Northern Districts Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Bacteriological Trends of Chronic Mucosal Otitis Media in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Northern Region of Bangladesh

Background: Chronic otitis media (COM) is a disease of multiple etiology caused by bacteria and its importance lies in its chronicity and awful complications. The microbiological study shows the growth of a lot of organisms, frequently multiple and those differ based on geographical variation, patient population, climate, and many other factors. Objective: To evaluate current bacteriological trends of ear infections in patients with chronic otitis media which will be beneficial for appropriate treatment as well as for reducing complications. The study also focuses on rapid diagnosis by exploring other factors like age and sex-wise distribution, socioeconomic status, distribution of patients according to the type of dwelling, and bathing habits of patients. Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Department of ENT and Head-Neck Surgery, Rangpur Medical College Hospital in Rangpur, a northern district of Bangladesh, over 6 months on a total of 80 patients who had attended outpatient and inpatient departments. Aural swab was taken from the discharging ears which were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey’s agar media. The organism pattern was then tabled based on the culture reports. Results: The most common bacteria causing COM was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in (45.0%) followed by Staph. aureus (27.5%), mixed isolates in 8.75%, E. coli in 5%, Proteus in 3.75%, S. pneumoniae in 2.5%, and Klebsiella in 1.25%. Conclusion: The study proved to be useful for clinicians in management of COM and its complications. Early and effective microbiological diagnosis and intervention is the best solution. From this study, it is observed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the commonest pathogen for bacterial ear disease followed by S. Aureus. Mugda Med Coll J. 2023; 6(2): 83-87

Association of Hypertension with Body Mass Index in northern districts of Bangladesh

Background: Body Mass Index is one of the significant determinant associated with many disease process particularly hypertension. There is positive association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP). Lowering BMI with weight reduction significantly reduces blood pressure (BP). The main purpose of this study was to find out the association of BMI with hypertension. The aim of the study is to find out any association between BMI and hypertension in a particular area of Bangladesh. Methods: This is a retrospective study which involves review of written medical records for adults diagnosed with hypertension aged 18 years and above. This study was conducted at hypertension and research centre, Rangpur. A total of 14137 hypertensive patients were included in this study. Hypertension was defined by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). BMI was calculated by a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his height in meters squared. Results: Majority (42.1%) of hypertensive patients were within 41 to 50 years of age. Among 14137 participants 4.6% were underweight, 46.5% were healthy weight, 38.7% were overweight and 10.2& were obese. The mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were144.9, 145.2, 148.3, 152.7 and 89.8, 90.4, 91.2, 92.8 respectively with increasing BMI. Conclusion: Increasing BMI increases the risk of HTN. Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; 35(1): 15-19

The nutritional knowledge of nurses working at the medical college hospital in the northern district of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study

Background: Nutrition significantly impacts disease prevention and patient recovery. As healthcare providers across various health sectors, nurses often have the opportunity to offer dietary guidance to patients. However, there is a dearth of studies in the literature that assess nurses’ nutritional knowledge in Bangladesh. Objective: This study aimed to determine the nutritional knowledge of nurses employed at a tertiary-level medical college hospital in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, with 109 staff nurses completing a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire covered demographic characteristics, work-related information, and 20 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) aimed at assessing nurses’ nutrition knowledge. Data were collected between April and May 2022. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square (χ2) tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The average score of nutrition knowledge was 63.4% (SD = 13.94) for all nurses, falling within the low to moderate range. Nurses with a Bachelor’s degree in nursing (22.2%) and 11 - 15 years of work experience (14.7%) demonstrated a very good level of nutrition knowledge. Education level (χ2 = 18.659; p <0.05) and work experience (χ2 = 22.356; p <0.01) significantly influenced knowledge levels. Most nurses sought nutritional advice from less than 25% of patients, with doctors/physicians being the most common source of nutrition information provided by nurses. Conclusion: The average nutritional knowledge score of Bangladeshi nurses was low to moderate. Education level and length of work experience significantly impacted knowledge levels. Therefore, it is recommended that effective ongoing nutrition education programs, nursing curriculum reforms, and in-service training are crucial to enhancing nurses’ nutritional knowledge.

Local Impacts of a Global Commodity: Small Tea Growers in a Northern District of Bangladesh

This research explores the Small Tea Plantations (STP) in Romjanpara and Radhanagar villages of Atwari Subdistrict under the northernmost district of Bangladesh, Panchagarh and its impact on the local farmers. More specifically, how STP was integrated in the local farming, the socioeconomic conditions of the small tea growers and the problems they face in the trading of tea leaves. The northernmost part of Bangladesh was economically insolvent before the advent of STP. Now the economic condition is growing and more lands are coming under STP. But behind this scene, there are stories of class formation and exploitation of the small tea growers. The first-hand data is collected using Case Study, KII, FGD, Semi-structured Interview, and observation. Adopting Political economy of agrarian change as theoretical framework and based on qualitative interviews, this research provides an analysis of the socioeconomic conditions and problems that the small tea growers face. The findings show that the factories create and often perpetuate these problems and thus reproduce the existing socioeconomic differences.

Association of exposure to salinity in groundwater with chronic kidney disease among diabetic population in Bangladesh.

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major public health concerns. CKD and renal failure are reported to be high in the areas with higher salinity, however, the association is still unclear. We aimed at assessing the association of degree of groundwater salinity with CKD among diabetic populations of two selected areas in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional analytic study was carried out among 356 diabetic patients aged 40-60 years in high groundwater salinity exposed Pirojpur (n = 151) and non-exposed Dinajpur (n = 205), the southern and northern districts of Bangladesh, respectively. The primary outcome was the presence of CKD (via estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min) using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Binary logistic regression analyses were done. In non-exposed (mean age 51.2±6.9 years) and exposed (mean age 50.8±6.9 years) respondents, men (57.6%) and women (62.9%) were predominant, respectively. The proportion of patients with CKD was found to be higher in the exposed group than that of the non-exposed group (33.1% vs. 26.8%; P 0.199). The odds (OR [95% confidence interval]; P) of CKD were not found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (1.35 [0.85-2.14]; 0.199), compared to the non-exposed. However, the odds of hypertension were found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (2.10 [1.37-3.23]; 0.001), compared to the non-exposed. And, the interaction of high salinity and hypertension showed a significant association with CKD (P = 0.009). In conclusion, the findings suggest that groundwater salinity may not be directly associated with CKD in southern Bangladesh, however, it may have an indirect association with the disorder through the association of hypertension with groundwater salinity. Further large scaled studies are required to answer the research hypothesis more clearly.

PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN IN DAIRY SECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY IN NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is an agro-based over-populated country. Development of socio-economic condition of Bangladesh fully depends upon the development of the village. Women in rural Bangladesh are major but largely unrecognized contributors to agricultural especially dairy sector and economic productivity. This paper undertaken to study the phenomenon of women in Agriculture: an examination in the Northern Districts of Bangladesh. It is a study of women participation &amp; contribution to agricultural activity, total agriculture production &amp; access of ownership in agriculture of women. Secondary data depend on primary data. Data has been collected from 5 different districts &amp; 11 different area of farmers group through organized questionnaires. All Information has been collected through Focus Group Discussion. Women are well represented as farmers and increasingly represented as livestock health workers in northern part of Bangladesh. This paper sheds light on the context of women in rural North West Bangladesh, identifying household and community gender norms and arising barriers to women’s participation. This paper sheds light on some key results achieved for women, with respect to social and economic empowerment. In closing, this paper captures key lessons learnt &amp; suggests some p

Head Injuries in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Northern Districts of Bangladesh

Objective: To analyze the autopsy findings in the cases of fatal head injuries due to road traffic accidents. Study Design : Retrospective study Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at the Rangpur Medical College morgue among victims of road traffic accidents (RTA) during the period of July 2014 to June 2016. It was conducted to ascertain the patterns of fatal head injuries due to road traffic accidents as documented during autopsies performed at Rangpur Medical College during (July 2014 to June 2016) the two years. Material &amp; Methods: Road traffic accident are the major causes of death worldwide. Head injuries is the single most common cause of mortality in road traffic accidents; head injuries being the most vulnerable part of the body. Total74 victims were taken from the road traffic accidents and died due to head injury. Aim of the study to find out the patterns of head injuries, their age and site distribution of different type of fractures. Results: The cases were seen more in the male victims (87.84%) as compared to female (12.16%). Present study showed that the place of occurrence of road traffic accident was more in the urban areas (77.03%) as compared to rural areas (22.97%). No one of the threewheeler riders was wearing helmets at the time of accidents. We observed subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in 63.83% followed by sub arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in 27.66% intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) 6.38% and least was extradural hemorrhage (EDH) 2.13% in twowheeler riders. while in three-wheeler riders SDH in 51.85% followed by SAH in 29.63% ICH in 11.11% and least was EDH in 7.41% in cases where skull fracture occurred. Most of the accident occurred at night. Conclusion: Head injury is one of the important causes of death in road traffic accidents. Most of the deaths occur on spot before any life support can be given to these subjects. The pattern of skull fractures observed in this study was quite comparable to other studies. It indicates that road traffic accidents lead to similar kinds of fatal head injuries throughout the world. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(1): 75-79

The Antecedents of Willingness to Adopt and Pay for the IoT in the Agricultural Industry: An Application of the UTAUT 2 Theory

This paper aims to examine the factors influencing the willingness of Bangladeshi farmers to adopt and pay for the Internet of Things (IoT) in the agricultural sector by applying the theoretical framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2). To this end, the study employed a quantitative research methodology and obtained data from 345 farmers from the northern districts of Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling method, a study of premium fruit growers was undertaken to assess IoT use in agriculture, and the primary survey data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach via AMOS 26. The study confirmed that effort expectancy, performance expectancy, facilitating condition, hedonic motivation, government support, price value, personal innovativeness, and trust influence the willingness of Bangladeshi farmers to adopt the IoT. Additionally, predictors such as trust and willingness to adopt were observed to influence the willingness to pay for the IoT, while the construct ‘performance expectancy’ produced no effect. The study also revealed that the willingness to adopt moderates the association between performance expectancy, price value, and willingness to pay for the IoT. This research has novel implications because it investigates the behavior of rural customers with respect to innovation adoption, which in this case is the IoT in agriculture. It outlines precise reasons for the willing adoption of the IoT in agriculture, which will, in turn, assist marketers of IoT technology in the design of appropriate marketing strategies to increase acceptance in rural areas. Using the proposed model that incorporates farmers’ willingness to pay, this empirical study takes the first step in examining whether farmers in a developing economy such as Bangladesh will adopt and pay for the IoT.

Identification of groundwater potential zone using geospatial techniques of agriculture dominated area in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh

Overexploitation of ground water for agriculture, household, industrial and other purposes create water scarcity in agriculture dominated Dinajpur area, a northern district of Bangladesh. To fulfill the water demand in this area, delineation of ground water potential zone is of paramount importance. The main objective of this study is to identify ground water potential zone in Dinajpur district. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based geospatial techniques are adopted in this study. Nine thematic layers such as elevation, drainage density, slope, geology, rainfall, soil, modified normalized difference water index, topographic wetness index, land use land cover is compiled through overlay analysis in ArcGIS 10.5 software to prepare ground water potential zone map. This map has been classified into five categories namely, poor, low, moderate, high, and excellent. The research demonstrates that highest percentage of land (37.40%) in the study area comprise of “high-excellent” ground water potential zone while the “poor” ground water potential zone comprises only 10.25 percentage followed by low to moderate 52.35 percentage. The area of Ghoraghat, Birampur, and Fulbari contribute “high-excellent” to ground water potential while “poor” ground water potential zone encompasses Birganj, Bochaganj, Kaharole, and Khansama sub-district. Finally, a relationship between these five zones and cropping intensity is determined. The findings of the study will be beneficial for the policy makers to conserve the ground water for sustainable use in water deficit region.

Factors associated with the timely initiation of antenatal care: findings from a cross-sectional study in Northern Bangladesh

ObjectiveThis paper explored the factors that influence the timely initiation of antenatal care (ANC) in Bangladesh.DesignThis was a cross-sectional survey.SettingThis study conducted in two rural subdistricts and one urban area...

Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh

ObjectiveDelays in seeking medical attention for childhood pneumonia may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at identifying the drivers of delayed seeking of treatment for severe childhood...

The anthropometric assessment of body composition and nutritional status in children aged 2–15 years: A cross-sectional study from three districts in Bangladesh

Early life nutrition plays a critical role in the development of better health and nutrition in adulthood. However, assessing the nutritional status of Bangladeshi children and adolescents through measurement of body composition using skinfold thickness is barely studied. The current study aims to determine children's body composition and nutritional status, and contributing factors among children aged 2 to 15 years in the northern part of Bangladesh. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done in Bangladesh. Anthropometric methods, including multiple skinfold thickness and basic anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics, were used. Body composition was calculated from multiple skinfold thicknesses using the standard regression equation. Nutritional status was measured using Z score according to WHO 2007 reference standard. A total of 330 children from Naogaon, Bogra and Kurigram districts in Bangladesh were examined from April 2019 to September 2019. The Nutritional status of 2-15 years old child is exceedingly poor in the northern part of Bangladesh. Fat mass and fat-free mass were higher among children from Kurigram district than from Bogra and Naogaon district. Body fat percentages and arm fat area were greater among female children than males. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was around 25%, 32% and 29%, respectively, and the rate was higher among girls and children aged 2-5 years. The average SD score for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age was -1.295, -0.937 and -1.009. The median weight-for-age and height-for-age Z scores of boys and girls were below the WHO reference percentile rank. Girls were twice (OR:1.951, CI:1.150-3.331) as likely to suffer from being underweight than boys. Children who don't practice handwashing are three times (OR:3.531, CI:1.657-7.525) more likely to be underweight. Children become underweight and stunted when their family income is not sufficient to maintain their nutritional requirements. The children of the three northern districts had a poor nutritional status, and family income was the potential contributing factor. Therefore, interventions like the promotion of income-generating activities and integrated approaches to ensuring food diversification could be an option to address the nutritional problem of children of the three northern districts of Bangladesh.

Medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases in the central part and a northern district of Bangladesh – An ethnopharmacological perception

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become more challenging to the treatment of infectious diseases. Easy access to antibiotics, self-medication and irrational uses of antibiotics have made this problem even worse in the developing countries like Bangladesh. However, the indigenous people of Bangladesh have been using traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries for the treatment of infections. The aim of study was to document the medicinal plants that are being traditionally used for the treatment of various types of infections in the central part and a northern district of Bangladesh through an ethnopharmacological survey. Materials and methodsThis survey involved interviewing 127 respondents including Ayurvedic and Unani practitioners (55.9 %), patients (16.5 %) and local inhabitants (27.6 %) to generate data that were analysed in the context of quantitave indices including Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor, Fidelity Level and Rank Order Priority. ResultsThe respondents recommended 71 medicinal plants belonging to 44 families that were used in this region for the treatment of various infections. The most cited plant families were Lamiaceae (26 citations), Meliaceae (23 citations) and Leguminasae (22 citations) whilst the most cited plant species wereAzadirachta indica A. Juss. (23 citations) and Ocimum tenuflorum L. (18 citations). Leaf was the most frequently used plant part in preparation. Plant species were documented based on rarity score, where 8.3 % species were found to be very rare. Most common method of preparation was power form (39 reports) followed by decoction. Bacterial pneumonia was recorded as highest FIC value with 0.94 with 19 use plants reported for 2 plant species. ConclusionThe present findings are encouraging to look into traditionally used plants to explore compounds which are responsible for anti-intective properties.

Survey on Rice Blast and Morphological Characterization of Magnaporthe oryzae oryzae

Aims: To survey and study morphological characterization of rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae oryzae (MoO) that has become a major factor limiting rice yield throughout the world.&#x0D; Study Design: Complete Randomized Design (CRD).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Mycology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from June 2018 to December 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: A survey was done in three northern districts of Bangladesh namely Gaibandha (Gobindogonj and Mohimagonj), Dinajpur (Birampur) and Bogura (Dupchanchia), disease incidence and severity was recorded and samples were collected. Five different media including Water Agar (WA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA), Rice flour Yeast Agar (RfYA) and Oat Meal Agar (OMA) were used to culture MoO. Colony characters like growth character, color, surface structure and shape of 28 MoO isolates were recorded in PDA.&#x0D; Results: Among the three surveyed districts, the highest incidence (84.26%) of blast was recorded from Gobindogonj with a severity score of 7. The highest severity score 9.00 (65%) of blast was recorded in Mohimagonj where blast incidence was only 29.12%. Among the five different growth media highest mycelia growth was observed in Oat Meal Agar (20 mm) and lowest in Water Agar (10mm) at 7 DAI. Colony color of all the isolates was whitish grey to blackish with sufficient growth and the average colony diameter was 50 mm.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that there is a certain level of morphological diversity such as mycelial growth rate and colony characters like color, surface structure and shape exists among isolates of MoO.

Assessing the Determinants of Food Security Status in Bangladesh: A Micro-Econometric Analysis

Food security is an intricate issue which includes diverse aspects as well as many linkages. In Bangladesh, food security is tried to be achieved by increasing the production of rice both by employing modern agricultural technology as well as by increasing the area under rice production. Despite the impressive gains in increasing domestic food grain production, problems of food and nutrition security still remain. Bangladesh is yet to achieve comprehensive food security that resolves the problems of inadequate food intake and chronic malnutrition among those who are poor and vulnerable. The main objective of this paper is to the contribution of different factors behind household food security status of 180 households in three Northern districts of Bangladesh. The study area was chosen because relatively little energy consumption data are available concerning this geographical area. The study used both primary and secondary data. Food security status of each household was assessed on the basis of the food security line using the daily calorie intake recommended by FAO. This method has proven to be efficient in measuring food security at household level. Additionally, the use of a logistic regression model identified the factors that plays crucial role in determining the food security status of the households. Results from the food security index revealed that more than 60 percent of households were with food insecurity. In addition, we found that total monthly household income, age of household head, education level of household head, household size, farm size, gender of household head, livestock ownership and quantity of cereal production had significant influence on food security status at the household level.

Impact of Weather on Crops in Few Northern Parts of Bangladesh: HCI and Machine Learning Based Approach

As Bangladesh is an agricultural country, the economy, as well as the food security of this country, mostly depends on the production level of different crops over the year. Therefore, there exists immense pressure on exaggerated crop production due to the fast growth of the population. But, the average production level is being hampered by the bad nature of the weather. We have conducted a survey on near about 100 farmers of two northern districts of Bangladesh: Pabna and Rajshahi and assessed the impact of rough nature on production. According to farmers and agriculturalists, it is noticed that rough weather causes about 30% to 70% production shortage than expectation with all other factors remaining constant. In this study, we have adopted Human-computer interaction (HCI) based approach (Soft System Methodology-SSM) to this aspect for efficacious collaboration with root-level farmers and agricultural trainers providing ease for understanding weather-related issues on the production of crops. Finally, some machine learning algorithms were also implemented on the obtained dataset to accurately classify the range of production level of rice and a comparison is made among the algorithms based on performance metrics. Moreover, an android based application is created to depict the summary of the study.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of a local community towards the prevention and control of rabies in Gaibandha, Bangladesh.

Objectives:Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rabies in the community are essential for developing post-exposure behavioral treatment and for understanding current prevention and control policy on rabies. This was a cross-sectional study in Gaibandha Sadar, a northern district of Bangladesh, investigating the level of KAP about rabies.Materials and methods:A total of 368 interviewed respondents, of whom 280 (76.09%) were male, and 88 (23.91%) were female. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection from respondents on socio-demographic information and KAP regarding rabies. The data analyzed with STATA-IC-11.0 and the association of independent variables with rabies KAP scores were calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square.Results:Most respondents had adequate KAP levels and positive thoughts on rabies prevention. The KAP scores were strongly associated with education and employment status (p < 0.05). Most respondents said that stray dogs are a headache in the area and believed that control of the dog population in Gaibandha is essential.Conclusion:These outcomes also revealed that there is an information gap about rabies that might improve by developing an education program for awareness.

Assessing Profitability, Marketing Activities and Problems in Modern Rice Production in Two Northern Districts of Bangladesh

This study estimated the cost and revenue of BRRI dhan 28 productions in two districts namely, Bogura and Gaibandha in Bangladesh. The paper also identifies farmers marketing activity and their production problems. Primary data were collected from 60 farm household’s survey using pretested semi-structured questionnaire during November to December, 2017. Farm level production and profitability were analysed by using net farm incomes and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) taking into account the variable cost and total cost. Applying descriptive statistics, the analysis showed that total cost of paddy production was higher in Bogura (BDT 44,555.3/acre) compared that of Gaibandha (BDT 42,199.5/acre) while net farm income was higher in Gaibandha (BDT 32992.2/acre) than Bogura (BDT 32475.9/acre). The analysis further showed that paddy production was profitable in both districts. BCR on the basis of variable cost and total cost indicated that return from paddy production was higher than cost which also ensures farmers profit in paddy production in both the districts. According to farmers’ opinion, disease infestation was the major production problem in Bogura district while both disease attack and natural calamities were the major production problems in Gaibandha district. Farmers’ suggested to reduce the cost of pesticides and they need marketing facilities to sell their product. They also suggested to establish cold storage facilities which create the opportunity to get fair price for their product.&#x0D; The Agriculturists 2019; 17(1-2) 31-40

Peripheral neuropathy among Bangladeshi Type 2 diabetic subjects

To determine the prevalence of DPN among a group of type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 640 urban (M/F, 244/396; age in years, 52.23611.8; BMI, 25.9563.9 Kg/m2) and 560 rural (M/F, 244/396; age in years, 50.89611.9; BMI, 24.1364.6). T2DM subjects, selected purposively from various health care facilities in Dhaka and Northern Districts of Bangladesh. Diagnosis of T2DM and DPN was done by WHO Study Group Criteria (following a 2-sample OGTT) and IWGDF recommendation respectively. DPN was assessed by using 5.07 (10-g) Semmes-Weinstein monofilament, 128 Hz tuning fork (for vibration sense), and two types of sensation test (fine, crude touch). DPN was present among 21.1% (95% CI, 18.8–23.4) of T2DM subjects. Regarding the sex specific, women (24.1%; CI, 21.0–27.2) showed about 1.5 times higher prevalence compared to that of men (16.0%; CI, 12.6–19.4) and the difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). The prevalence of DPN was much higher among rural subjects (24.5%; CI, 20.9–28.1) compare to the urban subject (18.1%; CI, 15.1–21.1) and the difference was highly significant (p < 0.001) between the two demographic locations. A large proportion of T2DM subjects in Bangladesh, both men and women, irrespective of urban or rural origin, suffer from neuropathy.

Mobile App for Maize: State of the Art, Potential Areas, and Future Directions in Bangladesh

The mobile phone is no longer just a communication device, but also an essential part of people’s entertainment and daily life. Now android system in the electronics market is becoming more and more popular, especially in the smartphone market. The most popular smartphone application is games followed by listening to music, watching videos, communicating with social media, exploring photos, taking selfies, etc. Mobile apps also become more popular than desktop computer-based software. The mobile phone is used for different purposes activities from simple communication to video conferencing, from playing games to the utilization of apps for day to day life. Since Mobile networks reach every corner of Bangladesh, it is now a potential time to use the mobile phone for providing need-based information to the farming communities for their benefit. Since Bangladesh is an agriculture-based country and most of the farming communities subsist in the northern part of Bangladesh. It was found that Nilphamari (Northern district of Bangladesh) suitable area for providing benefits to the farming communities by developing a mobile app. The researchers chose the disease identification and their’ management for the Maize crop as Maize is the 3rd most common in that area. This paper mainly discussed two sections; 1. The application interface in the Bengali language with multimodal function; text, voice with the local language, and images; 2. Feedback from the users about the app. It was found that most of the end-users were able to properly identify the diseases and manage them well.