Northern European System Research Articles

Indigenous Raiding, Captive Taking, and the Politics of Maritime Violence in the Long Sixteenth-Century Lesser Antilles

Abstract At the core of this piece lies an examination of how Indigenous people forged a system of raiding, captive taking, sea marauding, and trade that became instrumental in the exertion of political power and commercial autonomy in the formative stage of the multi-imperial Caribbean. Indigenous maritime technologies and martial skills allowed them to forge transimperial networks of raiding and trafficking of European merchandise, captives, foodstuffs, and staple commodities. These practices were tools used to repel European incursions, exploit the Spanish Empire, and maintain control over their territories. Likewise, the strategic position of the Lesser Antilles facilitated Indigenous people's integration in the northern European system that blended exploration, sea marauding, and contraband in the Caribbean. By focusing on Indigenous people, we are able to access a more exact portrayal of this archipelago, one that transcends established narratives of European privateering, settlement, and imperial competition.

Regulation strategies of cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) plants and electricity transit in Denmark

Denmark is in a situation with many scattered sources of electricity that are not controlled by the central load dispatch. At the same time, Denmark is being used as an electricity transit corridor between the hydro-based systems of Norway/Sweden and the thermal systems of Germany and continental Europe. Through energy systems analyses and load-flow analyses, it is determined that if geographically scattered load balancing utilising the regulation ability of hitherto locally controlled plants is introduced while also introducing new dispatchable loads in the form of electric vehicles and heat pumps, electricity transit is enabled to a higher degree than if central load balancing is maintained. This is the case of an intact transmission system as well as a system with inoperative transmission lines. With an intact system, the average load of the system is approximately halved when applying scattered load balancing. Utilising the regulating capacity of local plants thus improves the role of the Danish system in the Northern European system.