Northern Races Research Articles

Courtship Behavior Analysis in Three Sibling Species of the Drosophila virilis Group

Courtship behavior was studied in three sibling species of the Drosophila virilis group: D. virilis, D. lummei, and D. littoralis. The latter species was represented by two strains the founders of which had been collected in the habitats of the southern and northern races of D. littoralis whose status is equivalent to subspecies. Con- and heterospecific tests were analyzed by video-typing. Analyses of conspecific tests of D. virilis and D. lummei revealed no differences in the duration of courtship elements and their latencies. By contrast, comparison of heterospecific tests of ♀ D. virilis + ♂ D. lummei and ♀ D. lummei + ♂ D. virilis showed a much lower duration of all the main courtship elements (touching, licking, and singing), as well as a significantly lower percentage of copulation. Comparison of con- and heterospecific tests of the northern and southern races of D. littoralis revealed some differences in the courtship structure, but no obstacles to successful mating were observed in heterospecific tests of the two races. By contrast, large differences in the structure of the courtship ritual were observed in heterospecific reciprocal tests of D. littoralis + D. virilis and D. littoralis + D. lummei. The males of the D. virilis phylad lost interest in D. littoralis females immediately after the beginning of touching. On the contrary, D. littoralis males demonstrated a complete courtship ritual towards both D. lummei and D. virilis females. At the same time, all the heterospecific tests of D. lummei + D. littoralis and D. virilis + D. littoralis were characterized by the lowest incidence of copulation.

The modern Invention of Barbarians: Ethnicity and the Transmission of Form

The history of art started with the myth of Barbarian invasions. Countering the timelessness of Classical art as affirmed by Winckelmann in the middle of the eighteenth century, a new argument arose: The West was propelled into modernity by the Barbarian invasions of the fourth and fifth centuries, as it was converted from paganism to Christianity. The infusion of the new blood of the northern races was seen to have engendered a new art, anti-Roman and anti-Classical, whose legacy was still apparent in Europe. This was a fantasmatic narrative, inseparable from the formation of nation-states and the rise of nationalism in Europe. Based on the dual assumption of the homogeneity and the continuity of their native populations, it assumed that styles depend on both blood and race; the “tactile” or “optical” qualities of an object became the unequivocal signs of its “Latin” or “Germanic” provenance, and museums organized their objects according to the “ethnic” identity of their creators.

Breeding ecology of the Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucotis in an agroecosystem in the Limpopo province, South Africa

We studied the breeding ecology of the Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucotis over three years between 2008 and 2010. The breeding season was bimodal with a main peak in laying in autumn (March–April) and another smaller peak in spring (September–October). Nest microhabitat analyses showed they prefer nesting in open areas with lots of bare ground (median 67.5%). Nest entrance directions were biased towards the south (mean vector (µ) = 186.44°). The majority of nests (78.2%) had an apron at the nest entrance. The mean clutch size was 1.88 but there was geographic variation in clutch size between northern and southern races of the species. The mean incubation and nestling periods were 10.33 d (range 10–11 d) and 9.20 d (range 8–10 d), respectively. The results suggest that parental contributions during incubation are almost equal, but females made significantly more food deliveries during the nestling period compared to males. The diet of nestlings comprised mainly of invertebrates (50.2%), seeds (34.4%) and unidentified food items (15.4%). Breeding success was low, averaging 16.1% (range 8.1–20.6%), and the average number of fledged young per pair was 0.36 ± 0.71. Replacement broods were common and we also recorded repeat brooding attempts.

International Alliance and Diplomacy through Balhae's attack to Dengzhou

This essay looked into a change of international alliance and diplomacy through Balhae(渤海)s attack to Dengzhou(登州) in 732. The international situation of the first half of 8th century had formed a multifactorial power as distinct from a one-sided lead of Tang(唐). In 710s, Balhae had friendship with Tang because of a temporary internal trouble, a decline of northern races, and a foreign policy in the early days of Tang. But the territorial expansion of King Mu(武王) of Balhae caused great tension between surrounding powers in 720s. The relation between Balhae and Tang is the same. As a result, Tang strengthened relationship with Heuksu-Malgal(黑水靺鞨) and Silla. In response, Balhae started to suppress Heuksu-Malgal and restrain Silla through negotiation with Japan. Nonetheless, Balhae and Tang did not caused a conflict. However, in 730s, Tang launched into the offensive in the northeastern provinces after stabilization of Tibet(吐藩) front. As a result, Liaoxi(遼西), a buffer zone was not stable. Balhae attacked Dengzhou with northern races in 732 and achieved a great victory at the battle of Mt. Madou(馬都山) in 733. But the military alliance against Tang weakened and dissolved for various reasons. Since then, the international relations changed from political and military relation to economic and cultural relations.

흉노(匈奴)의 복식문화에 관한 연구

Xiognu people were the first of the Central-Asian nomads to establish a nation in 209 B.C. They always moved around looking for places to breed their animals and fertile grounds, so they wore clothes made of fur and leather and covered their tents with felt from the livestock. This research studies on the literatures, costumes and the achievement of archaeological excavation. Furthermore, to investigate on costumes excavated of Xiongnu, we visited the Mongolian National Museum and the Hermitage Museum. A corn-hat made of felt, a felt hat with ear flaps and a golden crown with a bird on the top were unearthed from a tomb of Xiongnu in Inner mongolia. Women usually wore pigtails, and men wore pigtails or ponytails but they cut their hair short when holding a funeral. Many pigtails discovered in Noyon uul tombs can be considered as their funeral customs. The Xiongnu wore a round or v-neck caftan attached straight sleeves reaching knees in the left folded style, and because they always rode horses, having the length of the caftan not go past their buttocks would have made it more convenient for them. During the period of Western Han, Ho refered to Xiongnu and it became a common name for northern races. They used leather belts and an animal-designed buckle was found. Women commonly rouged their cheeks for a vivid and cute look, and many ornaments were excavated including bracelets, rings and decorations made of gold, silver, copper and jade, among which there were hair ornaments used to identify one`s class. A horse pattern with wings and a horn of Golmod T20 was substitution for the Schythian use of deer. Patterns or shape of unearthed articles present in the Xiongnu culture in Noyon uul had a close relationship with Altaic, Greek and Persian cultures. The Xiongnu clothing was made of animals` skin and fur, woolen textiles and felt. It was folded to the left for upper garments, and the pants were adjusted using a belt and shoes were made of leather, which was very suitable for protection against the cold and horse riding. Mobility played a significant role in their clothing.

Chloroplast DNA Transgresses Species Boundaries and Evolves at Variable Rates in the California Closed-Cone Pines ( Pinus radiata, P. muricata, and P. attenuata)

We studied phylogenetic relationships among populations and species in the California closed-cone pines ( Pinus radiata D. Don, P. attenuata Lemm., and P. muricata D. Don) via chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis. Data on genetic polymorphism within and among 19 populations in the three species were collected using9 to 20 restriction enzymes and 38 to 384 trees. Because only five clades and extremely low intraclade diversity were found, additional phylogenetic data were collected using a single representative per clade and two outgroup species, P. oocarpa Schiede and P. jeffreyi Loud. In total, 25 restriction enzymes were employed and approximately 2.7 kb surveyed (2.3% of genome). The five clades recognized were Monterey pine, knob-cone pine, and the southern, intermediate, and northern races of bishop pine. On the basis of bootstrapping, both Wagner and Dollo parsimony analyses strongly separated the northern and intermediate races of bishop pine from the southern race; knobcone pine from Monterey and bishop pines; and the closed-cone pines from the two outgroups. Approximate divergence times were estimated for the lineages leading to knob-cone pine and to the intermediate and northern populations of bishop pine. The position of Monterey pine relative to bishop pine within their monophyletic clade was unresolved. Surprisingly, Montery pine and the southern race of bishop pine were much more similar to one another than was the southern race of bishop pine to its conspecific intermediate and northern races. Both the Monterey and southern bishop pine lineages also evolved severalfold more slowly than did the knobcone pine and intermediate-northern bishop pine lineages. These results differ significantly from a recent allozyme study, corroborating previous observations that chloroplast genome phylogeny can depart substantially from that of nuclear genes.

Hybridization Between the Western and Northern Call Races of the Limnodynastes-Tasmaniensis Complex (Anura, Myobatrachidae) on the Murray River in South Australia

The Limnodynastes tasmaniensis complex consists of three call races: northern, southern and western. This paper documents differences in call structure between the western and northern races: differences in note repetition rate, dominant frequency, average number of notes per call and pulses per second note, but not in pulse repetition rate. The races also differ in egg size (smaller in northern) and egg number (higher in northern). There are zones of overlap between these two races west from Morgan and along the Marne River in South Australia. Mixed populations contain both parental and hybrid phenotypes. Hybrids were identified by a hybrid index based on the three call components that overlapped least (note repetition rate, dominant frequency and average number of notes per call). Temporary range expansions, associated with flooding on the Murray River, are documented for the northern call race. Artificial hybridisations revealed no evidence of hybrid inviability and this was supported by estimates of egg viability in field-collected egg masses from the Morgan zone of overlap. The hybrid zones are interpreted as zones of overlap with hybridisation where introgression is likely to occur. Biogeographic data suggest that the northern call race may be spreading south and west, displacing the western call race.

Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races

Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.

Notes on the Variation and Taxonomy of Watsonia borbonica (W. Pyramidata, W Ardernei) (Iridaceae) in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa

Lomenia borbonica Pourret (1788) is an earlier name for the common Cape species formerly called Watsonia pyramidata, and the new combination in Watsonia is made here. Significant and unusual variation in the stamen and style orientation, either declinate or arcuate, characterizes southern and northern races which otherwise seem indistinguishable. The white-flowered W. ardernei is considered an albino sport of the northern race and is reduced to synonymy. Other synonyms of W. borbonica are discussed and the complete nomenclature of the species is presented. The name Watsonia borbonica is a new combination based on Lomenia borbonica Pourret (1788), only species of Lomenia Pourret. The epithet was given to a plant believed to have been collected on the Isle de Bourbon, now called Reunion. Lomenia has long been misunderstood and was for a time considered a synonym of Freesia Klatt, a southern African genus. During a study of Freesia (Goldblatt, 1982), I discovered that Lomenia was congeneric with Watsonia. Based on the illustration in the protologue, I considered L. borbonica conspecific with W. marginata (L. f.) Ker, the basionym of which predates Lomenia. Later, I found the type specimen of L. borbonica at the Paris Herbarium (P) in 1985. The specimen is in excellent condition, and there can be no doubt that it is identical with

The late Quaternary history of lodgepole and jack pines

Lodgepole and jack pines (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex. Loud. and Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), components of the North American boreal forest, have pioneering roles after major disturbances such as fire or glaciation. These species are closely related and hybridize in western Canada, but their fossil records and contemporary variation patterns suggest they had completely different late Quaternary histories. Several taxonomically recognized geographic races of lodgepole pine apparently survived the last glaciation without drastic modification, the northern races either persisting in far-northern refugia or migrating from the south. The uneven influence of jack pine on northern lodgepole populations implies repeated genetic contacts, but less marked introgression in the other direction could be of post-Pleistocene origin. Jack pine occupied its entire range after the last glacial maximum and lacks taxonomically recognized races. In the Great Lakes region, however, the presence of regionally distinct populations suggests the species had at least two Midwestern refugia. This hypothesis is contrary to the widely held view that jack pine occupied most or all of its range from a well-documented refugium in southeastern North America, but is supported by limited fossil evidence that pine persisted in the Midwest during the last glaciation.

Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramaba virgo and its bisexual relatives

Cloned highly repeated DNA sequences were used to investigate the origins of W. virgo. The chromosomal and genomic organization of these sequences in the parthenogenetic grasshopper W. virgo and its sexual relatives indicate that W. virgo has had two independent origins. Data from the cloned sequences together with that from rapidly renaturing DNA are consistent with a hybridization event between two sexual species for each origin of the parthenogenetic species. Previously published data on C-banding and other karyotypic features (White and Contreras 1981) strengthen the dual origin conclusion. — The cloned DNA sequences, pWv 1 and pWv 5, have differentiated northern and southern races in the sexual species P196. The southern race appears to have hybridized with another sexual species, P169, to give rise to the Boulder/Zanthus clones of W. virgo. The northern race of P196 may have crossed with a species similar to P169 to give rise to the remaining W. virgo clones which are now present in both eastern and western Australia. White (1980) proposed that the origin of W. virgo was in western Australia and that the eastern populations were established by migration. Consistent with this hypothesis is our finding that the cloned DNA sequences have identical genomic and chromosomal organisation in populations of W. virgo in the two disjunct areas.

Effects of Abscisic Acid on Growth and Dormancy of Two Races of Red Maple

Northern (Massachusetts) and southern (Florida) races of red maple (Acer rubrum L) both accumulate abscisic acid (ABA) in response to short photoperiods and cold nights. Yet, only plants of the northern race develop a true winter rest. Height growth by plants of northern races is completely stopped by artificial applications of ABA. The pseudobud formed in response to ABA treatment differs markedly from the normal bud formed in response to short photoperiods and cold nights. No winter rest is induced by ABA treatment Growth and normal leaf formation are resumed by the northern race of red maple as soon as ABA application is stopped. Growth of the southern race of red maple was only slowed by the application of ABA, and no bud formation of any kind was observed. Comparison of the responses by plants of the northern and southern races of red maple to short and long photoperiods shows that concentration of ABA is correlated with, but not causally related to, the development of a winter chilling requirement a...

T'uan-chieh-ping under the Fu-ping System of T'ang Dynasty

The T'ang Dynasty's military superiority to the northern barbarians was gradually undermined from around 680 A. D. Northern races, such as T'u Chüeh, Ch'i-tan and T'u Fan, invaded the T'ang territory year after year. For self-defense, the inhabitants in the border regions organized a militia called Ta-chia-tzu-ti (_??__??__??__??_)(young men from the great families). Following this, provincial governors organized another militia for defense. This militia, called Ch'eng-pang-tzu-ti (_??__??__??__??_) (young men beside the wall), absorbed some Ta-chia-tzu-ti in the neighborhood. To cope with the Ch'i-tan rebellion in 696 A. D., the central government expanded the militia in border regions into T'uan-chieh-ping (_??__??__??_) (united soldiers). Ch'eng-pang-tzu-ti was also absorbed into this new organization. These "united soldiers" were enlisted as members of the regular army. They continued their argricultural work but received military training during the leisure season. In an emergency, they fought as part of the regular army and defended their native provinces. When they were in service, they were paid by the government. This system was adopted also in the border districts of Hopei, Shansi, Shensi and Szechwan provinces. As the military conscription system, known as "Fu-ping (_??__??_) system, " gradually, disintegrated, the mercenary soldiers and the "united soldiers " formed the mainstays of the army. Around 740 A. D., about half of the 700, 000 or 800, 000 men in the army were "united soldiers." For a long period since then, in China, militia played its role as the troops auxiliary to hired troops, the latter being the regular army. The origin of the military system as such will be found in the "united soldiers, " which made up the T'ang army together with Fu-ping.

North American Migrants in the State of Veracruz, Mexico: A Summary

PRIOR to the appearance of a comprehensive report, now in preparation, on the more than 700 forms of birds known from Veracruz, it seems desirable to summarize the present status there of migrants from the north. It is hoped that this summary may prove useful to students of North American and Mexican birds, and at the same time by revealing gaps in our knowledge of migratory birds in Veracruz, that it may stimulate further work in this interesting, readily accessible, region. Scope.-Essentially, this paper is limited to birds of the A.O.U. Check-List (4th ed., 1931, and nineteenth through twenty-eighth supplements) which have been found in Veracruz but are not known to breed there. All but two, Wilson's Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) and the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), nest in North America. For completeness, I have included the following migratory forms whose breeding status in Veracruz remains to be determined: Eastern Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis exilis), Florida Common Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus cachinnans), Wilson's Thick-billed Plover (Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia), Northern Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra nigra), and American Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster). Certain other species, for example the Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis), have one or more migratory northern races and another form nesting in Veracruz. In such cases, I have listed the northern race(s) when represented by critically determined Veracruz specimens. Among the migratory or partially migratory North American forms omitted from this summary for the reason that their breeding in Veracruz is established or quite probable are the Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps subspecies?), Eastern Green Heron (Butorides virescens virescens), Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli), Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violacea violacea), Masked Duck (Oxyura dominica), White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus hypospodius), American Coot (Fulica americana americana), Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus), Western Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea), and Eastern Varied Bunting (Passerina versicolor versicolor). I have tried to indicate each bird's relative abundance in Veracruz, and, where sufficient data exist, its altitudinal preference and season(s)

The Chinese Idea of National Superiority and Concurrence of Principle of Personal Law and Principle of Territorial Law

In the fourth and the fifth centuries A. D., the Völkerwanderung movement swept over the length and breadth of the Eurasian Continent. After this great movement, the territorial boundaries were set but the law to be applied in each case of adjudication was determined in accordance with the principle of personal law. In other words, in the Asian, as well as the European part of the Eurasian Continent, . there existed manifold legal systems and a particular one among them would be singled out to be applied to a particular case in accordance with the nationality of the person or persons involved.Under such circumstances, it was inevitable that the principle of Busse in the indigenous law of the northern races clashed, after these races had invaded and occupied northern areas of China, with the principle of corporal punishment in the traditional Chinese law. This. kind of clash of legal principles dates back even before the Chin (_??_) and Han (_??_) dynasties.According to the Tang lü (_??__??_) (code of Tang dynasty) enforced in the seventh and the eighth A. D., an affair between two foreigners of the same nationality was to be adjudicated by the Chinese court in accordance with the law of that nation (principle of personal law) and the Chinese law governed the relation between two foreigners of different nationalities and the relation between a Chinese and a foreigner (principle of territorial law). The code of the Sung (_??_) dynasty also adopted the same principles.However, some informations after the 11th century show that the Chinese authorities allowed some latitude in the application of the law to foreigners. They usually applied to foreigners their national law in order to win their hearts.Under the foreign domination during the Liao (_??_), Chin (_??_), Yuan (_??_) and Chin (_??_) dynasties, the problem of conflict of law was solved along the above-mentioned traditional lines but necessary modification of the traditional principles was made to conform with the changing realities of each age. This thesis aims at a historical description of the contact of legal systems of various races within the Chinese territory.

The Mammals of Big Black Mountain, Harlan County, Kentucky

Big Black Mountain lies in southeastern Kentucky and adjacent Virginia, occupying parts of Harlan County, Kentucky, and Wise County, Virginia. Highway 160, between Lynch, Kentucky, and Appalachia, Virginia, crosses the mountain; the highest point in Kentucky (elevation 4150 feet) is some half mile west of the highway. About a mile northwest of this peak is a second height, indicated on the United States Geological Survey Estillville Sheet to have an elevation of 4150 feet or more. On this second peak the Civil Aeronautics Authority maintains the Glenbrook Visual-Aural Range Station. According to an engineer who surveyed this area for the station, the elevation of this peak is 4140 feet. With this station as a center, a circle with a four mile radius would include practically every point at which collections discussed in this paper were made. The only collections made outside this area and included were from the Poor Fork of the Cumberland River between the towns of Cumberland and Harlan, Kentucky, and two areas on Pine Mountain, one near Cumberland, and the other near Rosspoint, some four miles from the town of Harlan. This study was initiated on July 19, 1939, and is the result of four collecting trips to the area. The period July 19-August 18, 1939, was spent in the area, the time equally divided between the community of Rosspoint and the summit of Big Black Mountain, near Lynch. On May 3-4, 1940, I accompanied a party from Morehead State College, Morehead, Kentucky, to the area. On July 3, 1946, I accompanied a party of three to the summit of the mountain, to remain until July 7. On June 4, 1948, my family and I made camp near the Glenbrook Visual-Aural Range Station and remained there until September 1, 1948. During these four trips, over 350 mammal skins were prepared, most of them collected in Kentucky. The majority of the skins are in my personal collection; some are in the Cornell University collections, while a few are deposited in the United States National Museum. Big Black Mountain is the highest point of the Cumberland Mountain Section, the physiography of which has been treated by Fenneman (1938). The exposed rocks of the area under consideration belong to the Pennsylvanian series. Bedrock is exposed in but few places other than stream beds; the region is generally covered by a deep soil mantle. The geology of the area has been treated by the United States Geological Survey (1894). The mammalian fauna of the mountainous areas of eastern Kentucky and adjacent states is of considerable interest. It is here that certain northern species reach the southern limits of their range; here some southern species reach the northern limits of their range; here is a region of intergradation of various northern and southern geographic races; and here a few geographic races are confined. This paper presents information on thirty-two species and subspecies of mammals known to occur on Big Black Mountain in southeastern Kentucky and adjacent Virginia. They may be divided into five distributional categories: 100 Vol. 32, No. I

The Northern Races of Piranga Flava

Journal Article The Northern Races of Piranga Flava Get access George Miksch Sutton, George Miksch Sutton Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, June 20,1942. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Allan R. Phillips Allan R. Phillips Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, June 20,1942. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Condor, Volume 44, Issue 6, 1 November 1942, Pages 277–279, https://doi.org/10.2307/1364404 Published: 01 November 1942

Observations on the sweat glands of tropical and northern races

Observations on the sweat glands of tropical and northern races

Scientific Serials

Scientific Serials

On Local Nomenclature as derived from Saxon Settlements in South Yorkshire

A local meeting of this sort expects some local information. There are few parts of England, we believe, where subjects of greater interest could be found. These eastern coasts of ours were of easy access to the northern races, who yearly sailed from their fiords in search of adventure and plunder. The Humber and its tributaries, up which their narrow ships could run far into the inland country, we find were constantly visited, and Dune-muth , or mouth of the Don or Dun, is often mentioned as their resort; it certainly was in the later years of the Heptarchy. Are there any traces of earlier visits to these parts ? Was there, or was there not, a Saxon settlement north of the Humber when the Saxons first settled on these shores ? The names of places in this neighbourhood answer the question for us. We have a collection of names clearly indicating a location of a Saxon or Scandinavian race—names not selected at random, but those familiar to every student of Norse history—household words in their Sagas and songs. First, we have a residence marked out of a Saxon king amongst us, and near by of the blood royal, and also the site of the district court established by the older and first Saxon settlers; secondly, we find traces of the newer or later North-men, who fought and harried, and then settled in these districts in the later centuries before the Conquest. Now, as to the first point, that ...