Northeast Nigeria Research Articles

Clinical presentation and outcome of diphtheria in health facility in North-East Nigeria

Abstract Background Frequent outbreak of diphtheria occurs in Nigeria and some developing nations due to poverty, poor environmental sanitation, and vaccination coverage. Aim To determine the clinical presentation and outcome of diphtheria in cases admitted in a Yobe Specialist Hospital Potiskum, Yobe State, North-East Nigeria. Methods This is an observational study involving consecutive cases of diphtheria admitted in diphtheria treatment unit (DTU) in the hospital. Cases were admitted from 27th May to 30th October 2023. Results A total of 640 patients were admitted with median age of 9 (1–62), with males constituting 350 (54.6%). Only 9 (1)% of patients had vaccination. Common clinical features included pseudomembrane (90.7%), fever (79.7%), neck pain (78.3%), gross cervical lymphadenopathy (GCL; 69.1%), and sore throat (44.2%). The case fatality rate was 7%, higher in < 5 years (8.4%) than 5–14 years (7.4%) and ≥ 15 years (2.2%) respectively. Independent risk for fatality included delay in presentation (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.10, 1.42], p < 0.001), vomiting (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI [1.36, 9.6], p = 0.01), bleeding from orifices (AOR = 3.76, 95% CI [5.76, 6.98], p < 0.001), blood transfusion (AOR = 8.12, 95% CI [3.34, 19.74], p < 0.001), and diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) administration (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI [1.37, 7.25], p = 0.07). Conclusion Clinical presentation was consistent with diphtheria. Risk of fatality included vomiting, bleeding from orifices, anemia necessitating blood transfusion, delay in presentation, and DAT administration.

Impact of Climate Change on the Prevalence of Climate-Sensitive Diseases in Bolori 2 Ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State, Northeast Nigeria

Impact of Climate Change on the Prevalence of Climate-Sensitive Diseases in Bolori 2 Ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State, Northeast Nigeria

ECOWAS PROTOCOL ON FREE MOVEMENT AND NIGERIA BORDER SECURITY

This study focused on ECOWAS protocol on free movement and Nigeria border security. The study was carried out to determine the extent ECOWAS protocol on free movement of individuals and goods across borders has posed challenge to not only Nigeria but all the states in the region. The work used descriptive research design and only secondary data were sourced and used. The data collected were discussed qualitatively. The work discovered that there is significant impact of ECOWAS protocol on free movement on national security and public order concerns in Nigeria; and ECOWAS protocol on free movement affects security and investment in Nigeria. This is true because there has been cross-border insurgency/terrorism especially in the North East of Nigeria as exemplified by the nefarious activities of the Boko Haram terrorist group and other splinter sects such as Ansaru, and ISWAP. For that, the Protocol is lacking full implementation by member states till today because of the perceived problems it poses to their national security. The study recommends that there is need to revisit of ECOWAS protocol on free movement to correct the framework that has led to porous borders in the region. The study concludes that; the ECOWAS protocol on the free movement of persons and goods has contributed immensely to the worsening security situation in Nigeria.

Operational Stress, Coping Strategies and Psychological Well- Being Among Paramilitary Officers in the Bade Local Government Area of Yobe State

There have been reported cases of operational stress experienced by security and paramilitary officers in Nigeria ranging from high to moderate on a continuum of duty posts. Many officers tend to experience operational stress that affects their psychological well-being and productivity. Thus, a study on the influence of operational stress and coping strategies on psychological well -being among paramilitary officers in Bade LGA., Yobe State. The study objectives were: to examine independent influence of operational stress and coping strategies on the psychological well-being of paramilitary officers in Bade, LGA; investigate the joint influence of operational stress and coping strategies on the psychological well-being of paramilitary officers in Bade, LGA. A total of 220 participants, comprising Police (60), Civil Defense (50), Correctional Service (45), and Federal Road Safety Corps (65) were used with purposive sampling techniques. Three standardized instruments namely: Operational Stress; Psychological well-being, and Coping Strategies Scales, were used. Simple linear and multiple regression analyses were performed. The findings revealed that operational stress and coping strategies independently and jointly predicted psychological well-being among paramilitary officers in Bade LGA [F (1,218) =43.956; P<.01; F(1,218) = 51.423; P<.01]; [F (2,137) = 47.153; P<.01] . The study recommended, among others, that the Federal Government of Nigeria should increase the number of paramilitary formations and personnel in Northeast Nigeria with a view to reducing workloads for efficiency and psychological well-being. Additionally, resilience training for coping strategies should be provided by the Federal Government of Nigeria to improve psychological well-being.

Achieving universal energy access in remote locations using HOMER energy model: a techno-economic and environmental analysis of hybrid microgrid systems for rural electrification in northeast Nigeria

The developing world continues to face substantial obstacles to achieving affordable and dependable electricity access. This issue is especially pertinent for Nigeria, where diesel generators are widely relied upon in urban and rural regions because of an underdeveloped and unreliable national grid. The lack of grid reliability is worsened in Northeastern Nigeria, an area plagued by conflict, extreme poverty, and grid infrastructure deterioration. This study investigates the feasibility of implementing community-scale microgrids in rural areas without grid connection access. It focuses on assessing the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of utilizing these microgrids to deliver inexpensive and dependable electricity to underserved populations to increase energy access. A case study was conducted in Kabuiri, a village with an estimated population of 2,300 residents and an estimated load demand of 610 kWh per day. A hybrid microgrid system was designed and optimized to meet the community’s load demand using HOMER software, sized to produce 610 kWh/day of electricity with a renewable penetration of 99%. The optimal solar PV/battery/generator system had a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $ 0.093 per kWh, a net present cost (NPC) of $266,709, and an annual operating cost of $9,110. The system contributed 1,624 kg CO2 eq/year of global warming potential and 56.81 kg O3 eq/year of smog formation during operation. Sensitivity analysis showed that the system could effectively react to or adapt to substantial increases in diesel prices, requiring only marginal increases in photovoltaic capacity and reduced generator usage to maintain the most cost-efficient operation. Additionally, the system model can be adapted based on the population of the remote community without substantially impacting the LCOE, however, the NPC increases with increase in population size. This research will aid in increasing energy access in remote locations by providing insights to stakeholders and energy access project developers.

Optimizing yield and irrigation water productivity of wheat under Sahel conditions in North East Nigeria

Unsustainable irrigation practices are a major threat to the available water resources and food security of the country. This research was conducted to determine the optimal wheat grain yield and water productivity (WP) under limited irrigation practices for the enhanced livelihood of small farmer holdings in the Sahel region of northeast, Nigeria. The research was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement and replicated three times. The main plot treatment was 7 (I1), 10 (I2), and 14(I3) days irrigation intervals, while the subplot factor was 100 (V1), 85 (V2), and 70% (V3), of crop water requirement (ETc) replacement. The cropWat model was used to determine the crop water requirement (ETc) of the wheat (var. Norman) used in the research. The findings indicated that a 7-day irrigation interval increased grain yield by 20.18 over a 10-day irrigation interval and by 63.10% over 14-day irrigation intervals. Grain yield was found to decrease by 44.80 and 747.25kgHa-1 respectively for 85 and 70% ETc replacement irrigations from full ETc replacement irrigation. Crop water use efficiency was higher and better (0.74 mm-kg/ha) with I1V2 irrigation treatment for wheat and saved 11.55.50 m3 irrigation water over other irrigation schedules. It is recommended that 7 7-day irrigation interval be maintained, while irrigation depth can be reduced by up to 15% for optimum water productivity.

Pattern of kidney diseases admission and outcome in Bauchi, Northeast Nigeria: a 2 year review

Background Kidney diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders which if left untreated could lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) which inadvertently progress to end-stage kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy for end-stage kidney disease is unaffordable, not widely available and require huge financial resources. Knowledge of the prevailing type of kidney disease will help to develop measures of prevention of the disease. This study aims to evaluate the burden and pattern of kidney disease and to determine its outcome over a 2 year period. Patients and methods This is a retrospective study of kidney diseases admission and outcome at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university teaching hospital over a 2 year period. All case files of patients admitted were retrieved and those with diagnosis of kidney disease were evaluated. Results One thousand and nineteen patients were admitted during the period, 98 of which had kidney disease diagnosis, with 10.4% disease burden. The mean age of the patients was 48.71 ± 12.2 years. CKD accounted for 51% of the total admission, followed by urinary tract infection, acute Kidney injury, Nephrotic syndrome, and Nephritic syndrome each accounting for 19.3, 15.4, 9.2, and 5.1%, respectively. Overall six (10.5%) patients died on admission. Conclusion The burden of kidney disease is high in our study and is mainly due to high prevalence of CKD that affects younger age group.

Capture Fish Value Chain Study in Yobe State, Northeast Nigeria: A panacea for sustainable development

The study examined fish value chain in Yobe state Northeast Nigeria. Value addition, profitability, efficiency in marketing and structure of the fish markets were assessed using data elicited in 2023 from 640 respondents. Four Local Government Areas in the state (Bade, Geidam, Jakusko and Nguru) prominent in capture fish production were purposively selected for the study. Six major value chain actors were identified and value added per Kg of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was higher for fish processors (319.3/Kg) while, processed fish marketers had highest marketing efficiency (321.8%). Similarly, raw fish marketers received the highest marketing margin (20.63%) and the gross margin for artisanal fishermen was 272.5/Kg and on average a total 22,891.8 per day. The study revealed that, products flow was less complex from fishing points to consumption and that the values of Gini Coefficient indicated a monopolistic completion in both fresh/raw fish and processor markets. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that fisheries sub sector in Yobe state had the potential of creating more employment opportunities, increase per capital income/GDP and sustained economic development. It was therefore recommended that, more effort should be intensified by relevant stakeholders to enhance the value addition at every node of the chain and there should be policy to maintain the existing fishing sites (rivers) and to also explore other potential areas

Power Distribution Transformer Maintenance Skills Required byElectrical Engineering Technology Students ofPolytechnics inNorth-East Nigeria

Electric power distribution industry in North-East, Nigeria is faced with inadequate number of power transformer maintenance personnel which has led to numerous abandonment of broken down power transformers. Transformer faults have been blamed for many power outages of long duration in many towns and communities in North-East, Nigeria.It is against this backdrop that thisstudy determined the power distribution transformer maintenance skills required by Electrical Engineering Technology students of polytechnics in North-East Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study which employed a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 144 comprising of 135 Electrical Engineering Technology Lecturers, 3 Power Transformer Maintenance Technicians and 6 Electric Power Distribution Company-Based Supervisors. The entire population was used hence, there was no sampling. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled: Power Distribution Transformer Maintenance Skills Required Questionnaire (PDTMSRQ) developed by the researchers. The instrument was validated by three experts and a reliability of 0.74 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha reliability method. Mean statistic was used to answer the research questions while ANOVA was used to test the two null hypotheses of the study at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the Electrical Engineering Technology students of polytechnics in North-East Nigeria required preventive, predictive and corrective maintenance skills. The study recommended the following: Lecturers should encourage the students’ skill acquisition process by exposing them to various maintenance activities in order for them to imbibe the different methods of power transformer maintenance; Students should be trained to recognize sounds and sights of faulty equipment in order to predict the parts or components that needed replacement or repairs.

Distribution and Diversity of Phytoplankton in Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria

The production of biodiesel from Thevetia peruviana seed oil using two different catalysts (NaOH and KOH) was evaluated. The Physical and chemical properties after extracting the seed oil were determined and the following results were obtained (density; 0.896g/cm3 , pH; 5.6, oil content; 32.5%, moisture content; 1.5%, specific gravity; 1.33, viscosity; 20mm2 /s, and refractive index; 1.48) and (Acid value; 0.3 mg of KOH/g, free fatty acid; 0.45%, iodine value; 38.5gI/100g, saponification value; was 75mg/KOH) respectively. Different catalysts were prepared by dissolving separately (0.18g. 0.20g and 0.21g) w% of NaOH and another 0.18g, 0.20, 0.21g w% of KOH pellets each in 10ml of methanol to produce concentrations of sodium and potassium methoxide respectively. Furthermore, Yellow Oleander Oil (YOO) was divided into 6 portions (25ml each) and poured into 6 different beakers (100ml) and separately placed on a magnetic stirrer. The amount of biodiesel produced at different concentrations of NaOH catalyst was 20.3ml, 20.1ml, and 22.3ml and the amount of biodiesel produced at different concentration of KOH were 24.2ml, 22.1ml, and 21.0ml. The conversion yield of the biodiesel catalysts was 81.2%, 80.4% and 89% for the NaOH catalyst and 96.8%, 88.4% and 84.0 for the KOH catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel such as flash point were 68℃, pour point was 3℃, cloud point was 7℃, cetane number was 98, the acid value was 0.5mg of KOH/g, density was g/cm3 , Iodine value was 3gI/100g, saponification value was 104, viscosity was 1.5mm2 s, the refractive index was 1.49. The results obtained from the study indicate that the physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel are in agreement with the ASTM standard specifications. Both catalysts gave a considerable yield with KOH having a higher yield than NaOH in almost all the concentrations used. Thevetia peruviana can be considered a highly promising feedstock for biodiesel production.

Modeling the Impacts of Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming Victims with Anti-Snake Venom in a Community

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is one of the major causes of deaths and disabilities in tropical and subtropical countries especially in the continents of Asia and Africa. Report revealed that on average, 5-8 and about 3,000 cases of SBE are recorded daily and yearly respectively in northeast Nigeria which population are largely agriculturists. Thus, snakebite (SB) led to economy setback and slows down productivity among the workforce as a result of disabilities induced by SBE. Consequently, the revenue generation even including income facing declined. This paper proposes population-based mathematical model for studying the dynamic impacts of diagnosis and treatment of snakebite envenoming victims with anti-snake venom in a community. The model is rigorously analyzed using relevant techniques and theorems in dynamical systems. The model was validated using monthly reported data on snakebite envenoming from 2020–2022, collected from snakebite treatment and research hospital (STRH) Kaltungo in northeast Nigeria. The qualitative study revealed that the model has snakebite-envenoming-free and snakebite-envenoming-endemic equilibrium points. It is shown via the Lyapunov function in conjunction with the Lassale invariance principle that these two equilibrium points are globally asymptotically stable. Furthermore, numerical simulations of the model were carried out to investigate the impact of the diagnosis of snakebite envenoming victims and the treatment of the same on the burden of snakebite envenoming. The results of the simulations revealed that appropriate diagnosis and treatment of snakebite envenoming victims with anti-snake venom could significantly reduce the number of snakebite-induced deaths and disabilities. This work can serve as a framework for making policy and decision in addressing the issues of SBE in the public healthcares in the study region and beyond.

Nigerian Military and Counterinsurgency Operations in Northeast Nigeria: An Assessment

Povzetek Prispevek analizira dolgotrajne operacije nigerijskih oboroženih sil proti terorističnim in uporniškim skupinam, kot sta Boko Haram in Zahodnoafriška provinca Islamske države. Nigerijske oborožene (AFN) sile so v boju proti tem grožnjam uporabljale tako kinetične kot nekinetične ukrepe, vendar kljub njihovim prizadevanjem in uspehom negotovost še naprej ogroža vzpostavitev miru v državi. V tem prispevku, ki temelji na pregledu dokumentov in terenski raziskavi, so analizirani izzivi, s katerimi se spoprijemajo AFN, med drugim neustrezno orožje in oprema, vprašanja človekovih pravic, posttravmatske stresne motnje in slaba sinergija med agencijami. Za reševanje nastale situacije je v članku predstavljenih nekaj predlogov, kako bi se tem izzivom lahko izognili.

Pattern of anxiety, depression, and suicidality among in-school adolescents in Bauchi, North-East Nigeria

Background: Adolescence is a crucial period of development resulting in significant changes in physical appearance, and psychological functioning. Globally, mental health disorders account for 16% of the global burden of disease and injury in adolescents. The study aims to provide baseline information on adolescents' mental health in Bauchi State. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed in this study. Using systematic sampling technique, 672 in-school adolescents aged 10-19 who gave assent/consent were selected. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 15±2.0, more respondents had no or minimal depression (65.0). However, 0.7% were moderately severely depressed. Most respondents (88.7%) had minimal anxiety, while 1.5% and 0.3% had moderate and severe anxiety respectively. Almost one-quarter of the respondents (23.2%) had thought of ending their life in the past month before the survey with up to 4.2% attempting suicide. Adolescents from polygamous settings were up to 70% less likely to attempt suicide compared to those in a monogamous setting and this was statistically significant with a p-value of 0.039 and CI (0.167-0.785). Furthermore, those whose parents were not in a marital union were 2.9 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to those whose parents were still in union and living together. This was statistically significant with a p-value of 0.018 and CI (1.203-7.060). Conclusions: Early intervention and a multi-pronged public health approach are crucial to safeguard this vulnerable population's mental well-being to enable them to thrive and reach their full potential.

Health Risks Associated with Microphone Sharing: A Survey of Awareness, Perception and Preventative Actions among Christian Church Choir Members in Taraba State, North-East, Nigeria

The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness and health actions related to the risks of microphone sharing among Christian choir members in Taraba State, Nigeria. Grounded in the Health Belief Model, the study utilised a descriptive survey design, sampling 225 choir members from 10 randomly selected churches across Taraba State, Northeast Nigeria. Data were collected via online questionnaires and analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The findings reveal a low level of awareness about the health risks associated with sharing microphones. The respondents generally demonstrated a negative perception towards these risks, with many expressing disbelief in the potential for disease transmission through shared microphones. Additionally, there was a notable lack of adherence to precautionary measures. The study found that microphones were infrequently cleaned, microphone foams were rarely replaced, and hand hygiene practices—such as hand washing and the use of sanitiser—were not routinely observed. The use of face masks and shields among choir members was also reported as rare. These findings have significant implications for public health practices within religious communities. They underscore the urgent need for increased awareness and education about the potential health risks of microphone sharing. Thus, the study recommends implementing regular cleaning protocols, ensuring the replacement of microphone foams, and promoting personal hygiene measures, including hand sanitisation and the use of face masks or shields during group singing activities. These measures are essential for mitigating health risks and ensuring the well-being of choir members.

Diversity and ecology of deadwood-inhabiting mushrooms in Yankari Game Reserve, North-East Nigeria

This study investigated the diversity and ecology of deadwood-inhabiting mushrooms in Yankari Game Reserve. Stratified random sampling was used for the data collection. A total of 23 different mushroom species belonging to 12 different families were found growing on deadwood in the study area, with Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae as the most dominant mushroom families. The distribution, composition, and diversity of the different mushroom species differed according to their local habitats, growth substrate and tree species. The habitats with the highest mushroom species diversity were the Lowland Combretaceous Woodland, Pteleopsis habeensis Woodland. Their Shannon Index (H′) values were 2.31 and 1.96 respectively, and Simpson Index (D) values were 6.81 and 4.74, respectively. Their mushroom abundance was significantly (α = 0.05, p = 0.00) higher than that of Afzelia africana Woodland and Upland Combretaceous Woodland. The Main Trunk was the growth substrate with the highest H′ and D, which were 2.11 and 6.32, respectively; while the Branch had a significantly (α = 0.05, p = 0.00) higher abundance of mushrooms than the soil. Pteleopsis habeensis was the tree species that had the highest mushroom species richness and abundance with H′ (2.06) and D (5.07). The P. habeensis had significantly (α = 0.05, p = 0.00) higher mushroom abundance than all the rest of the thirteen different tree species. Trametes pubescens was the most abundant mushroom species, which was significantly (α = 0.05, p = 0.00) higher than the abundance of 10 species other mushroom species found in the study area. The result of this study can help forest managers conserve the diversity of deadwood-inhabiting mushrooms.

Clinico-pathologic Features of Germ Cell Tumours of the Ovary in Gombe, North-East Nigeria

Clinico-pathologic Features of Germ Cell Tumours of the Ovary in Gombe, North-East Nigeria

Evaluating the Impact of Home Economics Teachers' Entrepreneurial Activities on Family Economic Stability and Well-Being in Northeast Nigeria

This study examines the impact of entrepreneurial activities of Home Economics teachers on family economic stability and well-being in Northeast Nigeria. Home Economics, as a field, encompasses various disciplines such as nutrition, home management, and consumer education, aiming to improve the quality of life for individuals and families. In Northeast Nigeria, Home Economics teachers often engage in entrepreneurial activities, leveraging their expertise to supplement their income and enhance their families' economic stability. This study evaluates the extent to which these entrepreneurial endeavors contribute to family income, food security, and overall quality of life. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from Home Economics teachers across Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe states. A sample of 200 teachers was selected through multistage sampling. The study employed both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data, including paired samples t-tests and W-statistics to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings reveal that entrepreneurial activities significantly enhance family economic stability and well-being. Teachers engaged in ventures such as catering, textile and fashion businesses, and home management consultancy experienced notable improvements in family income, food security, and overall quality of life. The study underscores the importance of supporting entrepreneurial initiatives among Home Economics teachers to foster economic resilience and social development in the region. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to integrate entrepreneurial education within the Home Economics curriculum, thereby promoting sustainable development in Northeast Nigeria.

Challenges of Deradicalisation, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Boko Haram Insurgents in Northeast Nigeria

Purpose: For more than a decade, the Boko Haram insurgency has been an internal and external security threat to Nigeria. This study aims to identify challenges and provide policy input to ensure the success of deradicalization and reintegration programs as a pathway to peacebuilding in North Eastern Nigeria.Methodology:This research method adopts a qualitative data collection and analysis strategy, with special interviews using unstructured questionnaires with family members of victims, officials from the North East National Emergency Management Agency, security officers, academics, and officials from international donor organizations.Findings: The findings show that the main obstacles to deradicalization and rehabilitation of repentant Boko Haram members include negative perceptions of victims' families, desire for revenge, suspicion of the authenticity of repentance, accusations of espionage, corruption of public officials, and the inability to provide an environment that supports full reintegration.Implication:These findings impact the importance of practical steps to ensure that surrendering rebels can be productive. At the same time, victims and their families must be adequately compensated to prevent future tendencies toward retaliation and the resurgence of the insurgency.

Etiology of bloodstream infections among pediatric patients in Bauchi metropolis, north-east Nigeria

Background: The prevalence of bacterial infections in children is increasing by the day, this gives a cause for concern regarding the high rate of bloodstream infection (BSI) and associated mortality in developing countries. Physical signs and symptoms may be useful but have limited specificity which would be addressed with bacteriologic blood culture. This study was aimed at determining the etiologic agents of bacteremia and the prevalence in pediatric patients aged 0-5years. Methods: Two hundred and sixty- two (262) blood samples were analyzed from children aged 0-5years, attending hospitals within Bauchi metropolis with features suggestive of septicemia. Samples were collected under aseptic conditions and automated blood culture was done on BacT/ALERT 3D Biomerieux, Germany. Positive blood culture was sub-cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar and identified on Vitek2 (bioMѐrieux, France) automated system after gram staining. Changes in pathogen distribution according to age and gender were determined by the chi-square test and statistical significance confirmed if a two-tailed p-value was not more than 0.01. Results: Bacteria was isolated in 119 (45.4) of samples with highest rate among neonates 54(45.3). Staphylococcus aureus 21 (17.6) was the most predominant organism isolated across all age groups with a higher occurrence in patients<1year old. A chi-square test of independence for culture positivity and age/gender at p<.01 was not significant Conclusion: In this study both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are implicated in pediatric bloodstream infections. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant organism followed by members of the Enterobacterales (Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli).

The geology and petrography of Rimin Zayam and environs, Bauchi, North-East Nigeria

The geology and petrography of Rimin Zayam and environs, Bauchi, North-East Nigeria