Northern Basque Research Articles

"HEGA": the Basque version of the PaBiQ parental questionnaire, for clinicians and educators working in the Basque multilingual environment.

In this paper, we investigate the relevance of using a parental questionnaire (HEGA) to gather information on children's language experience in Basque and early language development in order to better interpret language performance in that language. Both this questionnaire and use of language assessment in Basque are needed in the Basque Country, where multilingualism is well attested. The questionnaire was developed after the PaBiQ with additional questions meant to reflect the Basque context, notably its schooling linguistic model. The HEGA was administered to the parents of 186 bilingual children of the Northern Basque Country (age 4;2-9;1) whose language skills in Basque were assessed via a new test battery targeting different linguistic domains (HIGA). Several significant correlations were found between exposure to, and use of Basque and performance in lexical and morphosyntactic production and comprehension. Mixed-effect regression analyses revealed that language experience in Basque, and particularly the fact of being schooled entirely in Basque, were strong predictors of lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes. In contrast, phonological performance, as measured by nonword repetition, appeared to be less impacted by language experience in Basque. Finally, two children were identified as being at risk of language impairment, due to low language performance in Basque despite extended language experience. These results have important implications for clinicians and educators, in particular for detecting language difficulties in Basque-speaking bilingual children. They also show the need for assessing language abilities in Basque for children growing up in a solid Basque-speaking environment.

Collaborative governance and irruption in Northern Basque Country: an irruptive governance model?

The literature on democratic innovations is moving towards an agenda that recovers the weight of protest and social movements in democratic deepening. Reinforcing this approach, this text shows an experience in which institutional and social movement actors share a common agreement based on principles of collaborative governance strategy for territorial development. Its failure nurtures mutual trust between the two to work in a contentious dynamic that seeks institutional recognition of the territory. These two elements, an agreement based on principles and mutual trust, are at the basis of a nebula of interactions between local institutions and social movements which, through a variable geometry of agreements and disagreements, make up a scenario of irruptive governance that is allowing the democratic embeddedness and the democratic deepening of democratic driven governance dynamics in The North Basque Country.

Observation of the elusive bone-skipper fly Centrophlebomyia furcata (Fabricius, 1794) at least 128 years after its last record in France, and additional data on Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1794) in France (Diptera: Piophilidae)

Summary Once thought to be extinct species, the necrophagous flies Centrophlebomyia furcata and Thyreophora cynophila are iconic representatives of the western Europe dipterofauna. They are extraordinary insects active during the winter season and associated with the carcasses of large mammals. After the discovery of T. cynophila in Ariège in 2020 and the confirmation of its extended presence in the Pyrenees Mountain range, a search for C. furcata was initiated. During a visit to nine vulture feeding stations in the Pyrenees and Corbières mountain ranges, adults of C. furcata were collected in two of them, in the northern Basque country (Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, France). This is the first precisely documented observation of C. furcata in France. The rediscovery of C. furcata and T. cynophila in the Pyrenees Mountain range raises the question of their presence elsewhere in France and Europe, notably in other mountain ranges. An updated map of the distribution area of both species is provided. We also raise concerns about the maintenance of vulture feeding stations to avoid detrimental impacts on those rare necrophagous insects and consider forensic issues.

Evaluating the Feasibility of Hybrid Ventilation in Educational Spaces: A Simulation Study in the Basque Country Climate

Abstract This paper delves into the examination of indoor comfort in classroom environments and its interplay with ventilation on human wellbeing in scenarios of varying indoor carbon dioxide concentrations. The assessment of these parameters was done according to the provisions outlined in the Spanish national Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings (RITE). This study also compares various ventilation strategies, namely natural, mechanical and hybrid ventilation, commenting the pros and cons of each method in the climate of the Basque Country, Spain. To do so, a classroom in the School of Architecture in the Basque Country was modelled in thermal simulation software. Simulations were carried out for full days in 10-minute intervals using Design Builder and considered three different exterior scenarios (a cold day, temperate day, and a warm one) and three different ventilation systems (natural, mechanical with simple flux, and hybrid). Two additional scenarios where added for control, one with no ventilation at all and another with a partial, constant, natural ventilation, like was done during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the natural ventilation option was evaluated under four conditions (windows always closed, windows constantly open 15 %, COVID-19 mode, and windows operated by thermal sensation of the user). The mechanical system evaluated consisted of a constant flux ventilation for IDA 2 IAQ with an air flux of 12.5 L/s per person. The modelled hybrid system consisted in a combination of simple flux mechanical ventilation and open windows and doors under some particular conditions. An occupancy rate of 50 % of the theoretical maximum occupancy of the classroom and a scheduled heating operation were considered. This article presents the CO2 concentration, energetic balance and thermal comfort results obtained in the simulation and compares between the different scenarios. The results showed that the hybrid ventilation system was able to effectively control indoor air quality, providing a healthy and comfortable environment for occupants. The hybrid system demonstrated improved energy efficiency compared to the natural ventilation system, while maintaining an acceptable indoor air quality. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of considering hybrid ventilation in educational spaces in the northern Basque Country climate. The study provides valuable insights for building design and operation, especially for renovation of existing schools and educational facilities that lack any means of mechanical ventilation, showing some of the potential for hybrid ventilation to improve indoor air quality and energy efficiency.

Bertso eskola, youth identities and new speakers

ABSTRACT This paper explores the experience and impact of participation in afterschool oral improvisation workshops – bertso workshops – for young Basque speakers. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews among young people in the Northern Basque Country, the researcher, a practicing improviser, bertsolari, herself, argues that the bertso workshop is best understood as a community of practice wherein they create relationships of trust and empathy, take the floor in front of their peers and debate and think together, where individual’s identities are constructed in mutual influence, and where linguistic identity is built in conjunction with youth identities. Hence, for these young people, the community of practice at the bertso workshop is a place in which to develop their youth identities in Basque and their Basque-speaker identities within youth culture. This case study also explores tensions that arise between the egalitarian ethos of the bertso workshop on the one hand, where all speakers are equal, and the entrenched language ideologies that, on the other, attribute greater authenticity to improvisers from Basque-speaking families.

Youth and online privacy: a cross-border study in the Basque Country

PurposeThis study aims to explore the main concerns and attitudes Basque adolescents have regarding online privacy. It analyzes their motivations for sharing private information and the kind of information they share. Likewise, it examines whether they consider the potential consequences of revealing certain information online and analyzes if there are any differences between the motivations and attitudes of young people from Gipuzkoa and Labourd.Design/methodology/approachFor this study, three methods were combined to collect the data in 17 schools in the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Labourd: a survey carried out among 1,133 students, out of which 242 also completed a diary and 482 took part in discussion groups.FindingsThe data from this research does not fully support the “youth cultures of disclosure” (James, 2009) in the Basque Country; however, some of these practices have been observed.Originality/valueTime spent online by adolescents has increased sharply in recent years. This increase has brought with it concerns about youth’s level of awareness regarding online privacy. This is the first cross-border study conducted in the Basque Country addressing this topic (in the Basque Autonomous Community, administratively belonging to Spanish territory, and in the Northern Basque Country, administratively in French territory).

Jean Etxepare eta Eskola (1901-1926)

LABURPENA Artikulu honek Jean Etxeparek eskolari buruz duen pentsamolde koherente eta originalaren aztertzeko xedea du. Bere ikusmolde laikoa xx. mende hastapeneko Ipar Euskal Herriko testuinguru politiko eta pedagogikoan kokatu behar da. Euskara eskolan sartzeari buruz gogoetatu ondoan, irakasle idealaren figura marrazten du eta Ipar Euskal Herriko ikasle euskaldun ikasiaren kultura zehazten. RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza el pensamiento coherente y original que desarrolla Jean Etxepare en torno a la escuela. Su visión laica debe situarse en el contexto político y pedagógico del País Vasco Continental a principios del siglo xx. Tras reflexionar sobre la incorporación del euskera en las escuelas, traza la figura del profesor ideal y define la cultura del alumno instruido del País Vasco Continental. ABSTRACT This article proposes to explore the coherent and original mindset of Jean Etxepare about school. His secular vision of the 20th century must be placed in the political and educational context of the North Basque Country at the turn of the century. After reflecting on the inclusion of Basque in the school, he drew the figure of the ideal teacher and described the culture of the Basque scholar from the northern Basque Country.

The Eusko’s trajectory. Hypotheses to understand the success of the complementary local currency of the Northern Basque Country

Launched in January 2013, the Eusko (complementary local currency of the Northern Basque Country in France) became the first local currency in Europe five years later, with the equivalent of more than one million euros in circulation, surpassing the Chiemgauer in Germany and the Bristol Pound in England. This paper aims to explain the development of this complementary local currency and to formulate hypotheses about the factors for its success. Part 1 gives a statistical overview of the Eusko's trajectory, analysing the distribution of this currency in its chronological and spatial dimensions. Part 2 focuses on the specificity of the territorial context, which is characterized by a high density of the associative and cooperative movements. Part 3 details the mobilizing organizational devices that contribute to the Eusko's success.

The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part

The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part

The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology

Today Unified Basque, a standardised written version of Basque created by the Academy of the Basque Language from the 1960s onwards and which is now widely codified, coexists alongside the Northern Basque Country's dialects (NBC, France). Understanding the relationship between these different forms of the Basque language is necessary in order to implement an appropriate language policy. In this paper we present the answers to the open-ended questions of a survey and accompanying comments. Based on Perceptual Dialectology, the questionnaire was completed by 40 people working in Basque in the NBC: writers, teachers, journalists, translators and language technicians. The main objective was to gather their opinions regarding Unified Basque and the dialects. The respondents were chosen according to the following criterion: they are all language prescribers, working in the language and providing a model of the Basque language for society. The main results of the survey are as follows: 95% of respondents think that Unified Basque is necessary in the NBC, 92.5% believe that the specificities of the NBC's linguistic varieties should be preserved, 80% that Unified Basque does not harm the NBC's dialects and more than half that there is now a form of Unified Basque specific to the NBC.

Identifying benthic macrofaunal assemblages and indicator taxa of intertidal boulder fields in the south of the Bay of Biscay (northern Basque coast). A framework for future monitoring

The French southern marine subregion of the Bay of Biscay presents local environmental features explaining the presence of specific communities in remarkable habitats. The aim of the study is, for the first time, to assess benthic macrofaunal assemblages and to identify indicator species of each assemblage within intertidal boulder field habitats in this marine subregion.Mobile boulders were sampled with a stratified random sampling design in upper and lower midlittoral zones in March–June 2015. Sessile (in percentage cover) and mobile macrofauna (in abundance) communities were identified and counted within 0.1 m2 quadrats. Ecological function and precision between the two groups were found dissimilar thus species richness, abundance, macrofauna distribution and indicator species/taxa of sessile and mobile macrofauna were analyzed separately. 78 species/taxa of macrofauna were recorded. A restricted list of 12 singletons (8 for mobile and 4 for sessile macrofauna) and 33 combinations of species/taxa were identified as significant indicators of each assemblage. Species ecological features (food webs, signs of disturbance, alien species, biogeographical range limit) were also considered as additional selection criteria. Therefore, species with a high ecological interest but not considered statistically as valid indicators were also highlighted.Thus, this work constitutes a framework for future monitoring of the Basque intertidal rocky shore and could be used as an alternative to sampling the entire biodiversity. It also meets the MSFD requirements (e.g. take into account marine subregion specificities; integrate the metric “macrofauna” and supports several descriptors as the D1 “Biodiversity” and D6 “Seafloor integrity”).

Una del Oeste by José Javier Abasolo (review)

Reviewed by: Una del Oeste by José Javier Abasolo Ricardo Landeira José Javier Abasolo. Una del Oeste. Donostia: Erein, 2014. 380p. “A Christie for Christmas” became, for decades, an annual reminder for whodunit fans to purchase Dame Agatha’s latest Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple mystery installment. Reminiscent of such regular offerings, although not as seasonally punctual nor—to date—as prolific as Christie herself, José Javier Abasolo’s (1957-) industrious pen has brought forth no fewer than thirteen noir volumes in the past sixteen years to which one must add short story collections, a couple of children’s books, frequent articles in the trade journals, a busy blog, countless interviews and many invited talks—in Spain and abroad-- dealing with his own as well as with the state of affairs of a this popular genre taking root in Spain’s northern Basque (Euzkadi) country. As a successful attorney in his native city of Bilbao, Javier Abasolo (he only uses his first name in print) began his foray into the world of fiction simply as a way to try his hand at what others, whose work he admired and had been reading for many years, were publishing. The experiment met with almost immediate success for not only did his first effort, Lejos de aquel instante (“Away From That Moment”), find a publisher quickly—an unheard of feat for an unpublished writer-- it also won an important literary prize, was a finalist in a second one, with a French translation soon to follow. Since that breakout year of 1997, Abasolo’s fictional world has grown more familiar to an increasing number of readers and critics, and though the individual works are quite different from one another, many of the themes, most of the locales, and the narrative strategies have become quite familiar to us. In the three most recent books prior to Una del Oeste (“A Western”), his latest and the subject of this review, Pájaros sin alas (“Birds Without Wings”) from 2010, La luz muerta (“Dead Light”) from 2012 and La última batalla (“The Last Battle”) dated 2013, Abasolo presented his readers with a serial protagonist, a former police officer named Mikel Goikoetxea, recycled as the private detective Goiko and whom he’s recently promised to bring back for more investigative adventures in the near future. At present there seems very little doubt that the character’s popularity will make such a decision an easy one. Una del Oeste naturally should not be judged either by its cover, depicting a cracked compact mirror reflecting an armed cowboy statuette, nor even by its [End Page 207] generic title which suggests nothing more than a western potboiler. And yet, it is indeed an old fashioned western narrative which greets the reader not only as its first but also its last (22nd) chapter. However, this western framing turns out to be nothing short of a red herring once we delve into a narrative so preposterous that it defies credibility. Here’s a text whose failings are so numerous (anacronisms, intertexts gone astray, risible appellations and dialogue, unlikely locations, ironic asides to the reader) that these inaugural pages cannot be labelled as anything but a misshapen parody of the real thing. A curious reader who skips to the last chapter seeking relief from such malapropisms will only endure similar torment. What to do? The answer is, keep reading, especially when confronted with a different typeset by the time we arrive at Chapter 2, and certainly after a thorough browsing that reveals alternating typesettings hinging on: a) the time of the narrative (19th century vs. 21st century), b) the place where events occur (Laramie, WY vs. Bilbao, Euzkadi), and c) the characters that populate its pages. There are twenty two chapters (ironically, due to a typographical error, the last two chapters are numbered 22, the wrongly labelled 21 takes place in present day Bilbao, whereas the real—and final—Chapter 22 returns to the old West). Of these twenty two chapters, seven are set in a mythical old-west-flavored Wyoming, the first (I) and the last (XXII) serving as the frame for the whole narrative and the remainder which serve as a construct...

The three partners of language planning and the revitalization of the Basque language in the Northern Basque Country

This paper deals with the current situation of the Basque language and the policy implemented in its favor in the Northern Basque Country or French Basque Country. One of the aims is to show the limits of the public linguistic policy implemented, for the first time, by the authorities. If the commitment of the associations of support for the language is important, that of society as a whole is less, even if the latter becomes gradually more favorable. 
 From a general point view, we can say that three partners or protagonists are involved in the process of recovery or loss of a language. In one way or another, the government and regional and local authorities are the decision-makers and financial backers, the agents of the linguistic policy are the providers, project managers, society and citizens are the addressees/beneficiaries. This leads me to develop a theory of the actors in the process of revitalization or loss of a language, the Three Partners Model, as a descriptive and explanatory framework.

Characterisation of the input signal to aquifers in the French Basque Country: Emphasis on parameters influencing the chemical and isotopic composition of recharge waters

Summary A hydrochemical and isotopic survey of rainwater and groundwater has been carried out during almost two years on the Ursuya Mount in the northern Basque Country (southwestern France) with the aim of enhancing the understanding of the behaviour of this aquifer and more peculiarly the recharge mode of groundwater. The input signal of this aquifer is defined thanks to 112 rainwater samples. The computed meteoric water line (δD = 7.3 δ 18 O + 5.1; r = 0.96) is consistent with that defined in the European IAEA/WMO network stations. The weighted mean deuterium excess about 9.7‰ is really close to the value obtained for Atlantic precipitations and clearly demonstrates an oceanic major origin. The computations conducted on the chemical dataset show that the rainwater composition is controlled by four major factors: (1) a mixed source of anthropogenic pollution and crustal material; (2) a marine source; (3) an urban source; (4) an acid source. Further, the quantification of neutralizing potentials clearly revealed below cloud processes in which crustal and anthropogenic components are responsible for the neutralization of anions. Besides the major Atlantic origin of the recharge water, the chemical and isotopic content of the samples coupled with the corresponding air mass back trajectories revealed four major geographical origins of the components: (1) northwestern part of Atlantic Ocean and (2) Southwestern part of Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic influence in airmasses from these origins is highlighted by the stable isotopic content (weighted mean close to the Atlantic Ocean signature) and by the chemical concentrations dominated by sea salt elements. (3) Northern Europe with a continental influence shown by a light depletion on isotopic signal besides purely oceanic origin and a higher concentration of crustal and anthropogenic components. 4) Southeastern area (Southeastern Europe, Northern Africa and Mediterranean Sea) with an isotopic signature consistent with the Mediterranean one and a chemical composition clearly influenced by the industrial activities of this region. The dataset is confronted with the chemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in order to assess the recharge water signature of the aquifer of the Ursuya Mount. The groundwater isotopic signal is close to the defined LMWL, showing actual and local recharge. Nevertheless, a slightly difference is observed between the mean value of stable isotopic content in groundwater and in rainwater. The slightly depleted values of groundwater besides rainwater can be attributed to a preferential winter/autumn recharge. An altitudinal gradient about −0.11‰ δ 18 O/100 m is defined and both water–rock interactions and physicochemical processes fingerprint on the groundwater composition are characterised.

Hydrochemical data and groundwater dating to infer differential flowpaths through weathered profiles of a fractured aquifer

► The development of a weathered layer conditioned the groundwater flows settings. ► The water geochemistry is also conditioned by the development of a weathered layer. ► In case of high weathering, apparent age of groundwater is between 10 and 42 a. ► In case of low weathering, a mixing between recent and oldest water is observed. ► In the underlying fissured layer, apparent ages are between 25 to more than 50 a. The Northern Basque Country (Southwestern France) is subject to a constant need of increasing water due to a rising population. The fissured aquifer of the Ursuya Mount is one of the main water supplies able to meet these needs. Unfortunately, there is a lack of knowledge on the residence time of groundwater and flow pattern in this strategic resource. Geochemical monitoring of groundwater was carried out from 2009 to 2011 in conjunction with CFC–SF 6 measurement and with a detailed geological field characterization. It appears that groundwater flows and water geochemistry are conditioned by the development of a weathered layer overlying the fissured aquifer. When the weathered layer is absent, groundwater flows take place in unconfined conditions along fractures and fissures. The rapid circulation (mean residence time between 11 and 15 a) and the low solubility of the matrix generates low mineralization (mean about 61 μS cm −1 ). When a weathered layer is present, the flow depends on the degree of weathering, with groundwater circulating in the deep fissured zone in the case of a high degree of weathering. The apparent age is then between 10 and 42 a and the mineralization tends to increase concomitantly with the residence time, and particularly terrigenic element concentrations. In the case of a lesser degree of weathering, mixing between recent water from the shallow weathered layer and the oldest water (25 to >50 a) from the underlying fissured aquifer is observed. These results allow the definition of a conceptual model of flow characteristics in the study area which is also applicable to other weathered–fractured systems worldwide.

On older northern Basque exclamatives in "ala"

Most recent studies devoted to exclamatory sentences concentrate on those that display ([+wh] element. But Older Northern Basque had a special type of exclamative sentences in which the operator ala, which sat in the left periphery of the sentence, took usually one, but sometimes several, implicitely quantified item(s) in its scope.

A Sociological Study of Sung, Extempore Verse-Making in Basque

A Sociological Study of Sung, Extempore Verse-Making in Basque Alfredo Retortillo and Xabier Aierdi Bertsolaritza: From Oral Tradition to Community Position This article is based on a project commissioned in 2005 by the Euskal Herriko Bertsozale Elkartea and conducted by researchers from the Sociology and Political Science Departments of the University of the Basque Country. Four main surveys were developed through the course of this research, and two field studies of a quantitative nature were conducted: one with the participants of the semifinals of the bertsolari championship and the other with those performers who went on to the finals. In spring 2006, two further quantitative surveys were completed: one with an audience of ordinary bertsolari events and another with the Euskaldun population (that is, speakers of the Basque language, Euskara). The latter survey is the one upon which the present article is based because an analysis of this study enables us to better discern the relationship that exists between bertsolaritza—improvised Basque oral verse7mdash;and its real basis: the Basque speakers themselves. Since the spring of 2006, two further studies of a qualitative nature have been conducted: one Delphi analysis with both experts and bertsolaris (performers) and another based on discussion groups with different social typologies—Euskaldun and non Euskaldun—in order to better understand how the tradition of bertsolaritza is regarded in the Basque community. The Linguistic Community of Euskara: The Miracle and the Numbers In order to put the phenomenon of bertsolaritza in context, it seems helpful to us to give a brief description of Basque culture and language. The Basque Country is a territory that straddles both Spain and France. Its name is derived from the fact that it possesses its own language, Euskara; Euskal Herria, then, means "the country of those who speak Euskara." Three of its territories (Lapurdi, Nafarroa Beherea, and Zuberoa) are situated in the French Basque Country, or Iparralde; and four of them (Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Nafarroa Garaia) are located in Hegoalde, within the Spanish State.1 [End Page 13] As of January 2005, around 270,000 people were living in the Northern Basque Country, Iparralde, while about 2,720,000 people resided in the Southern Basque Country, Hegoalde. The development models on either side of the border have been influenced by the events of the respective states. Thus the South has experienced major economic development and a large influx of Spanish population,2 and the North has seen minimal development and a high level of dependency, along with great waves of emigration, either to other areas of France or to the Americas. Click for larger view View full resolution Map 1. Map of the Herrialdes Table 1. Distribution of the population of the Basque Country (2005) Population (2005) % Southern Basque Country Araba 301.757 10,1 Bizkaia 1.136.569 38,0 Gipuzkoa 688.708 23,0 Navarre 593.472 19,8 Northern Basque Country Lapurdi 227.754 7,6 Nafarroa Beherea 28.835 1,0 Zuberoa 15.514 0,5 Total 2.992.609 100 [End Page 14] To continue with our brief summary, the main issues we must keep in mind are the following: 1. The emergence of Basque nationalism in the south of the Basque Country (in Bizkaia) in the late nineteenth century and its differing level of development (intense in the South and very weak in the North). This development bred strong nationalistic sentiment and therefore politicized the cultural landscape. 2. Basques are a national minority and lack a governmental body—or even State status. This has meant that the population has not been able, as a unit, to establish its own political and linguistic systems. 3. The high degree of administrative fragmentation (seven provinces in two states and three administrative units) and the differing political autonomy of its territories make the situation very complex. The portion of Basque country that is in Spain currently enjoys a notable degree of political autonomy and is divided into two administrative units: the Basque Autonomous Community (with its three provinces, Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa) and the Navarrese Comunidad Foral, which comprises the province of Nafarroa. In France, the Basque territory has been subsumed into a higher administrative unit and...

Language policy and planning of the status of Basque, II: Navarre and the Northern Basque Country

This article deals with the sociolinguistic situation of the status of the Basque language in the territories of Navarre and Iparralde (the Northern Basque Country), which in one of the cases is partly due to the restrictive linguistic policy pursued by the Government of Navarre, and in the other case to the absence of a specific linguistic policy in Iparralde.

The teaching of Basque to adults

As we look back in history it is always possible to come across a speaker who has in adulthood learnt Basque as a second language. Nevertheless, the teaching of Basque to adults as we know it today is a fairly recent phenomenon, which has developed over the past three decades. This article offers an overview of the adult Basquization and literacy program in the BAC—Basque Autonomous Community (of Araba, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa) — without forgetting that this phenomenon also exists in Navarre and in the Northern Basque Country, under French jurisdiction.

Basque nationalism and cross‐border co‐operation between the Southern and Northern Basque countries

Basque nationalism and cross‐border co‐operation between the Southern and Northern Basque countries