Northeastern Illinois Research Articles

Chapter 8. Isotopic evidence for protohistoric field locations in northeastern Illinois

AbstractIn the western Great Lakes region of the United States, late prehistoric and early historic Indigenous fields are often difficult to investigate because their archaeological signatures are faint and easily destroyed. They have been identified largely via rare remnants of raised fields and historical records. With the majority of Indigenous fields destroyed, important aspects of cultivation remain ambiguous, especially the ecology of cultivated areas. In addition to archaeological indicators of field location, the choice of specific environmental settings (prairie, wetland, upland forest, etc.) can be encoded in the stable isotope ratios of cultigens. Stable carbon‐ and nitrogen‐isotope ratios of maize kernels and wood charcoal from the Middle Grant Creek site (11WI2739), an early 17th century village in northeastern Illinois, are used to better understand agricultural practices during one of the coldest periods of the Little Ice Age.

Fiscal institutions and racial equity: Determining the price of water

AbstractMunicipal water utilities across the United States establish their own rate structures to cover operations, maintenance, depreciation, and outstanding debt repayment. Yet, little is known about how rates are determined to ensure equity and/or affordability. To identify sources of variation in residential drinking water rates, we examine municipalities in northeastern Illinois, 2015–2019. Controlling for water utility characteristics, billing structures, financial management, service quality, and demographic/socioeconomic factors, we find no statistically significant correlations between water rates and median household income or race when nonrevenue water from leaking infrastructure is considered, revealing relative racial equity in water pricing within these communities. A larger water distribution network, more water included in the base charge, and a greater number of months in the billing cycle are all associated with lower rates. Purchasing water through an individual or cooperative agreement, a greater proportion of nonrevenue water from leaking infrastructure, a higher minimum monthly base charge, and more revenue debt outstanding (while controlling for nonrevenue water) are all associated with higher rates. We also find a positive correlation between municipal sewer rates and drinking water rates that supports findings from prior research. Overall, our research aids in the development of public policy that ensures all households have access to affordable and safe drinking water to promote water equity and public health.

Onward to Chicago: Freedom Seekers and the Underground Railroad in Northeastern Illinois

Larry A. McClellan, drawing on a breadth of archival sources, brings an invigorating narrative to freedom seekers in Northeastern Illinois. McClellan’s compelling account tells the “complex and deeply human stories of freedom seekers” while underscoring “that the Underground Railroad did not shape the movement of freedom seekers.” Rather, as McClellan contends, their movements “gave shape to what became the networks known as the Underground Railroad.”

A Reassessment of Upper Mississippian Habitations and Chronology at the Fisher Mounds and Village Site in Northeastern Illinois

Abstract The Fisher Mounds and Village site in northern Illinois was the location of numerous burial mounds and cemeteries, as well as dozens of earth-ringed structure depressions. In the late 1920s, avocational archaeologist George Langford investigated the site, briefly joined by University of Chicago student crews in 1927 and 1928. A Works Project Administration (WPA) crew later revisited the site in 1940–1941. The excavations revealed three distinct archaeological cultural groups representing the Late Woodland Des Plaines phase and the Upper Mississippian Langford and Fisher phases—all of which were first observed and described at this site. Archaeologists at the time had difficulty distinguishing the discrete occupations at the site given the complex stratigraphy, unrefined excavation techniques, and mixing of deposits. The available collection and records had never been completely evaluated until 2005 when the authors began collating and analyzing the documents and materials which, through time, had become dispersed across various institutions. This new analysis defines the occurrence of late precontact contemporaneous ethnic differentiation marked by variation in ceramic and domestic structural evidence, documents violent confrontation, and illustrates the fluid nature of population movements in this period. Furthermore, this research has demonstrated the irreplaceable value of these legacy collections in understanding American Indian history.

Joe Louis: A Late Fisher Phase Village on the Little Calumet River

Abstract Excavations at the Joe Louis site (11CK284) in northeastern Illinois provide insight into village life along the Little Calumet River between the mid-fourteenth and late fifteenth centuries AD. In addition to evidence for their horticultural and other subsistence activities, the assemblage shows that site occupants were making stone tools and pottery, processing hides, making clothing, and possibly producing bird-wing fans. Structured deposits of bone and antler hoes, mussel shell, and specific plant and animal remains document the relational entanglements of the site's occupants, both human and otherwise. Given the geographically central location of the site at the margins of two major cultural areas (Oneota and Fort Ancient), as well as the overlapping boundaries with Langford and Huber peoples, Joe Louis villagers may have been actively negotiating social networks and identities through their material products as well as ritual gatherings. These negotiations may have enabled and encouraged coalescent occupations (Langford and Fisher, Fisher and Huber) at other sites in the region.

Writing-skill Development of Graduate Students Through a Google Jamboard Platform: A Study of Graduate Students from a Public University in Bangkok

Background and Aim: The purposes of this research were to develop writing skills through a Google Jamboard platform and determine Jamboard acceptance in graduate students from a public university in Bangkok. This quasi-experimental research made use of a pretest and a posttest. Material and Methods: The sample was 50 graduate students at the Faculty of Graduate Studies. The research instruments used in data collection were a writing rubric from Northeastern Illinois University (adapted from Univ. of Washington, Barbara Walvoord, Winthrop Univ., Virginia Community College System) and a seven-point Likert scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics of arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and a paired-sample t-test. Research hypotheses were tested using a pair-sample t-test. Results: The results of the hypotheses testing showed that the students obtained better scores on writing. The result was statistically significant at 0.05. Conclusion: The students performed better in writing, and this difference is significant at the 0.05 level of significance. This implies that there is strong evidence to support the idea that there is a genuine improvement in the writing skills of the students under investigation.

THE FOUR C’S OF TEACHING OLDER LEARNERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORKPLACE AND CAREER WORK–LIFE EXTENSION EFFORTS

Abstract From Spring 2017 through Spring 2022, a sample of older (age 40 and above) undergraduate and graduate students who were also first-time online students (n = 86) from a very diverse student population at Northeastern Illinois University were analyzed on various motivational and performance indices regarding fully online course performance (e.g., student expectations, receptivity to on-line modules, time management skills). A comparative analysis of the two student samples yielded some interesting “universal” course design issues across education levels, as well as by cultural background and gender differences. Specific fully online design issues to be discussed as are how to create the clearest “face-to-face” representation of the classroom experience via a course learning management system. Effective design issues will be discussed in creating a supportive, fully online course environment for older online course students. General design issues to be discussed are how to create a well-structured “face-to-face” representation of the classroom experience for a diverse older student population with equally diverse learning needs/issues, a supportive fully online learning environment for “first-time” online course students, and tailored, adaptive learning environment to meet the dynamic needs of students (undergraduate, graduate) over the progress of an e-course. The presentation will present and discuss the four C’s in promoting a positive and enriched learning environment for diverse “non-traditional” adult learners faced with online learning in different contexts with implications for learning in the workplace for adaptive career work-life extension.

Association of Motor Function With Cognitive Trajectories and Structural Brain Differences: A Community-Based Cohort Study.

The association of motor function with cognitive health remains controversial, and the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. We aimed to examine the association between motor function and long-term cognitive trajectories and further explore the underlying mechanisms using brain MRI. In the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a prospective cohort study, a total of 2,192 volunteers were recruited from the communities in northeastern Illinois and followed up for up to 22 years (from 1997 to 2020). Individuals with dementia, disability, missing data on motor function at baseline, and missing follow-up data on cognitive function were excluded. At baseline, global motor function was evaluated using the averaged z scores of 10 motor tests covering dexterity, gait, and hand strength; the composite score was tertiled as low, moderate, or high. Global and domain-specific cognitive functions-including episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial ability, and perceptual speed-were measured annually through 19 cognitive tests. A subsample (n = 401) underwent brain MRI scans and regional brain volumes were measured. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and linear regression. Among the 1,618 participants (mean age 79.45 ± 7.32 years) included in this study, baseline global motor function score ranged from 0.36 to 1.82 (mean 1.03 ± 0.22). Over the follow-up (median 6.03 years, interquartile range 3.00-10.01 years), low global motor function and its subcomponents were related to significantly faster declines in global cognitive function (β = -0.005, 95% CI -0.006 to -0.005) and each of the 5 cognitive domains. Of the 344 participants with available MRI data, low motor function was also associated with smaller total brain (β = -25.848, 95% CI -44.902 to -6.795), total white matter (β = -18.252, 95% CI -33.277 to -3.226), and cortical white matter (β = -17.503, 95% CI -32.215 to -2.792) volumes, but a larger volume of white matter hyperintensities (β = 0.257, 95% CI 0.118-0.397). Low motor function is associated with an accelerated decline in global and domain-specific cognitive functions. Both neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies might contribute to this association.

The Paradox of Power: Statebuilding in America, 1754–1920 by Ballard C. Campbell (review)

Reviewed by: The Paradox of Power: Statebuilding in America, 1754–1920 by Ballard C. Campbell William D. Adler (bio) Keywords State-building, Early national state, Role of Government The Paradox of Power: Statebuilding in America, 1754–1920. By Ballard C. Campbell. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2021. Pp. 392. Paper, $34.95.) Scholars of the early U.S. have long been interested in how state-building occurred, but a massive revival of attention to the subject in the past twenty years has produced a wave of important research. The Paradox of Power enters this conversation with an impressive contribution to our understanding of the early national state through a synthetic analysis of how [End Page 340] government grew, not only nationally but at the local and state levels as well. Ballard Campbell argues in this book that American state-building has been characterized by a paradox between theory and action: a strong commitment to anti-statist values on the one hand, with a practical necessity for enhanced state action on the other. Those immediate needs, such as physical infrastructure, security, education, and others, led over time to increased state capacity as an administrative apparatus was built to handle these various functions, he argues. The anti-statist values continued apace in our culture but ultimately could not arrest the growth of government. Campbell traces these shifts from the colonial period all the way through the early twentieth century, covering well-trodden soil on how government expanded at the local, state, and national levels. The book contains a wealth of information on what government did and how it did it, including an original collection of state-level actions (contained in the Appendix) that will be of much use to scholars. The greatest contribution of this work will be for those looking for a general treatment of the subject material, as it covers a wide range of time and a similarly wide range of governmental activities. Students in advanced undergraduate courses or graduate students who need an overview of state-building throughout early American history will benefit from reading this work. As for its contributions to the scholarly literature, since it is a work of synthesis, scholars will most benefit from the above mentioned dataset on state actions as well as wrestling with its argument about the "paradox" of American state-building, although even this is familiar to students of these questions. For example, in his work Liberty and Coercion: The Paradox of American Government from the Founding to the Present (Princeton, NJ, 2015), Gary Gerstle makes a similar contention about the tension in the Constitution between personal liberties and limited government on the one hand, versus the notion of "the public good" that was more prevalent at the state level. In the field of American political development, political scientists have long debated these questions as well; most recently, in Stephen Skrowronek's Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive (Oxford, UK, 2021), the authors home in on the noteworthy friction between the "unity" in executive strength within the constitutional framework as compared to the large administrative apparatus that undermines that theoretical unity. No doubt, Campbell's thesis must be situated alongside these others and is one scholars must contend with. [End Page 341] Campbell has produced an important work that should be read by scholars of the early republic who are interested in continuing to explore these fundamental debates. In particular, Chapters 3–6 will be worthwhile for readers of this journal as Campbell moves from the founding of the republic through to the cusp of the Civil War. We will likely continue debating the nature of state-building in early America for many years to come. William D. Adler William D. Adler is associate professor of political science at Northeastern Illinois University. He is the author of Engineering Expansion: The U.S. Army and Economic Development, 1787–1860 (Philadelphia, 2021) as well as articles on the early United States, the American presidency, and American political development. Copyright © 2023 Society for Historians of the Early American Republic

The Chispa Carrier For Rosemary Radford Ruether

Renny Golden, professor emerita from Northeastern Illinois University and Pilgrim Place resident, was a teaching colleague of Rosemary’s for many years while they were in Chicago. She offers a beautiful poem about her close friend that captures the essence of Rosemary’s enduring spirit which we carry

Documenting Classification Systems: A Case Study and Considerations

There is little literature on documenting the correct application of classification systems. This paper seeks to remedy this gap by describing how Northeastern Illinois University created documentation for their implementation of system that describes Illinois State publications. We recommend creating documentation that is flexible, accessible, and user-oriented. Flexible documentation not only facilitates changes to the documentation, it also allows librarians to take advantage of other uses of this documentation. In our case, the process of documentation produced a near complete listing of Illinois publications and provided the basis for a structural history of Illinois government. Documentation of classification systems not only improves library work, but also assists in preserving artifacts of library history.

Beyond the Manuscript: Community-Driven Conversations: Partnership Building through CHEC-Ins

Beyond the Manuscript: Community-Driven Conversations: Partnership Building through CHEC-Ins Emma Tumilty, Joanne Glenn, Henrietta Barcelo, and Janine Ntihirageza Welcome to Progress in Community Health Partnerships'latest episode of our Beyond the Manuscript podcast. In each volume of the Journal, the editors select one article for our Beyond the Manuscript post-study interview with the authors. Beyond the Manuscript provides authors the opportunity to tell listeners what they would want to know about the project beyond what went into the final manuscript. In this episode of Beyond the Manuscript, Associate Editor, Emma Tumilty, interviews Joanne Glenn, Henrietta Barcelo, and Janine Ntihirageza, authors of "Community Driven Conversations: Partnership Building through CHEC-Ins." The transcript has been edited for clarity and accuracy. Your browser does not support the audio tag. Beyond the Manuscript. Click to hear audio Emma Tumilty: Welcome, everyone, to this episode of Beyond the Manuscriptpodcast for the journal Progress in Community Health Partnerships. Today, we're really excited to have some of the authors of a manuscript called "Community Driven Conversations: Partnership Building through CHEC-Ins." Today, with me, I have Janine Ntihirageza, Henrietta Barcelo, and Joanne Glenn, who I will let introduce themselves hopefully shortly. My name's Doctor Emma Tumilty. I'm an assistant professor in the Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities at the University of Texas medical branch, and an associate editor for the Journal of Progress in Community Health Partnerships. Maybe if we start off with introductions, can we maybe go to Miss Joanne Glenn first? Joanne Glenn: Well, good morning. It's so fabulous to be on this call today. I'm Joanne Glenn. I am an RN MBA, and those initials—ABD—All But Dissertation—of 47 years. Founder of the W.O.T. Foundation—Women on Top of their game—that guide breast cancer survivors through celebration of life. Emma Tumilty: Fantastic. Thank you. And Janine Ntihirageza. Janine Ntihirageza: Thank you so much, Emma. It is an honor for me to be invited to this conversation about CHECIns—one of the pillars of the Chicago CHEC, which is the Cancer Health Equity Collaborative, an organization that has become incredibly impactful here in Chicago. My name is Janine Ntihirageza. I'm a professor at Northeastern Illinois University here in Chicago, and I joined the collaborative about five years ago as a member of the outreach core, and since then, it's been wonderful to work with everybody—especially my colleagues here from the community—our community steering committee. So, I look forward to the conversation. Emma Tumilty: Thank you. And last, but certainly not least, Henrietta Barcelo, could you also introduce yourself? Henrietta Barcelo: Thank you very much. I'm Henrietta Barcelo. I'm an educator. I started my career as a health educator and I have over 25—or actually, now, 30 years of experience. I started off in health care, and rose [End Page 109]into health care marketing, and then, when back into post-secondary education as well, and then, finally, into high-school education for Health Sciences Career Academy at Institute for the Instituto del Progreso Latino in Chicago. I felt that the impact for community was very important. I needed to start at the grassroots level. So, I haven't yet gotten into the elementary school level, but I'm aiming to. Emma Tumilty: You're getting there. Henrietta Barcelo: Thank you. Emma Tumilty: Wonderful. So, I wonder if, for our listeners, you could start off telling us a little bit about that community steering committee and how it brought about the CHEC-Ins? Janine Ntihirageza: Okay. Maybe we could say something about Chicago CHEC so that we're really linking to the community work that we're trying to do. So, it is a National Cancer Institute partnership, led by Northwestern University, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and in Northeastern Illinois University, also in Chicago. So, in short, it's Chicago CHEC. And Chicago CHEC's mission is to advance cancer health equity through meaningful scientific discovery, education, training, and...

Direct Effect of Life-Course Socioeconomic Status on Late-Life Cognition and Cognitive Decline in the Rush Memory and Aging Project.

The role of socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course in late-life cognition is unclear. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) High SES in childhood, young adulthood, midlife, and late life have independent causal effects on higher cognition level and slower cognitive decline; 2) Compared with stable low SES (referent), stable high SES has the largest estimated effect for higher cognition level and slower decline among life-course SES combinations. The Rush Memory and Aging Project enrolled 1,940 dementia-free older adults in northeastern Illinois (1997-2018). We used inverse probability-weighted marginal structural models to estimate the joint and independent effect of each life-course SES on global and domain-specific cognition. A total of 1,746 participants had, on average, 6 years of follow-up. High SES at each life-course stage starting in young adulthood had a protective estimated effect on global and domain-specific cognition intercepts. Compared with consistently low SES, consistently high SES (β= 0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.48, 0.93) and high SES beyond childhood (β= 0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.83) had the largest benefit for global cognition intercepts. None of the life-course SES measures influenced rate of global or domain-specific decline. Additional understanding of life-course SES components influencing cognitive level is warranted.

Ridership and Revenue Implications of Free Fares for Seniors in Northeastern Illinois

This paper reports on the ridership and revenue impacts for transit providers of a short-lived Seniors Free Ride Program in the Chicago metropolitan area. The discussion presents survey-free and survey-based approaches specifically developed to capture such effects during the program implementation. The analysis shows that instituting a free fare policy for seniors expectedly increased the demand for and associated costs of providing the service. In particular, the program had attracted approximately 75 percent additional senior rides at an associated cost of between $26.1 and $78.6 million. The Illinois legislature modified the program in 2011 to run as a means-tested program partially because of cost considerations. However, the methodology presented remains relevant for existing and future fare-free programs.

Parking Management and Commuter Rail: The Case of Northeastern Illinois

This article examines the relationship between parking management and commuter rail transit using the Chicago metropolitan area in northeastern Illinois as a case example. Commuter rail transit and parking management are discussed within the broader context of transportation planning in the Chicago metropolitan region. Commuter rail ridership, mode of station access, and parking utilization rates are compared. Related air quality, social equity, and land-use concerns are reviewed.There are no simple solutions to the problem of spillover parking around commuter rail stations. The construction of new parking can be expensive. Raising parking prices may induce spillover parking. Doing nothing to address observed parking shortages may inhibit ridership. Shared parking is an excellent compromise in many situations, but even this is far from a universal solution.

Spatial drivers of wetland bird occupancy within an urbanized matrix in the Upper Midwestern United States

AbstractWetland birds are undergoing severe population declines in North America, with habitat degradation and wetland loss considered two of the primary causes. Due to the cryptic nature of many wetland bird species, the ecological conditions (e.g., matrix composition) that influence bird occupancy, and the relevant spatial scales at which to measure bird responses, remain unclear but may affect inference about wetland use and suitability. We conducted wetland bird surveys at 477 points across northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana within the highly urbanized landscape surrounding Chicago. Using remotely sensed land cover data, we built occupancy models for 10 wetland bird species (American Coot Fulica americana, Black‐crowned Night‐Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Blue‐winged Teal Anas discors, Common Gallinule Gallinula galeata, Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis, Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris, Pied‐billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps, Sora Porzana carolina, Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana, and Virginia Rail Rallus limicola) to quantify their responses to wetland cover types (emergent wetland, forested wetland, riverine wetland, and freshwater pond) and urbanization at four spatial scales (200‐, 400‐, 800‐, and 2000‐m radial distances). We also included the distance to Lake Michigan as a covariate in occupancy models to account for ecological differences between coastal and inland wetlands. We found that relationships between land cover types and occupancy differed by species, as did the spatial scale of support. Generally, the presence of emergent wetlands or ponds at immediate (200 m) and local (400 m) spatial scales within the surrounding matrix was positively associated with wetland bird occupancy. Contrary to expectations, we did not find support for a negative relationship between urbanization and occupancy for most focal species, indicating that birds are using available wetland habitats despite surrounding development. While future research should evaluate management strategies at the watershed scale, our findings suggest that wetland conservation planning at immediate and local scales is likely to promote bird habitat use within highly modified landscapes of the Upper Midwestern United States.

Platymerella—a cool-water virgianid brachiopod fauna in southern Laurentia during the earliest Silurian

AbstractPlatymerella from the lower Red Mountain Formation in Georgia and Tennessee, the Bowling Green Dolomite of west-central Illinois, and the Elwood Dolomite of northeastern Illinois represents a paleosubtropical, cool-water occurrence of virgianid brachiopods in Laurentia during the early Silurian (middle–late Rhuddanian). These occurrences were located in the southern Appalachian foreland basin and the distal end of the Sebree Trough, likely subjected to frequent cool-water current and upwelling from Gondwana. Compared with broadly coeval species of Virgiana from lower paleotropical to equatorial latitudes, Platymerella has significantly smaller, dorsoventrally flattened shells, with subequal ventral and dorsal umbones and beaks that extend only slightly above the hinge line. Relative to its shell size, however, Platymerella has more prominent thickening of the shell wall, median septum, spondylium, and hinge plates than Virgiana, resembling more closely the extravagant shell thickening of Tcherskidium and Proconchidium from the Late Ordovician (late Katian) equatorial regions. The thickening of hinge plates resulted in the formation of a pseudocruralium, which separates Platymerella from Virgiana. In latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian virgianids, there was a general morphological gradient toward a smaller shell, reduction in the ventral-valve convexity, and reduction in the size and height of the ventral umbo from paleoequatorial to southern subtropical regions, with Platymerella representing the most southerly forms.

Growth and Survival of Wild and Head-Started Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)

Blanding's Turtles (International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] Endangered) are long-lived reptiles with delayed sexual maturity. Anthropogenic landscape changes have increased threats to juvenile turtles, resulting in unnaturally low recruitment. Head-starting has become a popular conservation strategy that aims to increase juvenile recruitment by avoiding the increased predation of the vulnerable nest and hatchling age class. However, there is still debate about whether or not it is an effective management tool. Assessments of head-starting are becoming more prevalent, but long-term studies are needed to critically evaluate the success of such interventions. In particular, information is needed on how head-starts fare compared to wild-hatched turtles. The Lake County Forest Preserve District (LCFPD) in northeastern Illinois initiated a long-term capture–mark–recapture project in 2004. As of 2018, 127 wild-hatched juvenile turtles had been captured (59 of which had been captured in multiple years) and 148 adult turtles had been captured (116 of which had been recaptured in multiple years). Since 2010, LCFPD has released 491 headstarted turtles during the year following hatching, 138 of which have been recaptured during successive years. We used von Bertalanffy growth analysis to compare growth trajectories and Cormack-Jolly-Seber modeling techniques to compare survival rates of wild-hatched and head-started turtles. At release, head-started turtles were about the size of two-year-old wild-hatched turtles and grew in parallel to their wild-hatched counterparts. The top-ranked survival models demonstrated that survival increased with age for both wild-hatched (71–98%) and head-started turtles (63–90%), with overlapping confidence intervals. These results suggest that head-started juveniles perform similarly to like-aged wild-hatched juveniles despite head-starts having attained greater body size. We estimated adult survival to be 95% with an environmental variance of 0.0011 and stable or positive population growth (k). Although the success of head-starting cannot be fully assessed until turtles are recruited into the adult population and successfully reproduce, patterns of head-start growth and survival provide positive intermediate measures of success. Our estimation of juvenile and adult survival, along with other demographic information from this population, will provide for more accurate population projections that will aid in evaluating conservation strategies for this population and potentially for Blanding's Turtles elsewhere.

Variation in overall fitness due to seed source: projections for predictive provenancing

Seed sourcing decisions affect short‐ and long‐term restoration outcomes. Seeds sourced closer to restoration sites are likely to be better adapted to local conditions and therefore may perform better than those sourced farther away, following assumptions of local adaptation. However, plants may not be adapted to future conditions under climate change; hence, managers are considering a predictive provenancing approach, where plant materials adapted to predicted conditions are used at a site. Currently, there is little empirical evidence available to inform this approach. To address this, we evaluate predictive provenancing using three species of forbs used in tallgrass prairie restorations (Allium cernuum, Chamaecrista fasciculata, and Rudbeckia hirta) in a common garden experiment in northeastern Illinois, U.S.A. We compared the fitness in plants sourced from three regional zones across a latitudinal gradient that represents different climate projections, relative to the planting site. Data were analyzed using Aster life‐history models and generalized linear models. We found that source affected overall fitness in all three species, but no climate proxy had the highest fitness across all species. The performance at each life stage had different effects on overall fitness, which varied by source. We observed later reproductive phenology in southern‐sourced plants for all three species, possibly due to adaptation to longer growing seasons. The mixed results of this study suggest that climate proxy alone would not be sufficient to determine an effective and accurate predictive provenancing strategy. Long‐term tests are needed to pursue such a strategy for high‐priority species.

289 Helpline Services Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Time Series Analysis

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study examined patterns in helpline call data as the COVID-19 pandemic evolved including the impact of stay-at-home orders, relaxing of restrictive orders, and stages of vaccine uptake, as well as differences in call volume by Chicago neighborhood health indicators. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From November 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021, 56 NAMI-Chicago workers accepted 26,173 helpline calls from 9,374 individuals from 438 zip codes across northeastern Illinois with the majority of calls from high poverty Chicago communities. Descriptive and time series analyses examined patterns in call volume related to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Illinois Stay-at-Home Order, and Illinois reopening and vaccine uptake plan relative to comparable times the prior year. Health indicators from the Chicago Health Atlas (https://chicagohealthatlas.org/) were examined to determine patterns related to NAMI call volume and various health indicators at the zip code level. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Time series analysis indicated the greatest number of calls occurred in 2020; specifically, there was a 212% increase in call volume and 331% increase in repeat callers (three or more calls per caller) during the first and second phase (March 20th to May 28th) of Illinois Stay-at-Home Order from 2019 to 2020. Analysis of the callers primary need indicated NAMI provided resources and referrals to people with unmet basic needs such as housing, food, and access to healthcare during the height of COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020. A series of ANOVAs indicated that individuals from Chicago zip codes with high levels of uninsured rates, poverty rates, households using SNAP benefits, and economic diversity called NAMI significantly more than those with low levels of these health indicators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Helplines are a much-needed model to assess needs and implement services during public health crises, particularly in communities experiencing economic hardship and stress. Implications for behavioral health service needs both during and following the pandemic will be discussed.