Northern Chinese Population Research Articles

Founder Effect for the APOE Tokyo-Maebashi Variant in the Northern Chinese Population

Founder Effect for the APOE Tokyo-Maebashi Variant in the Northern Chinese Population

Cardiomyopathy-Associated Chronic HeartFailure in Infants Aged

There have been few large-scale studies on the outcomes of cardiomyopathy-associated heart failure (HF) in infants aged <1 year. This study aimed to assess longitudinal echocardiographic outcomes of infants with HF secondary to cardiomyopathy who survived for >1 year. A prospective observational study following 327 infant patients up to 5 years in 2 large pediatric heart centers in Northern China between January 2010 and December 2018. A total of 236 (72.2%) patients had reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HF with reduced ejection fraction group; LVEF <40%), 91 (27.8%) patients had midrange LVEF (HF with midrange ejection fraction group; LVEF ≥40% but <55%). LVEF improved significantly within the first year and remained stable in years 2 through 5 for both groups. The HF with midrange ejection fraction group had a higher rate of LVEF normalization (hazard ratio, 1.65; P<0.001). Baseline LVEF ≥40%, baseline left ventricular end-diastolic diameter Z score <7.8, the absence of left bundle-branch block, and the absence of β-blocker use were 4 independent favorable predictors for future LVEF normalization. A total of 62.4% of enrolled patients were diagnosed with left ventricular noncompaction. No significant difference in LVEF normalization was found among the different types of cardiomyopathy studied. A significant number of infants with cardiomyopathy who survived >1 year were found to improve with medical therapies during the first year of diagnosis. Poorer outcomes were associated with decreased LVEF and increased heart size at diagnosis baseline, the presence of left bundle-branch block and use of β blockers. The Northern Chinese pediatric population may have a high proportion of left ventricular noncompaction.

Age estimation from median palatine suture using computed tomography reconstructed 3D images: a comparison of Northern and Southwestern Chinese populations.

To investigate the potential of computed tomography (CT) images of median palatine suture (MP) for adult age estimation in the Northern and Southwestern Chinese populations. A total of 1110 cranial CT scans from individuals aged 10-79years, including 557 northern Chinese and 553 southwestern Chinese, were collected for analysis. After volume reformation and multiplanar reconstruction, a total of 20 slices of median palatine suture were selected from each individual. The closure of sutures was analyzed into four stages, and the cumulative scores of 20 slices were recorded as the suture closure score (SCS). The correlations between SCS and age were compared among the two Chinese populations residing in diverse geographic regions. Regression models were established for age estimation. The estimation accuracy was evaluated based on the test set. The mean absolute error (MAE) and the correlation between predicted age and chronological age were calculated to evaluate estimation accuracy. The SCS of MP exhibited a significant correlation with age (0.613, northern male; 0.678, southwestern male; 0.730, northern female; 0.704, Southwestern female; 0.662, total). Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in SCS among different regions and sex groups (p < 0.001). The cubic regression model had the highest R2 value in all subjects, especially among Northern females and Southwestern males, while the power and quadratic regression models showed the highest R2 value in Northern males and Southwestern females, respectively. In the test set, the Northern cohort demonstrated a lower MAE (9.06 ± 7.32years, males; 9.17 ± 5.28years, females) compared to the Southwestern cohort (9.19 ± 7.49years, male; 10.61 ± 6.83years, female). Additionally, it was observed that males exhibited a lower MAE than females in both regional groups. This study demonstrated the potential utility of CT images of the MP for age estimation in Chinese populations, emphasizing the significance of incorporating regional and sex factors within this context.

Toll-like receptors 2 polymorphism is associated with psoriasis: A case-control study in the northern Chinese population

Toll-like receptors 2 polymorphism is associated with psoriasis: A case-control study in the northern Chinese population

Age-related patterns in mandibular third molar eruption: presenting new forensic age assessment reference data from a Chinese population.

Valid reference data are essential for reliable forensic age assessment procedures in the living, a fact that extends to the trait of mandibular third molar eruption in dental panoramic radiographs (PAN). The objective of this study was to acquire valid reference data for a northern Chinese population. The study was guided by the criteria for reference studies in age assessment.To this end, a study population from China comprising 917 panoramic radiographs obtained from 430 females and 487 males aged between 15.00 and 25.99 years was analysed. Of the 917 PANs, a total of 1230 mandibular third molars were evaluated.The PANs, retrospectively evaluated, were performed for medical indication during the period from 2016 to 2021. The assessment of mandibular third molars was conducted using the staging scale presented by Olze et al. in 2012. Two independent examiners, trained in assessing PANs for forensic age estimation, evaluated the images. In instances where the two examiners diverged in their assessments these were subsequently deliberated, and a consensus stage was assigned.The mean age increased with higher stages for both teeth and both sexes. The minimum age recorded for stage D, indicating complete tooth eruption, was 15.6 years in females and 16.1 years in males. Consequently, the completion of mandibular third molar eruption was observed in both sexes well before reaching the age of 18. In light of our results, it is evident that relying solely on the assessment of mandibular third molar eruption may not be sufficient for accurately determining the age of majority. Contrary to previous literature, this finding of a completed eruption of the mandibular third molars in northern Chinese individuals is only suitable for detecting the completion of the 16th year of life in males according to our results. However, as the results are inconsistent compared to other studies in the literature, the trait should not be used as the only decisive marker to prove this age threshold in males from northern China.

Different radius of curvature at the talus trochlea from northern Chinese population measured using 3D model

BackgroundTo analyze the curvature characteristics of the talus trochlea in people from northern China in different sex and age groups.MethodsComputed tomography scanning data of talus from 61 specimens were collected and constructed as a three-dimensional model by Materialise’s Interactive Medical Image Control System(MIMICS) software, anteromedial(AM), posteromedial(PM), anterolateral(AL), and posterolateral(PL) edge, anterior edge of medial trochlea, posterior edge of medial trochlea and anterior edge of lateral trochlea were defined according to the anatomical landmarks on trochlear surface. The curvature radii for different areas were measured using the fitting radius and measure module.ResultsThere were significant differences among the talus curvatures in the six areas (F = 54.905, P = 0.000), and more trends in the analytical results were as follows: PM > PL > MP > AL > MA > AM. The average PL radius from specimens aged > 38 years old was larger than that from specimens aged < = 38 years (t=-2.303, P = 0.038). The talus curvature of the AM for males was significantly larger than that for females (t = 4.25, P = 0.000), and the curvature of the AL for males was larger than that for females (t = 2.629, P = 0.010). For observers aged < = 38 years, the AM curvature of the right talus in the male group was significantly larger than that in the female group (P < 0.01). In age < = 38years group, the MA curvature of right talus in male was significantly larger than in female group(P < 0.01), fitting radius of talus for male (21.90 ± 1.97 mm) was significantly greater than female of this(19.57 ± 1.26 mm)(t = 6.894, P = 000). The average radius of the talus in the male population was larger than that in the female population.ConclusionThere was no significant relationship between age and talus curvature for males and females. The radius of curvature in the posterior area was significantly larger than that in the anterior area. We recommend that this characteristic of the talus trochlea should be considered when designing the talus component in total ankle replacement (TAR).

Age Estimation by Machine Learning and CT-Multiplanar Reformation of Cranial Sutures in Northern Chinese Han Adults.

To establish age estimation models of northern Chinese Han adults using cranial suture images obtained by CT and multiplanar reformation (MPR), and to explore the applicability of cranial suture closure rule in age estimation of northern Chinese Han population. The head CT samples of 132 northern Chinese Han adults aged 29-80 years were retrospectively collected. Volume reconstruction (VR) and MPR were performed on the skull, and 160 cranial suture tomography images were generated for each sample. Then the MPR images of cranial sutures were scored according to the closure grading criteria, and the mean closure grades of sagittal suture, coronal sutures (both left and right) and lambdoid sutures (both left and right) were calculated respectively. Finally taking the above grades as independent variables, the linear regression model and four machine learning models for age estimation (gradient boosting regression, support vector regression, decision tree regression and Bayesian ridge regression) were established for northern Chinese Han adults age estimation. The accuracy of each model was evaluated. Each cranial suture closure grade was positively correlated with age and the correlation of sagittal suture was the highest. All four machine learning models had higher age estimation accuracy than linear regression model. The support vector regression model had the highest accuracy among the machine learning models with a mean absolute error of 9.542 years. The combination of skull CT-MPR and machine learning model can be used for age estimation in northern Chinese Han adults, but it is still necessary to combine with other adult age estimation indicators in forensic practice.

Association between FOXP3 polymorphisms and expression and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder risk in the Northern Chinese Han population.

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. In the present study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms, namely, rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs3761549, to determine the relationship between FOXP3 polymorphisms and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) susceptibility among the Northern Chinese Han population. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms at loci of the FOXP3 gene (rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs3761549136) in 136 NMOSD patients and 224 healthy subjects using the multiplex SNaPshot technique. Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were compared. qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of FOXP3 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 63 NMOSD patients and 35 healthy subjects. Non-parametric tests were used to test the FOXP3 mRNA expression across the different groups. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of G in rs2232365 was markedly lower in the NMOSD group than in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.41-0.79, p = 0.001). Using genetic (codominant, dominant, and recessive) models and performing haplotype analyses, the MAF of G in rs2232365 was shown to be associated with protection against NMOSD in this population. Furthermore, haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype GCT and the rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs3761549 alleles predicted protection against NMOSD (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41-0.97, p = 0.038). The proportions of the three genotypes of rs2232365 (p = 0.001) were not significantly different between the moderate-to-severe (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≥ 3 points) and mild (EDSS < 3 points) groups. Evidently, the proportion of patients with the AA genotype (64.3%) among the rs2232365 patients was significantly greater in the moderate-to-severe group than in the mild group (36.4%). However, the proportion of patients with the GG genotype (15.2%) among the rs2232365 patients was significantly greater in the mild group than in the moderate-to-severe group (2.9%). The mRNA expression of FOXP3 was markedly greater in the NMOSD group than in the control group (p = 0.001). Nevertheless, acute non-treatment patients exhibited lower FOXP3 mRNA expression than healthy controls and patients in the remission group (p = 0.004 and 0.007, respectively). FOXP3 polymorphisms and haplotypes are related to NMOSD susceptibility among the Han Chinese population. The minor allele G of FOXP3 rs2232365 and the haplotype GCT are associated with protection against NMOSD. The GG genotype may decrease the severity of NMOSD, whereas the AA genotype is related to moderate-to-severe NMOSD. FOXP3 mRNA expression is greater in patients with NMOSD than in healthy controls. However, it is decreased in acute non-treatment patients compared with healthy controls.

Genomic insight into the origin, domestication, dispersal, diversification and human selection of Tartary buckwheat.

Tartary buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum, is a pseudocereal crop with worldwide distribution and high nutritional value. However, the origin and domestication history of this crop remain to be elucidated. Here, by analyzing the population genomics of 567 accessions collected worldwide and reviewing historical documents, we find that Tartary buckwheat originated in the Himalayan region and then spread southwest possibly along with the migration of the Yi people, a minority in Southwestern China that has a long history of planting Tartary buckwheat. Along with the expansion of the Mongol Empire, Tartary buckwheat dispersed to Europe and ultimately to the rest of the world. The different natural growth environments resulted in adaptation, especially significant differences in salt tolerance between northern and southern Chinese Tartary buckwheat populations. By scanning for selective sweeps and using a genome-wide association study, we identify genes responsible for Tartary buckwheat domestication and differentiation, which we then experimentally validate. Comparative genomics and QTL analysis further shed light on the genetic foundation of the easily dehulled trait in a particular variety that was artificially selected by the Wa people, a minority group in Southwestern China known for cultivating Tartary buckwheat specifically for steaming as a staple food to prevent lysine deficiency. This study provides both comprehensive insights into the origin and domestication of, and a foundation for molecular breeding for, Tartary buckwheat.

Association of the RNF146 rs2180341 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis in Northern Chinese Population

Association of the RNF146 rs2180341 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis in Northern Chinese Population

Prevalence and anatomic associations of middle mesial canals and isthmi in mandibular first molars: A CBCT-based study in a Northern Chinese population.

This study investigated the prevalence of the middle mesial canal (MMC) and isthmus in a northern Chinese subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 1060 mandibular first molars (MFMs) were analysed. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). The prevalence of MMC and isthmus was 15.2% and 40.6%, respectively. The average dentinal thickness in the danger zone was 1.61 ± 0.14 mm. Patients younger than 40 years were two times more likely to have MMC (odds ratio [OR] = 2.204). Additionally, for every 1 mm reduction in the MB-ML orifice distance, the likelihood of detection of MMC in MFM nearly doubled (OR = 1.738). Furthermore, MFMs with MB-ML isthmus were five times more likely to exhibit MMC than those without it (OR = 4.756). The findings revealed that the prevalence of MMC and isthmus in MFMs is high and suggested that anatomical and demographic variables can serve as valuable indicators for clinicians in anticipating their presence.

CD33 polymorphisms and Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease in northern Chinese Han population: A case-control study

ObjectiveParkinson's disease (PD) represents the multisystem illness involving immunological and neuroinflammatory dysfunction. The present work focused on evaluating link of CD33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with PD vulnerability of the northern Chinese Han people, considering CD33’s role as a critical immunoregulatory receptor in neuroinflammatory responses. MethodsThe present case-control study included 475 PD cases together with 475 normal controls. A further division of PD patients into two categories was made: 74 patients with early-onset PD (EOPD; onset age ≤ 50 years) and 401 patients with late-onset PD (LOPD; onset age > 50 years). DNA extraction was conducted, followed by genotyping for 2SNPs of CD33 polymorphisms with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP). ResultsAlleles (G vs. A, P = 0.028) and AA genotypes (P = 0.042) of rs12985029 were significantly different between the groups. Distinctions were observed between the two groups in the recessive, co-dominant, and additive models (nominal P = 0.030, nominal P = 0.045, and P = 0.032). AA genotype frequency among male PD was higher compared to corresponding male controls (P = 0.034), and in the male group allele A was a factor causing the disease (P = 0.026). The rs12985029 genotypes and allele frequency were different in EOPD compared with LOPD (P = 0.002, P = 0.002, respectively), and in LOPD group relative to healthy control group (P = 0.020 and P = 0.004, separately). Regarding the rs3826656 polymorphism, the frequency of GA genotype was higher in the control group than in the case group (nominal P = 0.036). Overdominance and co-dominant models were different between these groups (P = 0.026, nominal P = 0.030). Subgroup analysis revealed genotype frequency differences between rs3826656 LOPD group and control group (P = 0.018). Furthermore, relationship between rs3826656 and rs12985029 (D' = 0.162, r2 = 0.021) did not reach a complete level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) of northern Chinese Han people. ConclusionThis study establishes an association between CD33 rs12985029 and rs3826656 polymorphisms and PD risk among the selected northern Chinese Han people. The GA genotype, rs3826656, may act as a protective factor against PD, while the A allele, rs12985029,could be genetic risk factor related to PD. Future research should include larger sample sizes and other human populations to further investigate how CD33 polymorphisms contribute to PD.

Myelosuppression Caused by Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in the Northern Chinese Population and the Role of Body Composition.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between lean body mass (LBM) and the incidence and severity of neutropenia in patients with malignant tumors from Northern China who have received nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel. Twenty-six patients with pathologically confirmed malignant tumors were prospectively included in this study. These 26 patients were divided into Group A (sarcopenia) and Group B (nonsarcopenia). Group A comprised 50% (13/26) of the patients, while Group B comprised the other 50% (13/26). There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in terms of body surface area (P = .052). The incidence of neutropenia in Group A was 76.9% compared to 61.5% in Group B (P = .0673). The incidence of Grade 3 and severe neutropenia was 76.9% versus 61.5% in Groups A and B, respectively (P = .645). These 26 patients were divided into Groups 1 and 2 based on the administered nab-paclitaxel dose per kilogram of LBM, with both groups receiving a body surface area dose of 260 mg/m2 . Group 1 received a nab-paclitaxel dose of 14.19 mg/kg of LBM, whereas Group 2 received 11.37 mg/kg of LBM. In Group 1, the incidence of neutropenia was 71.4%, whereas it was 66.7% in Group 2. Grade 3 or higher neutropenia incidence was 28.6% in Group 1 versus 16.7% in Group 2. Patients with sarcopenia in northern China experienced a higher incidence of severe neutropenia after receiving nab-paclitaxel than patients without sarcopenia. Higher drug dose intensity per unit of LBM may be a contributing factor.

Reference intervals for LC-MS /MS measurements of plasma renin activity, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and 24-hour urinary aldosterone in Northern Chinese Han population

BackgroundExamination of aldosterone to Renin Ratio (ARR) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) or 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (24-h UALD) was the necessary tests in confirmatory tests for primary aldosteronism (PA). We developed a combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) for plasma renin activity (PRA), PAC, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and investigated their reference intervals (RIs) in northern Chinese Han population. The RIs of 24-h UALD excretion were also studied using LC-MS/MS. MethodsA total of 309 healthy volunteers were recruited in 3 cities in China. PRA, PAC, Ang II, and 24-h UALD were measured using the laboratory-developed LC-MS/MS. Multiple linear regression and the variance component model were applied to determine if the RI needed to be split. The RIs of PRA, PAC, and Ang II were determined using the nonparametric percentile method. ResultsThe laboratory-developed LC-MS/MS method was verified and showed good performance. Standard deviation ratio (SDR) sex for PAC and SDR region for Ang II are 0.466 and 0.407, respectively, indicating that the RIs of PAC and Ang II must be divided by sex and region, respectively. In addition, the SDR 24hUK for 24-h UALD is 0.579, indicating that the RI of 24-h UALD must be partitioned by urine potassium. ConclusionRIs were established for tests related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the apparently healthy northern Chinese Han population by the LC-MS/MS method.

Accuracy comparison of tooth volume and mesiodistal diameter measurements for sex dimorphism based on cone-beam computed tomography: a study for the northern Chinese population.

Sex estimation based on teeth could help to narrow the scope for individual identification. According to the different teeth morphology among both genders, we plan to establish a sex estimation method for the northern Chinese population through mesiodistal diameter and teeth volume measurements and compare the accuracy of the two methods. In this study, measurements were taken from cone-beam computed tomography images collected from 142 males and 140 females aged 21-59years. The mesiodistal diameter and volume of the left canines and the first molars in both upper and lower jaws were measured and analyzed for suitable coefficients. We selected 80% samples as the training set to set up the logistic regression formulas and 20% as the test set to obtain accuracy. The accuracy of sex estimation by mesiodistal diameter can reach 87.50%, and the volume is up to 78.57%. The measurement of mesiodistal diameter is less time-consuming. This work established and tested a method to estimate sex for the northern Chinese population. Results showed that sex estimation based on the mesiodistal diameter of teeth has higher accuracy than the method based on teeth volume.

Newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism in a northern Chinese population.

Newborn screening (NBS) for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) has been successfully implemented in China. However, the data on the IEM profiles in many regions are lacking. This study aimed to report the incidence, disease spectrum, and genetic profile of IEMs in northern China. A total of 36,590 newborns were screened using tandem mass spectrometry between January 2016 and April 2022. Newborns with positive results were referred for confirmatory testing. Ten patients were confirmed to have IEMs, with an overall incidence of 1:3,539 in the Rizhao region. Five types of IEMs were detected, including four patients with propionic acidemia (PA), three patients with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), one of each with citrin deficiency, primary carnitine deficiency, and isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. PA was the most common IEM, with an unexpectedly high incidence of 1:8,848, followed by MMA, with an incidence rate of 1:11,797. All patients had abnormal screening markers and harbored biallelic variants in their respective causative genes. Two novel PCCB variants (c.505G>A and c.1123_1124insG) were identified in patients with PA. In silico analyses predicted that these two variants were potentially pathogenic. This study preliminarily clarified the incidence, disease spectrum, and genetic profile of IEMs in the Rizhao region. PA is the most common IEM and MMA is the second most common in our region. The two novel identified PCCB variants further expand the variant spectrum of PA. More attention should be paid to NBS, early diagnosis, and management of PA and MA.

Study on geometry and morphology of proximal humerus in Northern Chinese population based on 3-D CT

BackgroundThis study investigated the characteristics of humeral geometric and morphological parameters in northern Chinese population by three-dimensional measurements, and compared whether there were differences in humeral morphology among populations from different geographical regions.MethodsComputed tomography scans of 80 humerus were obtained, reconstructed and measured. Differences in humeral morphological parameters between genders and sides were compared. Correlation analysis was used to explore possible correlations among the parameters. The differences in humeral geometric morphometric parameters between Western and East Asian populations were compared according to pool results of present and previous studies.ResultsThe average (and standard deviation) of humeral head radius curvature, arc angle, diameter, and thickness was 151.79 ± 6.69°, 23.36 ± 2.08 mm, 44.83 ± 3.92 mm and 17.55 ± 1.84 mm in coronal humeral head plane, and 152.05 ± 8.82°, 21.81 ± 1.88 mm, 41.77 ± 3.44 mm and 16.52 ± 1.92 mm in transversal humeral head plane. The average of the humeral head medial offset and posterior offset was 7.34 ± 2.47 mm and 0.08 ± 1.72 mm. Humeral head inclination angle, arc angle and radius curvature of humeral neck-shaft averaged 137.69 ± 4.92°, 34.7 ± 5.29° and 55.76 ± 13.43 mm. Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior concave angle of humeral anatomical neck averaged 150.41 ± 10.91°, 146.55 ± 10.12°, 146.43 ± 13.53° and 149.33 ± 14.07°. The average of height of the greater tuberosity, height of the lesser tuberosity, depth, concave angle and volume of the intertubercular groove was 14.19 ± 1.7 mm, 8.9 ± 1.54 mm, 0.92 ± 0.31 mm3, 31.28 ± 9.61 mm, 4.98 ± 1.19 mm and 89.35 ± 17.62°. The upper angle of the greater tuberosity averaged 161.04 ± 7.84°, the upper angle of the greater tuberosity was 165.94 ± 3.6°. Differences in parameters of proximal humerus between genders and sides were found. There was no correlation between parameters of proximal humerus and age. Correlations were found among humeral morphological parameters. East Asian populations differed in proximal humeral morphology from Western populations.ConclusionsThis study will provide references for diagnosing and classifying shoulder disease, designing prosthesis and instrument, enhancing surgical precision and guiding patient recovery.

Associations between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and all-cause mortality in adults living in north China

Objective: To investigate the associations between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24hUNaE) and all-cause mortality in adult Northern Chinese population. Methods: Data from this study were derived from the prospective urban and rural epidemiology (PURE) study in north China. Baseline information of all participants were obtained by face to face interview through trained research staffs based on questionnaires, and morning fasting urine samples of participants were collected to estimate 24hUNaE and 24-hour potassium excretion (24hUKE). Multivariable frailty Cox regression models were used to explore the association between 24hUNaE (<3.00, 3.00-3.99, 4.00-4.99, 5.00-5.99 and ≥6 g/d) and all-cause death. Results: A total of 27 310 participants were included in this study. The mean 24hUNaE was (5.84±1.73) g/d. After a median follow-up of 8.8 years, 1 024 participants died (3.7%), including 390 cardiovascular related deaths and 591 non-cardiovascular related deaths. The cause of death of the remaining patients could not be determined. Using 24hUNaE level of 4.00-4.99 g/d as the reference group, after fully adjustment, 24hUNaE ≥6.00 g/d was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (HR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.49) and cardiovascular related death (HR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.02-1.88). 24hUNaE<3.00 g/d was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.38, 95%CI: 0.96-1.99). There was no significant association between 24hUNaE and non-cardiovascular related death. Furthermore, using the combination of 24hUNaE 4.00-4.99 g/d and 24hUKE≥2.11 g/d as the reference group, the highest risk occurred in participants with the combination of low sodium (<3.00 g/d) and low potassium (<2.11 g/d). Conclusion: 24hUNaE equal or higher than 6 g/d or lower than 3 g/d is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular related death in Northern Chinese population. Besides, moderate sodium intake in combination with increased potassium intake might reduce the risk of all-cause death.

Genetic variation within the pri-let-7f-2 in the X chromosome predicting stroke risk in a Chinese Han population from Liaoning, China: From a case-control study to a new predictive nomogram.

Stroke is the most common cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to identify patients at risk of developing stroke. This case-control study aimed to create and verify a gender-specific genetic signature-based nomogram to facilitate the prediction of ischemic stroke (IS) risk using only easily available clinical variables. A total of 1,803 IS patients and 1,456 healthy controls from the Liaoning province in China (Han population) were included which randomly divided into training cohort (70%) and validation cohort (30%) using the sample function in R software. The distribution of the pri-let-7f-2 rs17276588 variant genotype was analyzed. Following genotyping analysis, statistical analysis was used to identify relevant features. The features identified from the multivariate logistic regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and univariate regression were used to create a multivariate prediction nomogram model. A calibration curve was used to determine the discrimination accuracy of the model in the training and validation cohorts. External validity was also performed. The genotyping analysis identified the A allele as a potential risk factor for IS in both men and women. The nomogram identified the rs17276588 variant genotype and several clinical parameters, including age, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, history of alcohol use, history of smoking, and hyperlipidemia as risk factors for developing IS. The calibration curves for the male and female models showed good consistency and applicability. The pri-let-7f-2 rs17276588 variant genotype is highly linked to the incidence of IS in the northern Chinese Han population. The nomogram we devised, which combines genetic fingerprints and clinical data, has a lot of promise for predicting the risk of IS within the Chinese Han population.

Foundation and Frontier – Centenary Path of Dental Anthropology in China

Dental anthropology has been developed for 100 years in China. In this paper, the author reviews the articles on dental anthropology related to Chinese materials in the past one hundred years and briefly introduces the issues involved such as human evolution, and the interaction of different populations in historical periods. Results and discussion. The work of foreign scholars has been the foundation of Chinese paleoanthropology and dental anthropology since the discovery of the Hetao human teeth and the Zhoukoudian site. Since then, dental anthropology in China has gone through a phase of material accumulation, a phase of introducing the American ASUDAS in the 1990s, and a phase of prosperity in the last 30 years. The numerous discoveries and the application of new techniques have brought Chinese dental anthropology to an international level. Until now, there are more than 70 human fossil sites in China, over 60 of which contain human dental remains. Less material has been found from the early Pleistocene, and there is some controversy on whether they belong to the genus Homo. While early Middle Pleistocene Homo erectus teeth show primitiveness and some special features, the late Middle Pleistocene human teeth show greater variability, and mosaic features, and there is some controversy on whether some fossils belong to early Homo sapiens or other taxa. The Late Pleistocene human dentition is related to the question of how and when early modern human appeared in China and the evolution of early modern humans. However, due to the incompleteness of the material, the question of human origins is a matter of multidisciplinary and comprehensive interpretation. About 10 sites were studied from Neolithic to modern human dentition using the American ASUDAS. These results show the consistency of non-metric traits in teeth and skulls, display differences between northern and southern Chinese populations, and reveal the exchange between northwestern Chinese and western populations. Some of these results have been confirmed by paleogenomics. Conclusion. Anthropologists began to pay more attention to the morphology of modern human teeth. In the future, the application of new methods and the collection of modern human materials will help us better understand the evolution of ancient humans, population interaction.