, of which starch amylose content was 22.4–24.7%, produced CSB with superior crumb structure compared to other blends, but insignificant changes in surface smoothness, stress relaxation and total score compared to the respective control wheat flours. Flour blends with 15% WWF to produce a starch amylose content of 21.4–22.7% exhibited reduced staling of CSB with total scores comparable to the respective control wheat flours. CSB prepared from blends with more than 10% WWF exhibited a higher soluble starch content, indicative of reduced starch retrogradation, than that prepared from wheat flours without WWF during storage for 3 days.

Effect of black tea on antioxidant, textural, and sensory properties of Chinese steamed bread

Black tea is rich in phenolic antioxidants and has various health benefits. Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is a traditional food produced through steaming of fermented dough. Black tea extracts were incorporated into northern style CSB formulation at varying concentrations up to 175mg gallic acid equivalent/gram of wheat flour. Gelatinization properties of wheat flour were not affected by the black tea addition. Rheological analysis of wheat flour showed that black tea increased pasting viscosity, consistency index of flow curves, and storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) during dynamic oscillation. Black tea incorporation increased the antioxidant activity as measured by chemical assays, had little effect on textural properties, and increased the darkness of CSB. Sensory evaluation showed a good overall acceptance of black tea fortified CSB.

Effects of allelic variation of HMW-GS and LMW-GS on mixograph properties and Chinese noodle and steamed bread qualities in a set of Aroona near-isogenic wheat lines

High-molecular-weight glutenin (HMW-GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin (LMW-GS) subunits play an important role in determining wheat quality. To clarify the contribution of each subunit/allele to processing quality, 25 near-isogenic lines with different HMW-GS and LMW-GS compositions grown at two locations during the 2010 cropping season were used to investigate the effects of allelic variation on milling parameters, mixograph properties, raw white Chinese noodle (RWCN) and northern style Chinese steamed bread (NSCSB) qualities. The results showed that Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 made a large contribution to determining mixograph properties and processing quality, respectively. Subunit pairs 17 + 18 and 5 + 10, and alleles Glu-A3b, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3g and Glu-D3f made significant contributions to mixograph properties and no significant difference was detected on most parameters of RWCN and NSCSB for the allelic variation of HMW-GS and LMW-GS. The allelic interactions among glutenin loci had significant effects on wheat quality. The line with 1, 17 + 18, 2 + 12, Glu-A3c, Glu-B3b, Glu-D3c associated with superior mixograph properties, the line with 1, 7 + 9, 2 + 12, Glu-A3c, Glu-B3d, Glu-D3c had superior viscoelasticity of RWCN, and the line with 1, 7 + 9, 2 + 12, Glu-A3e, Glu-B3b, Glu-D3c had the highest total score of NSCSB. These results provide useful information for genetic improvement of the qualities of traditional Chinese wheat products.

Contribution of common wheat protein fractions to dough properties and quality of northern-style Chinese steamed bread

Thirty-three cultivars and advanced lines originated from China, Mexico, and Australia were sown in four environments in Chinese spring wheat regions to investigate the association between gluten protein fractions determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and dough properties and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality. The genotypes were divided into two groups of 10 and 23 entries with and without the 1B/1R translocation, respectively. 1B/1R translocation lines had significantly high amounts of ω-gliadins, and low levels of glutenin and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), but no significant difference in dough properties and CSB quality from non-translocation lines. The association between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality largely depended upon the presence of 1B/1R translocation. Gliadin contributed more in quantity to flour protein content (FPC) than glutenin, while glutenin and its fractions contributed more to dough strength and CSB quality. Among non-translocation lines, moderate to high correlation coefficients between quantified glutenin and its fractions, and farinograph development time (DT, r = 0.85 –0.92) and stability (ST, r = 0.81 –0.93), extensograph maximum resistance ( R max, r = 0.90 –0.93), CSB stress relaxation (SR, r = 0.55 –0.61) and CSB score ( r = 0.56 –0.62), were observed. Gliadin:glutenin ratios showed significant and negative associations with dough properties and CSB quality. Correlation coefficients between gliadin:glutenin, gliadin:HMW-GS, gliadin:LMW-GS ratios, and CSB score were −0.79, −0.73, and −0.79 among non-translocation lines, respectively. HMW-GS and LMW-GS, x-type HMW-GS and y-type HMW-GS contributed similarly to dough properties and CSB quality for non-translocation lines. Weak correlations between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality were observed among translocation lines. This information should be useful for improvement of dough properties and CSB quality.

Suitability of Chinese wheat cultivars for production of northern style Chinese steamed bread

Fifty-six bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines from major Chinese wheat growing regions and 10 Australian cultivars were grown in Anyang located in Yellow and Huai Valleys and Chengdu located in Yangtze region. The genotypes were examined for their suitability to produce northern style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) and used to investigate the association between wheat quality traits and performance of northern style CSB under manual and mechanized processing conditions. Anyang-sown wheat samples showed better grain quality characteristics and CSB quality than the Chengdu-sown materials. These differences were largely due to adverse climatic conditions prevailing in Chengdu that resulted in the deterioration of flour whiteness, Farinograph stability, and starch quality. Therefore, Chengdu was generally unfavorable for producing good quality wheat. However, significant variability among cultivars was observed in Chengdu, and Batavia, Dollar bird, and Tasman from Australia and Jing 411, Xiaoyan6, and Shaan 229 from China showed very good CSB quality under manual conditions, and Hartog, Batavia, Tasman, and Vulcan from Australia, and Jing 411 and Dongfeng 1from China were identified to confer good CSB quality under mechanized conditions. The wide range of CSB quality variations indicates that genetic improvement of CSB quality is possible in both environments. Protein content, gluten strength, and extensibility were positively associated with loaf volume and steamed bread elasticity. The relationship between gluten strength, extensibility, and appearance and stickiness were highly dependent on processing methods, i.e., negatively using a manual method and positively or slightly negatively using a mechanized process. Therefore, wheat quality requirement for CSB depends on CSB processing conditions. Medium protein content and medium-to-strong gluten strength with good extensibility is desirable for mechanized methods, but weak-to-medium gluten type for manual methods. High flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was found desirable for CSB quality regardless of the processing method used. Flour whiteness, falling number, and peak viscosity appeared to be more crucial in determining CSB quality in Chengdu, although protein content and Farinograph stability also contributed to appearance, elasticity, and stickiness.

Relationship of Protein Quantity, Quality and Dough Properties with Chinese Steamed Bread Quality

Using selected Chinese and Australian wheats, flour protein content and composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits were studied in relation to northern style Chinese steamed bread quality. Flour protein content had a significant impact on Chinese steamed bread quality. The Chinese wheats were characterised by shorter Farinograph dough development time and stability in comparison with the Australian wheats. Dough stickiness in the Chinese wheat cultivars was a significant factor deteriorating Chinese steamed bread quality. A significant negative correlation was found between Farinograph stability time and steamed bread quality in Australian wheats while a significant and positive correlation existed in Chinese wheats. It would be necessary to increase the dough strength of Chinese wheat cultivars in order to improve their steamed bread making quality.

Establishment of Flour Quality Guidelines for Northern Style Chinese Steamed Bread

Abstract Forty-three Australian and six Chinese wheat flours were used to investigate the flour quality requirements for northern style Chinese steamed bread. Significant correlations were found between flour quality and steamed bread quality. Protein quantity and quality and starch quality were important factors determining steamed bread volume. Dough strength was the major determinant of overall steamed bread quality. Hard wheat flour was found to be superior to soft wheat flour in production of good quality steamed bread. Flour with medium to strong strength is recommended for the production of this product. This study also confirmed the usefulness of the stress relaxation test for the prediction of steamed bread quality.

Objective methods for the quality assessment of northern-style chinese steamed bread

Northern-style Chinese steamed bread was made from seven flours differing in quality. Its textural and external qualities were evaluated subjectively by a trained panel and objectively using both an Instron Universal Test Machine (IUTM) and a Minolta CR 310 colour meter. There were significant correlations between sensory analyses and instrumental measurements. The maximum compression force ( Pl) was significantly and negatively correlated with the softness and cohesiveness of steamed bread ( P<0·01). Stress relaxation (SR) was shown to be significantly and negatively correlated with the overall eating quality of steamed bread ( P<0·01). The Minolta x value gave the highest significant correlation (negative) with both steamed bread skin and crumb colour ( P<0·001). These results were confirmed using an additional set of flours. The data from the instrumental measurements were highly reproducible, and the methods are suitable for use in routine testing of flours for northern-style Chinese steamed bread.

An Optimized Processing Procedure by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Northern-style Chinese Steamed Bread

An optimized laboratory procedure and scoring system, which reflects consumer preference in China, were developed for northern-style Chinese steamed bread. Response surface methodology (RSM) screening and optimization tests were applied to both medium and strong flours. The optimized settings for processing variables were then selected. The following procedure was adopted: Farinograph mixer (300-g bowl; speed 60 rev/min); compressed yeast (1·5%); water addition [70% of Farinograph water absorption (FWA)]; mixing time [3/4 of Farinograph dough development time (FDDT)]; fermentation time (60 min); remixing time (1/4 FDDT); fermentation temperature (32°C); relative humidity (RH) (85%); sheeting time (20 passes); proof time (20 min), steam generation rate (155 g of steam/m3/min); and steam time (20 min). Sheeting was identified as a critical variable for both medium and strong flours, significantly affecting steamed bread quality.