Northern Part Of Turkey Research Articles

Effective removal of selected pharmaceuticals from sewerage treatment plant effluent using natural clay (Na-montmorillonite)

The consumption of pharmaceuticals has rapidly increased on a global scale due to the serious increase in Covid-19, influenza and respiratuar sinsityal virus, which is called “triple epidemic” in the world. The use of non-prescription analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (AAIDs), especially paracetamol, is higher compared to pre-pandemic. This increased the AAIDs load discharged to the aqueous media through sewerage treatment plant (STP). Therefore, simple and effective treatment options for removing AAIDs from STP effluents are needed. The aim of the study was to remove AAIDs (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, codeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and phenylbutazone) from STP effluents by nearly pure natural clay Na-montmorillonite. The Na-montmorillonite taken from the Ordu region in the northern part of Turkey. Surface area of the Na-montmorillonite is 99.58 m2/g and CEC is 92.40 meq/100 g. The removal efficiencies of AAIDs using Na-montmorillonite were between 82 ± 5% (ibuprofen) and 94 ± 4% (naproxen). Paracetamol was used as a model compound in kinetic and isotherm model studies. Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo second order kinetic model were the best-fit using the obtained experimental data. Film diffusion governed its rate mechanism. The paracetamol adsorption capacity was acquired as 244 mg/g at 120 min contact time at pH 6.5 at 25 °C. With this study, it could be shown that montmorillonite can be used effectively to eliminate paracetamol from STP effluent. Natural clay can be used as a simple, inexpensive and effective adsorbent for removing AAIDs from STP effluents.

Monitoring and Evaluation of 2015 Devrek Zonguldak Landslide within the scope of Flood Risk Assessment by Landsat-8 Satellite Data

The mass movement towards stream beds and their accumulation there may cause flood events as a result of landslide events. In this study, Devrek Landslide, which occurred in 2015, was investigated by using a remote sensing technique. The Çomaklar stream is located at the lower elevations of this landslide region. Çomaklar stream and surrounding settlements are at risk of flooding due to the probability of preventing the water flow in the stream because of the effects of the landslide. Devrek district is located in Zonguldak in the northern part of Turkey. LANDSAT-8 satellite images between the dates 27 January 2015 and 22 July 2015 were used to investigate the location and size of the Devrek district landslide. Satellite-derived remote sensing data have been widely used in recent years to monitor changes on the earth's surface and to provide information. In this study, the Spectral Angle Difference method was used to compare the images before and after the landslide event. A change detection analysis was conducted between pre-landslide and post-landslide images to investigate the area affected by the disaster. As a result, the landslide was determined as 1050 meters in length and 110 meters in width, and the landslide area was calculated as 10.87 ha.

Quantification of Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Uncertainty in Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

Mountainous watersheds have always been a challenge for modelers due to large variability and insufficient ground observations, which cause forcing data, model structure, and parameter uncertainty. This study employed Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm which utilizes Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to account for forcing data uncertainty. A conceptual degree day snowmelt model, MIKE 11 NAM (Nedbor Afstromnings Model), was used to simulate snowmelt runoff from Ilgaz basin, with an area of 28.4 km2 area, located in the northern part of Turkey. The mean elevation is around 1700 m and the basin is covered with broadleaf forest and has mainly brown soil with a high water holding capacity. Precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) values were optimized in combination with model parameters conditioned on observed discharges and corrected values of input data were utilized for calibration and validation. Results showed that the observed precipitation was over-estimated by almost 10%, while evapotranspiration calculated by Penman–Monteith method was underestimated. The mean values of storm and ET multipliers were obtained as 1.14 and 0.84, respectively. When only parameter uncertainty was considered, calibration did not yield Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) greater than 0.64. However, when forcing data uncertainty was incorporated in the DREAM approach, an improved value of NSE (0.84) was obtained. After calibration and treatment of forcing data errors, the model yielded reasonable prediction uncertainty bounds and well-defined posterior distributions of NAM model parameters. Main objectives of the study are to assess the applicability of MIKE 11 NAM model to the selected catchment. In addition, the importance of errors in the input forcing variables to the model is demonstrated.

Biochemical content of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruits with edible coatings based on caseinat, Semperfresh and lecithin

Cherry laurel is one of the most important cherry species and naturally grown in Black sea region in Turkey. Its fruits are sold at high price in local markets in northern parts of Turkey. Cherry laurel fruits are very perishable with a limited shelf life due to a high metabolic activity and susceptibility to mechanical damage and microbial attack. The effect of edible coatings (EC) based on caseinat, Semperfresh and lecithin on the fruit quality, bioactive content and antioxidant activity of cherry laurel fruits stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 15 days was evaluated. The EC fruits compared with uncoated fruits in terms of weight loss, brix, color, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugar, total sugar, sucrose, total phenolic content, DPPH-IC50, ABTS-IC50, total yeast-mold count, number of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Results showed that Semperfresh coating was more promising on titratable acidity (0.26%), pH (4.63), invert sugar (11.77 g/100 g), total sugar (11.96 g/100 g) and sucrose (0.13 g/100 g), caseinat coating was found more promising for count of total yeast-mold count (2.93 log kob/g) and total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (3.44 log kob/g) and lecithin coating was more promising in terms of weight loss (6.77%). For radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content, Semperfresh was found more useful. Thus, caseinat, Semperfresh and lecithin showed to be a promising alternative in prolonging shelf life and preserving the quality of cherry laurel.

ATTITUDES OF PEDIATRIC NURSES AND TEACHERS TOWARDS CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AND THEIR PARENTAL ATTITUDES

All professional disciplines working with children have important responsibilities for raising healthy generations. Nurses and teachers have responsibilities in the healthy growth and development of children within the family and society in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. The study aims to determine the attitudes of pediatric nurses and elementary school teachers working in the northern part of Turkey towards children’s rights and their parental attitudes. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which was completed with a total of 258 individuals including 135 nurses and 123 teachers. ‘Personal Information Form’, “Children’s Rights Attitude Scale (CRAS)” and “Parental Attitude Scale (PAS)” were used to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics of the nurses and teachers and their parental attitudes and attitudes towards children’s right. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 program. The individuals who participated, 52.1% were nurses and 47.9% were teachers. It was found that the mean CRAS score was 37.8±9 for nurses and 31.4±9 for teachers. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean CRAS scores of the nurses and teachers (p˂0.05). The mean PAS score was 22.0±5 for nurses and 18.8±5 for teachers, and a statistically significant difference was found between them (p˂0.05). In the correlation studies between mean CRAS and PAS scores of the nurses and teachers, mean CRAS scores were found to be negatively correlated with PAS-democratic attitude. It was found that nurses and teachers showed positive attitudes towards children’s rights, most of them did not get any training on this subject, and nurses who took education on children’s rights exhibited more positive attitudes. It was also found out the attitudes of the nurses and teachers, who thought that children’s rights were violated, were more positive.

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with Pisum sativum L. in the Northern part of Turkey

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with Pisum sativum L. in the Northern part of Turkey

Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races identified on wheat and Berberis spp. in northern Turkey

Wheat is a commonly grown crop in Turkey. Rust diseases are among the most important biotic factors affecting wheat yield and quality. Stem rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the oldest known diseases of wheat. Wheat stem rust is common in Kastamonu province located in the northern part of Turkey. In addition, Berberis species are also common in Kastamonu province. In this study which was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Kastamonu province, stem rust races occurring on Berberis species and wheat plants were determined. Forty single pustule aeciospores from Berberis plants were obtained. The most common stem rust race originating from Berberis plants was TTTTF. Other stem rust races from Berberis plants were RTTTF, RTTTC, TTTTC, and TTKTF. From wheat, 74 single pustule isolates of stem rust were obtained. The most common stem rust race originating from wheat was also TTTTF. Other stem rust races from wheat plants were TTKTF, TTTTC, TTKTC, RTTTF, and RTTTC.

Obtaining the Manning roughness with terrestrialremote sensing technique and flood modeling using FLO-2D

Determining the Manning roughness coefficients is one of the most important steps in flood modeling. The roughness coefficients cause differences in flood areas, water levels, and velocities in the process of modeling. This study aims to determine both the Manning roughness coefficient in the river sections and outside of the river regions by using the Cowan method and remote sensing technique in the flood modeling. In the flood modeling, FLO-2D Pro program which can simulate flood propagation in two dimensions was utilized. Mert River in Samsun province located in the northern part of Turkey was chosen as the study area. Samples taken from the river were subjected to sieve analysis, the types of constituent material were determined according to the median diameters and the roughness coefficients were obtained using the Cowan method. For regions outside of the river were applied the maximum likelihood method being one of the controlled classification methods. Manning roughness values were assigned the classified image sections. Remote sensing techniques were meticulously employed to achieve time management in areas outside the river and a new approach was proposed in the Manning assessment of flood areas to ensure uniformity in the study area. In the classification made using the maximum likelihood method, the overall classification accuracy was 92.9% and the kappa ratio “κ” was 90.64%. The results were calibrated with the last hazardous flood images in 2012 and HEC-RAS 2D program, another flood modeling program.

The Bryophyte Flora of Doğu Küre Mountains

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde Kastamonu, Sinop ve Samsun illeri sınırlarında uzanan Doğu Küre Dağları’nın briyofit çeşitliliği hakkında bilgi sunmaktadır. Araştırma alanına 2014-2016 yılları arasında yapılan 7 arazi çalışmasında 244 lokaliteden 1600 briyofit örneği toplanmıştır. Toplanan örneklerin teşhis edilmesi sonucunda 310 tür/türaltı briyofit taksonu (2 boynuzotu, 58 ciğerotu, 250 karayosunu) tespit edilmiştir. Bu taksonlardan 4 tanesi A2 karesi, 44 tanesi ise A3 karesinden burada ilk defa rapor edilmektedir.

The occurrence of the Tulip breaking virus in tulips in the northern part of Turkey

Abstract The tulip (Tulipa sp.) is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants, which has been cultivated as a cut-flower, potted, and garden plant, and used for landscaping in Turkey. This study investigated the occurrence of a viral disease in the tulip cultivars Strong Gold, Pretty Woman and Purple Prince that causes striping of the leaves, flames of different colours on the petals and mosaic patterns on the leaves, in Samsun province of Turkey. Surveys of virus-infected tulip plants were carried out in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey in 2015-2016. A total of 212 samples were collected from four locations and checked by biological, serological and molecular methods for the presence of the Tulip breaking virus (TBV). TBV was detected in the leaves and flowers by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) in the tulip cultivars (15.5%) tested from Samsun province. TBV infection was found at the highest rate in the cultivar Strong Gold (19.7%), followed by Pretty Woman (14.1%) and Purple Prince (12.8%). The presence of TBV in samples was further confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. This is the first report on TBV naturally infecting tulips in Samsun province, Turkey.

A nonparametric fuzzy shoreline extraction approach from Sentinel-1A by integration of RASAT pan-sharpened imagery

Coastal zones are among the most important features of the earth as they have social and economic importance for the environment. Thus, they should be frequently monitored for management issues, for example, shoreline erosion, and any essential precautions for safe management taken. Shoreline extraction is an important tool to determine coastal changes. Modern technologies such as remote sensing give an opportunity to gain up-to-date, accurate, and reliable information with fast data acquisition for coastal regions. In this study, two different coastal areas, one in the northern part of Turkey (Terkos/Istanbul) and the second from the southern part of the country (Kemer/Antalya), were studied. The main objective of this study is to extract shorelines from Sentinel-1A radio detection and ranging satellite data using a non-parametric fuzzy approach, by exploiting Turkish multispectral RASAT satellite images. For this purpose, a whale optimization algorithm was initially employed to create land and water classes from RASAT images. The created classes were used as inputs to determine fuzzy membership values for non-parametric shoreline extractions from Sentinel-1A images. The results are evaluated in comparison with manually digitized reference shorelines by calculating the perpendicular distances between the digitized and remotely sensed shorelines. The calculated average distances from the RASAT-integrated Sentinel-1A (RASAT + Sentinel-1A) for Terkos/Istanbul and Kemer/Antalya were 29.18 m and 16.78 m, respectively. Average differences were also calculated using only RASAT images as 13.37 m and 6.29 m for both areas, respectively.

Elit Domuz Ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) Genotiplerinde Genetik Çeşitliliğin SSR Markörleri ile Belirlenmesi

Domuz ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan, ekonomik açıdan önemli çok yıllık bir buğdaygil yem bitkisidir. Bu araştırma, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü yem bitkileri ıslah programı kapsamında geliştirilen elit domuz ayrığı klonlarının akrabalık derecelerini ve genetik çeşitliliğini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada 32 genotip ve 24 SSR primeri kullanılmıştır. Moleküler analiz sonucunda SSR primerleri toplamda 126 allel üretmiştir. Allel sayısı 3 ila 7 arasında değişmiş ve lokus başına düşen ortalama allel sayısı 5,25 olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen allel büyüklükleri ise 101 bp ile 354 bp arasında değişmiş ve polimorfizm oranı her primer için %100 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bireyler arasında uzaklık derecesi Jaccard genetik uzaklık katsayısı kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve 0,21 ile 0,84 arasında değişmiş ve genetik çeşitlilik seviyesi yüksek bulunmuştur. Genotiplerden elde edilen 126 allelin 28‘nin nadir alleller olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Jaccard genetik uzaklık katsayısı kullanılarak yapılan neighbor-joining analizi sonucunda oluşturulan dendrogram 3 ana gruba ayrılmıştır. A grubu en büyük grubu oluşturmuş ve bünyesinde 15 genotip barındırmıştır. B grubu orijini aynı bölge olan 13 genotiple ikinci büyük grubu oluşturmuştur. C grubu ise en küçük grup olup orijini Türkiye‘nin kuzeyi olan genotipleri barındırmıştır. Moleküler analizler domuz ayrığı genotiplerinin önemli derecede genetik varyasyon taşıdığı ve ıslah programı için değerli kaynaklar olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, SSR tekniğinin domuz ayrığı genotiplerini moleküler olarak tanımlamada oldukça uygun ve etkili bir teknik olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Distribution and phylogeny of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Turkey.

The genus Hyalomma includes some of the most medically and veterinarily important tick species in the world. To clarify and identify the current distribution of the species of Hyalomma, field studies were conducted in 65 localities in Turkey and five localities in Cyprus. Additionally, using mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal DNA, specimens of Hyalomma from Turkey, H. excavatum from Cyprus, H. marginatum from Spain and Italy were evaluated together with the available sequences obtained from Genbank. Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrated the presence of four species in Turkey: H. marginatum, H. excavatum, H. aegyptium and H. asiaticum. Hyalomma marginatum is the dominant species in the Central and Northern parts of Turkey, whereas H. excavatum distributes mostly in the Southern parts. Hyalomma asiaticum is restricted to the Southeastern Anatolia. However, some sympatric regions were observed for these species. Phylogenetic trees obtained with Maximum Likelihood method demonstrated five clades. Data supported previous conclusions, but placed H. asiaticum, H. scupense, H. dromedarii and H. aegyptium in different clades with high bootstrap values. Specimens of H. anatolicum group and H. marginatum complex are sister groups. Pairwise distance analyses of these groups showed 2.8 and 3% differences for 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA, respectively. Therefore, additional analyses with the samples from different locations using different markers need to evaluate the exact status of the species of these groups.

An Associational Research on Turkish Children's Environmentally Responsible Behaviors, Nature Relatedness, and Motive Concerns

Science education has changed in recent decades with respect to key issues faced in this century. These issues such as renewable energy, waste management, air quality and biodiversity require dealing with transition towards a sustainable future. Thus, to contribute to the reconceptualization of science education in a developing country, the present study aimed to assess (1) Turkish middle school students' environmentally responsible behaviors, nature relatedness, and motive concerns and (2) the power of environmental motive concerns and nature relatedness in predicting the related behaviors. Measuring tools covering the Nature Relatedness Scale, the Environmental Motive Concerns, and Children's Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale were administered to middle school students in the northern part of Turkey. The results indicated that these students reflected an external nature-related worldview. Regarding their behaviors, it was revealed that the students frequently engaged in some actions linked to physical and economic contribution to the environmental quality. However, they did not demonstrate any actions on political commitment although they were very concerned about the environmental issues. Examining the predictors of their responsible environmental behaviors, a linear combination of these attributes significantly contributed to explaining such behaviors. This study provided practical tips for science and sustainability educators in that children could be provided with some opportunities to get in touch with nature and appreciate value of being in nature.

Investigation of Learning in Creative Drama-based Classrooms through Community of Practice

In creative drama-based classrooms, the learners attain opportunities of working collaboratively in performing drama and determining their roles in their learning process through their performance. Also, there exist the opportunities of communication, learning various views, thinking creativity, thinking independently and forming mutual outcomes with the help of their previous knowledge and experience. The purpose of the current study was to examine the processes and the ways of formation of communities of practice in creative drama-based classrooms for preservice teachers enrolled in the departments of early childhood and elementary mathematics education through their learning process. Moreover, the roles of instructors and participants in different drama classrooms and programs in these different communities were investigated. The participants of the present study were composed of 55 sophomore preservice teachers at a university in northern part of Turkey. Data collection process lasted four weeks and included video recordings of the classes and audio-recordings of the interviews made with some of the participants. The qualitative data were analyzed by using community of practice framework. These communities were examined based on three dimensions of communities of practice (CoP), joint enterprise, mutual engagement and shared repertoire by focusing on their learning of these different communities. The findings showed that Wenger’s CoP dimensions manifested themselves in the classrooms. Also, this framework utilized the understanding of similarities and differences among these different communities for their learning processes.

Landslide susceptibility mapping by geographical information system-based multivariate statistical and deterministic models: in an artificial reservoir area at Northern Turkey

In Turkey, landslide phenomenon is one of the most important natural hazards. Due to landslide occurrence, several landforms and man-made structures are adversely affected and may cause many injuries and loss of life. In this context, landslide susceptibility assessment is an important task to determine susceptible areas to landslide occurrence. Especially, several dam reservoir areas in Turkey are threatened by landslide phenomena. For this reason, in this study, a dam reservoir area, located in the northern part of Turkey, was selected and investigated in the point of view of landslide susceptibility assessment. A landslide susceptibility assessment for Kurtun Dam reservoir area (Gumushane, North Turkey) was carried out by geographical information system (GIS)-based statistical and deterministic models. For this purpose, logistic regression (LR) and stability index mapping (SINMAP) methodologies were applied. In this context, eight contributing factors such as altitude, lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, distance to drainage, distance to lineament, stream power index (SPI) and topographical wetness index (TWI) were considered. After assessment of these parameters by LR and SINMAP methods in a GIS environment, two landslide susceptibility maps were obtained. Then, the produced maps were analyzed for validation purpose. For this purpose, area under curvature (AUC) approach was used. At the end of this process, the AUC values of 0.73 and 0.65 were found for LR and SINMAP models, respectively. For the performance of the SINMAP model, statistical results produced by the model were also considered. In this context, landslide density of the stability index (SI) classes were taken into account, and it was determined that 89.5 % of the landslides fall into lower and upper threshold classes which almost correspond to moderate and high susceptibility classes. These two validation values indicate that the accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps is acceptable, and the maps are feasible for further natural hazard management affairs in the area.

Herb yield and chemical composition of basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L) essential oil in relation to the different harvest period and cultivation conditions

Background: Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as sweet basil, is an important aromatic plant cultivated in many parts of the world for its essential oil. Basil does not show natural distribution in Turkey but they are cultivated as medicinal, seasoning or oil plants especially in the western and southern Anatolia. In this study, introduction of new production patterns of green and purple basil into Rize province in the northern parts of Turkey is the main objective of the present study. In this context, herb yield and chemical composition (essential oil and its components) of green and purple basil plants grown under open field and underneath or between kiwi plantations were determined and compared. Materials and Methods: The experiments were arranged as a split plot design with three replications in May in 2010 and 2011 in open-field conditions and between kiwi plantations. Three harvests were done for each year. After each harvest, above ground parts were dried at 35 oC and essential oils from aerial parts after each harvest were extracted using 30 g of dried material by hydro distillation (4 h) with Neo-Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil compositions were identified by GC-MS. Results: There were decline trends with respect to the plant height, fresh and dry herb yield in the second year. For both experimental years, the highest fresh and dry herb-yields were obtained in open-field conditions in green basil. There were no statistically significant differences in relation to essential oil yield in open-field conditions and kiwi plantations but the highest essential content was ascertained in open-field conditions for green basil. The major aroma constituents of basil were methyl cinnamate and linalool and the highest percentage was determined in open-field conditions for green basil. Conclusion: The lowest essential content obtained in open-field and between kiwi plantations for green and purple basil plants was even higher than the limit (%0.3) established by Turkish Standards Institution and total yield concerned with fresh and dry herb yield complied with the previously proposed literatures. Hence, basil cultivation underneath kiwi plantations may be implemented.

Effects of organic and inorganic amendments on soil erodibility

The objective of the present investigation is to find out the effect of incorporating of various organic and inorganic matter sources such as lime (L), zeolit (Z), polyacrylamide (PAM) and biosolid (BS) on the instability index. A bulk surface (0–20 cm depth) soil sample was taken from Samsun, in northern part of Turkey. Some soil properties were determined as follows; fine in texture, modarete in organic matter content, low in pH and free of alkaline problem. The soil samples were treated with the inorganic and organic materials at four different levels including the control treatments in a randomized factorial block design. The soil samples were incubated for ten weeks. After the incubation period, corn was grown in all pots. The results can be summarized as organic and inorganic matter treatments increased structure stability and decreased soil erodibility. Effectiveness of the treatments varied depending on the types and levels of organic and inorganic materials.

KIWIFRUIT RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

Total world kiwifruit production outside China is currently 1,412,455 t, the total planted area is 98,656 ha, and the production area is increasing each year (FAO, 2012). Cultivation of kiwifruit started in Europe in the 1960s. Towards the end of last century, kiwifruit were introduced to Turkey by the AtatA¼rk Central Horticultural Research Institute in Yalova. Since then, each year has seen increasing interest. Today, Turkey, in terms of kiwifruit plantings, is amongst the more important producers. But productivity is low as most orchards in Turkey are still young; total yields will increase rapidly in the next few years. Commercial orchards are generally A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and cultivation of other species or cultivars is very limited. Especially in the northern part of Turkey, climatic conditions are suitable for kiwifruit. The two most common support systems are the T-bar and the pergola and these are used, with some modifications. Psa (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae) is so far not a serious problem in Turkey but root rots and water-logging problems in heavy soils are very common, so ridge planting is widely used. Frost protection in the form of fogging is also beginning to be used at higher altitudes. In contrast to New Zealand, irrigation of kiwifruit in Turkey is essential and is commonly done by mini-sprinkler systems in the Marmara and the Central Black Sea Regions. In the past, there was little irrigation of orchards in the Eastern Black Sea Region, but more recently irrigation systems have been installed. Consumption of fresh kiwifruit is likely to increase as the Turkish kiwifruit industry develops. Kiwifruit producers in Turkey are organized into small producer associations. However, these have not yet combined to form a national association. Such a combined national organization would make it much easier to solve problems of production, storage, packaging and marketing of Turkish kiwifruit. Kiwifruit research in Turkey first began in the 1990s at the Yalova AtatA¼rk Horticultural Central Research Institute. The number of kiwifruit-related research programmes is increasing each year. The studies so far have concentrated on rooting of cuttings, climate change-adaptation, packaging, cold storage and fruit quality issues.

Contributions to the Knowledge of the GenusVestiferumMartens, 2006 (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) from Turkey

ABSTRACT: Two species of the genus Vestiferum Martens, 2006 were found in Turkey. One of them, V. funebre (Redikortsev, 1936) is found in Turkey for the first time. The other species V. alatum Martens, 2006 is recorded from a new locality in Turkey. Both species were collected from the northern part of Turkey. Their descriptions, characteristic features, distributions and digital and SEM photographs are presented.