Northern Brazil Research Articles

Epidemiological profile of bronchial lung cancer between the years 2013 to 2023 in the northern region of Brazil

Lung and bronchial cancer is one of the leading causes of death in Brazil, with higher incidence among men, although the number of cases in women is increasing. Smoking is the main risk factor, but late diagnosis worsens disease progression, especially in marginalized regions like the North of the country. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the evolution of lung and bronchial cancer cases in the North region of Brazil over the past ten years. Data were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and the oncology panel, organized by age group, sex, and state. Analyses were conducted using RStudio and Excel. The state of Pará showed the highest increase in lung and bronchial cancer cases in 2023, followed by Rondônia and Amazonas, which recorded significant increases in 2021. A rise in cases was observed with advancing age, especially among men. The results suggest that delayed diagnosis, combined with the precariousness of the healthcare infrastructure in Northern Brazil, may contribute to disease progression and increased mortality. The marginalization of this region in the national healthcare context is a relevant factor in this scenario. It is concluded that delayed diagnosis and structural failures in the healthcare system are key determinants of the increase in lung and bronchial cancer cases in the North region, and that structural measures are necessary to improve early diagnosis and reduce mortality.

Climate change and environmental degradation in Yanomami People’s Land: Intersectional threats and the need for improved policy-making

The Yanomami are an Amazonian Indigenous people in northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. The Yanomami are considered a ‘recent contact Indigenous People’, with the first contacts with non-indigenous recorded between 1910 and 1940 and with some groups in voluntary isolation. They are one of the resilient peoples that practise their traditional way of life, which involves a strong connection to the land and the environment. Following an expert-driven literature review based on a set of available documentation on the Brazilian Indigenous Peoples, focusing on the overlapping threats that affect Indigenous Lands and triangulating the information collected with data produced on Brazilian Amazon Rainforest Monitoring Program by Satellite (PRODES) within the Space Research National Institute (INPE), this communication presents a case analysis of the main pressures and threats Yanomami People faces. The overlapped threats manifest in structural and cyclical issues, linked to the environmental crisis arising from extractives’ illegal activities, such as logging, and mining invasions, the recurrent attacks, mercury contamination of the river water, malnutrition caused by contaminated fish, scarcity of hunting, and violence committed against the people, especially women and children. Added to these multiple social, political, and environmental threats are the impacts of climate change, which disproportionately affect forest peoples. Deforestation, fires, drought, and other extreme events that are linked to climate change effects are analysed, leading to reflections on Brazilian government policies' influence and on the urgency to implement policies in defence of Indigenous Lands, the Amazon Forest, and its guardians.

EVALUATION OF INTERNET ACCESS BY STUDENTS AT A FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN NORTHERN BRAZIL

Objective: This study presents the results of assessing Internet access by students at a federal educational institution in northern Brazil. Theoretical Framework: The study's theoretical framework relates information technologies through Internet access to learning. It shows that the more adequate Internet access is in educational institutions' daily routines, the better the students' performance in learning and its developments in technical, scientific, and technological production. Method: The method used was a survey, the population of which consisted of students who attended classes during the three shifts during which the institution operated. The students were consulted through a questionnaire with multiple-choice questions, the results of which were generated using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables. Results and Discussion: The findings showed deficiencies in a) the connection attributes, b) insufficient connection about the types of use by students, c) the connection provided is of low quality, and d) there is excess demand about the low institutional supply, especially in the evening shift. Research Implications: This study shows that internet services must be the object of multidisciplinary treatment and cannot represent the exclusive view of ICT professionals or education specialists. Unidisciplinary views prevent several fundamental nuances of institutional core activities from being overlooked. Originality/Value: The research's originality lies in the empirical observation that educational institutions must strategically plan long-term internet provision jointly by ICT professionals, education specialists, teachers, and students.

Hepatitis A, B, and C in Brazilian Afro-Descendant Communities from Northeast Brazil: A Seroepidemiological Survey

Background: Viral hepatitis is a disease that is more prevalent among individuals residing in remote regions and in contexts of social vulnerability. The objective of this study was to ascertain the seroprevalence of hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV) in vulnerable communities in the rural area of São João do Piauí (SJP), northern Brazil. Methods: Immunoenzymatic assays were employed to detect the presence of anti-HAV (total and IgM), HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV serological markers in serum samples. Samples that yielded positive results were subjected to further analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 492 individuals, ranging in age from 3 to 101 years, were consecutively recruited from eight rural communities. The majority of individuals were female (51.2%), over 30 years of age (57.1%), self-identified as Black/Brown (92.2%), and resided in Afro-Brazilian communities, designated as “quilombos” (68.1%). The seroprevalence of anti-HAV was 69.5% (95% CI: 65.4–73.6%), while that of anti-HBc was 4.7% (95% CI: 2.8–6.6%), and that of anti-HBs was 35.2% (95% CI: 30.1–39.4%), and 0.2% (95% CI:0.0–0.6%) for anti-HCV. Conclusions: The seroprevalence rates observed were higher than the national average, and a significant proportion of individuals in the target age groups were susceptible to HBV, despite the availability of vaccination. These findings highlight potential shortcomings in the management of vaccine-preventable diseases, which could have implications for public health.

Latest Triassic Active Aeolian Dune Field Preserved by CAMP‐Related Lava Flows

ABSTRACTFieldwork investigations and stratigraphic analyses in the Parnaíba Basin, northern Brazil, reveal the interaction of the uppermost part of the Triassic Sambaíba aeolian dune field (erg) system with the latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic Mosquito lava flows. The lava flows originated as part of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP, ~201 Ma) and covered the aeolian system, allowing almost complete preservation of large‐scale in situ aeolian bedforms, even preserving lee‐ and stoss‐side. During the emplacement, the lava flows interacted with unconsolidated aeolian sediment, generating sediment–lava deformation features that are preserved at the interface between these units. This occurrence attests to arid conditions in the low latitudes of Gondwana at the Triassic–Jurassic transition.

Drivers of growth and decay of Sargassum in the Tropical Atlantic: A Lagrangian approach

The proliferation of Sargassum in the Tropical Atlantic has occurred almost every year since 2011, but a strong variability of biomass is observed among years. Essential knowledge about the drivers of Sargassum growth and decay is still lacking to explain this interannual variability. Benefiting from accurate basin scale Sargassum detections provided by remote sensing, and from physical and biogeochemical ocean simulations, we developed a Lagrangian drift-growth model to simulate Sargassum distribution over the period 2016–2020. The resulting trajectories and biomass time series of Sargassum aggregates were analyzed to highlight the main limiting factors of growth and decay. The nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations are found to be weakly restrictive compared to physical limiting factors, especially the temperature. In particular, the warm waters found off northern Brazil appear to be instrumental in triggering the end of seasonal growth of Sargassum. The timing of the seasonal warming of this region strongly impacts the quantities of Sargassum simulated each year. This suggests that this region should be monitored to anticipate the development of Sargassum and resulting strandings.

Application of spatiotemporal scan statistics in cases of intentional homicides in northern Brazil

The crime of intentional homicide in Brazil is worrying. In the northern region, this type of crime has been growing since 2020. In this sense, we decided to apply Kuldorff's prospective space-time scan statistics in order to identify emerging counties. We conclude that there are two emerging clusters of high relative risk (Amazonas and Pará) that require rapid intervention and two clusters of low relative risk (Acre, Roraima, Amazonas, Amapá and Pará) that do not require urgent intervention. Some characteristics of these two clusters are presented: radius, population, relative risk, likelihood ratio.

Tree holes as a source of water for primate species in an Amazonian Forest fragment, northern Brazil

Abstract. Water is an essential nutrient for living beings and is fundamental to metabolic processes. Under free-living conditions, primate individuals can use different strategies, skills, and resources to access water. Here, we report on observations of water consumption in Ateles chamek and Sapajus apella; describe the environmental conditions in which such events were observed, as well as the behavior of the individuals; and compare these observations with similar records in neotropical primates. Water consumption was observed during primate surveys in a forest fragment of approximately 52 ha bordered by the Jaru River, located southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, Vale do Paraíso municipality, state of Rondônia, Brazil. To access water, individuals of A. chamek used their tails, whereas S. apella used a leaf as a tool. Our observations suggest that tree holes may be important water sources for primates in forest fragments and that individuals of different species use different strategies to collect water from tree holes. Access and consumption strategies are directly associated with different cognitive skills and behaviors, which may include using tools, as in the case of capuchins. As water consumption records are limited, these findings highlight the need for continuous reporting to better understand water acquisition. Such reports are especially needed in the context of fragmented and degraded habitats, where water availability is affected by edge effects and the reduction in both fleshy fruits and moisture, which are important for primate species.

Reassessing ayahuasca regulation in Brazil: strategic framing and cumulative gains

Background In the early twentieth century, ayahuasca gained popularity in northern Brazil, causing political tension due to moral hostility. However, over the course of the century, despite the proscription of DMT and the intensification of the ‘War on Drugs’, three phases of cumulative political gains eventually led to the full regulation of ayahuasca, in 2010. How was this achieved? Methods This paper provides a comprehensive reassessment of the existing literature on ayahuasca in Brazil, utilizing social movement theory. Emphasis is placed on framing methods, or how movements strategically present their aims to particular audiences, in order to effect political change. Results First, ayahuasca churches constructed a religious frame that emphasized their Christian pedigree. Second, when harassment intensified, ayahuasca was reframed as a charitable endeavour. Finally, in the transition to democracy, the religions added a scientific frame, collaborating with the state to review scientific evidence and establish policy parameters for regulation. Conclusion Framing ayahuasca as Christian and focusing on charity and science were neither straightforward nor unproblematic, but did allow ayahuasca groups to successfully avoid persecution, establish relationships with powerful actors, and eventually achieve full regulation. This case study provides unique insights into the role of social movements in successful drug policy reform, especially how movements can strategically adapt to and influence prevailing moral codes, resulting in concrete political victories.

The Association of IFNL4 Gene Polymorphisms with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in the Northern Region of Pará, Brazil

It is heavily suggested that one IFNL4 gene polymorphism, rs12979860 (T/C), exerts influence on the outcome of HBV infection, with the rs12979860-T allele being classified as a risk predictor, and the rs12979860-C allele being classified as a protective one. This study investigated whether the rs12979860 IFNL4 gene polymorphism presented any association with the clinical severity for HBV carriers in an admixed population in Northern Brazil. A total of 69 samples were investigated from infected people from the city of Belém-Pará. The rs12979860-T allele was positively associated with HBV infection, suggesting a higher risk of chronicity. This research’s importance is that the polymorphism influence was investigated in a population of HBV carriers with a heterogeneous genetic profile, formed through the extensive admixture of different ethnic groups, including Europeans, Africans, and Natives with indigenous heritage. This analysis is particularly important since highly mixed populations do not always follow the same association patterns previously established by studies using populations classified as more genetically homogeneous, due to a different formation process.

Deciphering Permian wetland deposits of the Parnaíba Basin through an integrated study of lithofacies and palynofacies in Western Gondwana

During the Permian, the northwestern portion of the supercontinent Gondwana experienced significant climate changes, among which the increasing aridity in the Parnaíba Basin, located between Brazil's northern and northeastern regions. The marine influence associated with the Panthalassa Ocean, evident in the Silurian and Devonian deposits, was progressively attenuated in the late Carboniferous, culminating in extensive continental deposits during the Permian and the Early Triassic in this region. In this paper, we present the first palynofacies analysis of the Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation, conducted concurrently with the description and association of sedimentary facies from outcrops located in the state of Maranhão, southwest of the Parnaíba Basin. A total of 15 m of sedimentary succession was described, and 28 samples were selected for palynofacies analysis. As a result, we identified six sedimentary facies, which were grouped into two distinct facies associations: Fa1 – Central Lake and Fa2 – Playa Lake. The palynofacies analysis considered the sedimentary organic matter, classifying it into amorphous organic matter, phytoclasts (subdivided into eight subgroups), and palynomorphs (with six subgroups). Integrating the results enabled an understanding of the depositional context, which is closely related to water dynamics and climate seasonality. The shallow lake system interpreted during the wet phases recorded interruptions in the normal sedimentation of the central lake due to turbidite deposits associated with ephemeral rivers. Conversely, during dry phases, salt precipitation occurred with subsequent substitution and aerial exposure of the surface when the water balance was negative. Eodiagenetic events were inferred and are considered throughout the article. The alternation of the hydrological regime allowed the deposition in proximal, transitional, and distal environments, creating a distinctive mosaic of wetland landscapes. The data presented indicate humid conditions within a context of increasing aridity in the studied location, particularly in the upper part of the Pedra de Fogo Formation.

Bashkirian-Moscovian (Lower–Middle Pennsylvanian) conodonts from the Amazonas Basin, northern Brazil: Biostratigraphy, biofacies, and paleobiogeographic significance for Western Gondwana

Bashkirian-Moscovian (Lower to Middle Pennsylvanian) Itaituba Formation is well exposed in the Itacimpasa Quarry at the southern platform of the Amazonas Basin, northern Brazil. An abundant and diverse conodont fauna was recovered from this predominantly carbonate formation, with a total of 19 species belonging to 8 genera identified. The following species were documented and systematically described for the first time in the basin: Declinognathodus marginodosus, Declinognathodus donetzianus, Idiognathoides postsulcatus, Idiognathoides fossatus, Diplognathodus benderi, Adetognathus spathus, and Idioprioniodus conjunctus, providing significant stratigraphic and environmental insights into the Bashkirian-Moscovian boundary (BMB) interval. The Declinognathodus marginodosus – Neognathodus atokaensis (upper Bashkirian Stage) and the Declinognathodus donetzianus – Diplognathodus ellesmerensis (lower Moscovian Stage) zones are recognized. The distribution of conodonts studied through cluster analysis reveals the conodont biofacies Idiognathodus/Adetognathus and Declinognathodus/Idiognathoides biofacies. Changes in these conodont biofacies are interpreted as the result of a marine ingression event in Western Gondwana during the BMB interval. The fauna recorded in the studied section shows affinities with conodont faunas reported from Paleo-Tethys Ocean regions indicating a faunal connection of this ocean with the Panthalassa in Western Gondwana. These findings contribute significantly to the refinement of the biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of the Bashkirian-Moscovian boundary interval in the Amazonas Basin and Western Gondwana.

Phyllanthus prancei sp. nov. (Phyllanthaceae), a new species from Brazilian Amazon based on specimens collected by G. T. Prance and collaborators over 50 years ago

A new species of Phyllanthus, collected by Sir Ghillean Tolmie Prance in Amazonas State, northern Brazil, is described. Phyllanthus prancei is the second known species in Phyllanthus subg. Conami sect. Calodictyon. It differs from the congeneric species P. tuerckheimii Webster by having tomentose branches, stipules and petioles, midrib tomentose only on the adaxial leaf surface, three free styles, and glandular, cupuliform, foveolate disc. A detailed description, photographs, an illustration, and comments on the distribution, habitat, phenology and preliminary conservation status are provided for the species.

Machine Learning for the Sustainable Management of Depth Prediction and Load Optimization in River Convoys: An Amazon Basin Case Study

The seasonal fluctuation of river depths is a critical factor in designing cargo capacity for river convoys and logistics processes used for grain transportation in northern Brazil. Water level variations directly impact the load capacities of pusher convoys navigating the Amazon rivers. This paper presents a machine learning model based on a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network developed with the aim of estimating the cargo capacities of river convoys one year in advance, which is essential for determining load capacities during dry periods. The prediction model was applied to the Tapajós River in the Amazon Basin, Brazil, where grain transportation is significant and relies on inland waterways. Navigability conditions were evaluated in terms of depth and geometric parameters. The results of this case study were satisfactory, validating the computational tool and enabling the assessment of capacity losses during dry periods and the identification of navigation bottlenecks. The main contributions of this work include optimizing river logistics, reducing costs, minimizing environmental impacts, and promoting the sustainable management of water resources in the Amazon. Conclusions drawn from the study indicate that the developed model is highly effective, with an R2 of 0.954 and RMSE of 0.095, demonstrating its potential to significantly enhance river convoy operations and support sustainable development in the region.

Phylogeny of the Neotropical Hypoctonine Whip-Scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species.

Thelyphonida Blanchard, 1852, also known as vinegaroons or whip-scorpions, is a small arachnid order with 140 described species contained in a single family, Thelyphonidae Lucas, 1835. Despite being conspicuous and widely distributed across the tropics and subtropics on four continents, knowledge of the order has been slow to advance. Hypoctoninae Pocock, 1899, one of four subfamilies currently recognized and one of two represented in the New World, comprises five genera. Since its inception, Thelyphonellus Pocock, 1894 has remained the only hypoctonine genus occurring in South America, with only four species described prior to the present contribution. The first detailed morphological study and phylogenetic analysis of Thelyphonellus is presented herein. The morphological phylogenetic analysis-the first for Thelyphonida-includes all except one of the previously described species of Thelyphonellus in addition to two new species described herein; the species of Ravilops Víquez and Armas, 2005 (from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola); and the monotypic Old World genus Etienneus Heurtault, 1984 (from West Africa) scored for 45 morphological characters. A single, most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis revealed that Thelyphonellus is paraphyletic with respect to Ravilops. The New World Hypoctoninae comprises four clades with disjunct distributions and well supported by a combination of morphological characteristics, on the basis of which four genera, two of which are new, are recognized: Ravilops, with two species, endemic to Hispaniola; Thelyphonellus, herein restricted to Thelyphonellus amazonicus (Butler, 1872) and Thelyphonellus ruschii Weygoldt, 1979, occurring in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil; Wounaan, gen. n., containing Wounaan vanegasae (Giupponi and Vasconcelos, 2008), comb. n. and Wounaan yarigui, sp. n. from Colombia; and Yekuana, gen. n., containing Yekuana venezolensis (Haupt, 2009), comb. n. and Yekuana wanadi, sp. n. from Venezuela. The two new species are described and illustrated. A key to the identification of the Neotropical genera of Hypoctoninae and a map plotting the known distribution of its species are also presented.

Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability, and methods for temperature correction

Abstract. In the last 60 years, the largest displacement of the magnetic equator (by about 1100 km northwards) occurred in the Brazilian longitudinal sector. The magnetic equator passed by Tatuoca magnetic observatory (TTB) in northern Brazil in 2012 and continues to move northward. Due to the horizontal geomagnetic field geometry at the magnetic equator, enhanced electric currents in the ionosphere are produced – the so-called equatorial electrojet (EEJ). The magnetic effect of the EEJ is observed in the range of ±3° from the magnetic equator, where magnetic observatories record an amplified daily variation of the H component. In order to track the spatial and temporal variation of this phenomena, a new magnetometer station was installed in Macapá (MAA), which is about 350 km northwest of TTB. In this paper, we present the setup and data analysis of MAA station from November 2019 until September 2021. Because of its special configuration, we develop a method for temperature correction of the vector magnetometer data.

Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon

In this study, we used colored fruit-baited traps for trapping cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea: Cerambycidae) in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, state of Rondônia, northern Brazil. Our collections revealed six new records for the state, Sphallotrichus bidens (Fabricius, 1801), Cosmoplatidius abare Napp & Martins, 2006, Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus (Fabricius, 1787), Neolampedusa obliquator (Fabricius, 1801), Deltosoma fernandezi Dalens & Giuglaris, 2014, and Corimbion nigroapicatum Martins, 1970. The latter two also represent new records for Brazil. Photographs of the dorsal habitus of the six species are provided. We also provide distribution maps for D. fernandezi, previously recorded only from French Guiana, and C. nigroapicatum, previously known from Colombia and Bolivia. The use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae is briefly discussed in the light of published data and the new information provided herein.

How morphodynamic gradients shape the distribution of meiofauna and nematodes on sandy beaches of the Amazon region?

The present study analyzed how a small-scale morphodynamic gradient, based on the level of exposure to oceanic waves, shapes the spatial distribution patterns of the local meiofauna, with a special focus on the nematodes, of tropical macrotidal beaches on the Amazon coast (northern Brazil). The study focused on three sandy beaches, first compiling their physical characteristics (waves, currents and morphodynamic state), and then sampling biological and sediment samples at five different levels across the intertidal zone. Meiofauna was composed of 11 different groups, but was dominated by Nematoda. The nematode assemblage had a total of 89 genera, of which Daptonema and Theristus (both from family Xyalidae) were the most abundant on all studied beaches, at most intertidal levels. The diversity of nematode genera increased toward the low tide mark, while nematode density peaked in either the upper (on the protected and tide-dominated beaches) or intermediate levels (on the exposed, tide-modified beach). Distinct faunal zonation patterns were identified on the three beaches, which were influenced by their level of exposure to oceanic conditions, their granulometry, and the moisture of the sediment. While the variation in the characteristics of the meiofauna can be attributed to the level of exposure of beaches, horizontal distribution patterns were also closely related to habitat heterogeneity, including morphological features and freshwater inputs.

Horizon picking algorithm using global optimization and coherence measurement in poststacked seismic data

Accurate horizon recognition within poststack seismic sections is important in seismic interpretation. Horizon picking techniques influence diverse seismic structural analyses and inversion methodologies. Despite encountering challenges such as computational demands and time constraints, the past few years have witnessed the development of numerous 2D and 3D methods. With the progress of modern computing, more robust and efficient techniques, harnessing artificial intelligence, have come to the fore. In this context, we develop an innovative cost-effective algorithm grounded in a global optimization framework. This algorithm combines the very fast simulated annealing method with a set of stability parameters and coherence measurements between neighboring seismic traces, which is used as the objective function. The search is executed on continuous and sequential clusters of seismic traces, with a focus on maximizing coherence amidst the presented events. We evaluate the algorithm’s efficacy by applying it to two distinct input data sets — enveloped and nonenveloped seismic traces. The initial application is to the time-migrated Marmousi data set, a synthetic marine data set originated from a complex geologic sedimentary basin situated in Angola, Africa. Subsequently, we apply the algorithm to depth-migrated land data extracted from a past survey conducted in the Tacutu Basin in northern Brazil. Outcomes arising from the application to 2D synthetic and field data sets underscore the method’s viability as a compelling alternative for seismic horizon picking within the time or depth domain.

Diversity, vertical stratification and detection of Leishmania DNA in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in the Mapinguari National Park, Brazilian Amazon

This study aimed to assess the diversity patterns of sand fly fauna across different strata and detect Leishmania DNA in these insects in the Mapinguari National Park in Rondônia and Amazonas states, Northern Brazil. Sand flies were collected with “HP” light traps in the canopy (15 m) and at ground level (1 m) on two trails, during August and November 2021 and March and August 2022. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to identify Leishmania species. A total of 8,040 individuals (2,303♂ – 28.64 %, 5,737♀ – 71.36 %) were collected and 53 species and 13 genera were identified. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus chagasi (21.00 %), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (13.61 %) Psychodopygus davisi (11.69 %), Nyssomyia fraihai (10.58 %), Nyssomyia antunesi (6.68 %) and Nyssomyia richardwardi (5.55 %). Species diversity was greater in the canopy (Shannon index H' = 10.8 common species) when compared to ground level (H' = 10.5 common species). We observed a minimum infection rate of 0.45 % (22/4,868 females), in which Leishmania braziliensis DNA was found in Ps. chagasi and Le. lainsoni DNA in Ps. chagasi, Ny. richardwardi, Ps. ayrozai and Th. ubiquitalis. The minimum infection rate of Leishmania in the canopy was 0.47 % (19/4,031) and in the ground was 0.52 % (3/567). In the present study, we observed Le. lainsoni DNA in females of Ny. richardwardi for the first time. The data presented in this study contribute to understanding sand fly diversity and its distribution between the states of Rondônia and Amazonas. They may be useful for implementing targeted control measures to reduce the spread of leishmaniasis and implement entomological surveillance strategies.