North-south Zone Research Articles

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India: geographical distribution, sources and associated health risk-a review.

Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated human health risks have been studied in India. However, a comprehensive overview is not available in India, this review highlights the possible sources, and associated cancer risks in people living in different zones of India. Different databases were searched for the scientific literature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in India. Database searches have revealed a total of 55 studies conducted at 139 locations in India in the last 14years between 1996 and 2018. Based on varying climatic conditions in India, the available data was analysed and distributed with four zone including north, east, west/central and south zones. Comparatively higher concentrations were reported for locations in north zone, than east, west/central and south zones. The average concentrations of ∑PAHs is lower in east zone, and concentrations in north, west/central and south zones are higher by 1.67, 1.47, and 1.12 folds respectively than those in east zone. Certain molecular diagnostic ratios and correlation receptor models were used for identification of possible sources, which aided to the conclusion that both pyrogenic and petrogenic activities are the mixed sources of PAH emissions to the Indian environment. Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalency for different zones is estimated and presented. Estimated Chronic daily intake (CDI) due to inhalation of PAHs and subsequently, cancer risk (CR) is found to be ranging from extremely low to low in various geographical zones of India.

Slope Stability Analysis for a Large Hydropower Station in China

Hydropower plants (including the switching station) built in the middle and southern section of the north–south zone of China are always situated in complex geological settings of transition zones from strong to weak earthquakes with active faults. It is of great importance to carry out careful evaluation of the slope stability considering various loading scenarios to ensure safe operation of the power stations. By using the rigid body limit equilibrium method and the finite element method, the effects of long-term load and seismic load on slope stability for a large hydropower station were studied. The results show that the slope safety factors of the station meet the stability requirements when the slope is under long-term load and under the action of the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake loads. The stability of the slope is guaranteed. However, the risk analysis of the slope stability under the action of the design earthquake load shows that the slope safety factor is less than the accidental working condition safety factor of 1.05. Under the action of a strong earthquake, the crumbling block gravel soil layer in the shallow natural slope slides and destabilizes, which is obviously beyond its protection capacity, and therefore, effective seismic defense measures should be developed to ensure the safety of the personnel and equipment operating in the power station and switching station.

Spatial Spillover Transmission Effects of Financial Development on Economic-Zone Financial Efficiency in China

This article attempts to fill important knowledge gaps to explore the spatial spillover effects of financial markets on regional financial efficiency in eight economic zones using three-stage superefficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Durbin’s spatial econometric model. The average financial efficiencies in the North coast, East coast, and South coast economic zones reach the superefficiency DEA relatively efficient level, while the average financial efficiencies in the Northeast, Middle Yellow River, Middle Yangtze River, and large West-south and West-north economic zones reach the superefficiency DEA relatively inefficient level. Except for the North coast economic zone, seven equity markets have significant impacts on regional financial efficiency, and local equity markets in the Northeast, South coast, Middle Yellow River, and Middle Yangtze River economic zones generate significant spatial spillover effects on neighboring regions’ financial efficiency. Local credit markets only in the Northeast and South coast economic zones have significant spatial spillover influences on neighboring regions’ financial efficiency. Debt markets in the North coast, East coast, South coast, Middle Yangtze River, and large West-south economic zones have significant influences on regional financial efficiency, and local debt markets in the East coast and Middle Yangtze River economic zones generate significant spatial spillover effects on neighboring regions’ financial efficiency.

Spatio-temporal variation and dynamic simulation of ecosystem carbon storage in the north-south transitional zone of China

Spatio-temporal variation and dynamic simulation of ecosystem carbon storage in the north-south transitional zone of China

Quantitative methods and analysis of health performance and environmental conditions in the city of Porto Velho

Objective: to analyze the IQVU of the city of Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, in a perspective of quality of life from the construction of the UHEs on the Madeira River. Methods: the model developed by Paraguassú-Chaves et al [3] was used to analyze the performance index in health and environmental conditions. 552 forms and interviews were applied, which contributed to the collection of primary data in the sample survey in the 69 neighborhoods grouped by the four urban areas of Porto Velho, involving 8 households per neighborhood. The data were submitted to Factor Analysis to calculate the quality of life indexes. In the analysis phase, the IQVU model of the Hair et al classification index scale [4] was used. Results: After 6 years, the quality of life indexes found in this research are similar to those found previously. Central Zone IQVU (0.456) Regular, East Zone IQVU (0.406), North Zone IQVU (0.428) and South Zone IQVU (0.393), with the average IQVU (0.420) of the city of Porto Velho. Conclusions: there was a significant drop in the quality of life index with the construction of the Jirau and Santo Antônio hydroelectric dams on the Madeira River, in Porto Velho. The city's quality of urban life index, which had already suffered a negative impact during the construction of the dams and 1 year later, worsened six years later.

Chapter 4 Paleoproterozoic (2.0–1.8 Ga) syn-orogenic sedimentation, magmatism and mineralization in the Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit, Svecokarelian orogen

Abstract The Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit is dominated by turbiditic wacke and argillite (Bothnian basin), deposited at 1.96 (or older)–1.86 Ga, metamorphosed generally under high-grade conditions and intruded by successive plutonic suites at 1.95–1.93, 1.90–1.88, 1.87–1.85 and 1.81–1.76 Ga. In the northern part, low-grade and low-strain, 1.90–1.86 Ga predominantly magmatic rocks (the Skellefte–Arvidsjaur magmatic province) are enclosed by the basinal components. Subduction-related processes in intra-arc basin and magmatic arc settings, respectively, are inferred. Changes in the metamorphic grade and the relative timing of deformation and structural style across the magmatic province are linked to major shear zones trending roughly north–south and, close to the southern margin, WNW–ESE. Zones trending WNW–ESE and ENE–WSW dominate southwards. Slip along the north–south zones in an extensional setting initiated synchronously with magmatic activity at 1.90–1.88 Ga. Tectonic inversion steered by accretion to a craton to the east, involving crustal shortening, ductile strain and crustal melting, occurred at 1.88–1.85 Ga. Deformation along shear zones under lower-grade conditions continued at c. 1.8 Ga. Felsic volcanic rocks (1.90–1.88 Ga) host exhalative and replacement-type volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (the metallogenic Skellefte district). Other deposits include orogenic Au, particularly along the ‘gold line’ SW of this district, porphyry Cu–Au–Mo, and magmatic Ni–Cu along the ‘nickel line’ SE of the ‘gold line’.

Spatial, Temporal and Genetic Dynamics Characteristics of Influenza B Viruses in China, 1973-2018.

Annual influenza B virus epidemics and outbreaks cause severe influenza diseases in humans and pose a threat to public health. China is an important epidemic area of influenza B viruses. However, the spatial, temporal transmission pathways and the demography history of influenza B viruses in China remain unknown. We collected the haemagglutinin gene sequences sampled of influenza B virus in China between 1973 and 2018. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo phylogeographic discrete approach was used to infer the spatial and temporal phylodynamics of influenza B virus. The Bayesian phylogeographic analysis of influenza B viruses showed that the North subtropical and South subtropical zones are the origins of the Victoria and Yamagata lineage viruses, respectively. Furthermore, the South temperate and North subtropical zones acted as transition nodes in the Victoria lineage virus dispersion network and that the North subtropical and Mid subtropical zones acted as transition nodes in the Yamagata lineage virus dispersion network. Our findings contribute tothe knowledge regarding the spatial and temporal patterns of influenza B virus outbreaks in China.

Short Communication: Intraspecific genetic diversity and population subdivision of rabbitfish (Siganidae: Siganus canaliculatus) in urbanized reefs of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

Abstract. Madduppa H, Margaretha MK, Bramandito A, Prartono T, Subhan B, Arafat D, Anggraini NP. 2019. Short Communication: Intraspecific genetic diversity and population subdivision of rabbitfish (Siganidae: Siganus canaliculatus) in urbanized reefs of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: xxxx. Indonesian coral reefs and seagrass are heavily influenced by human activities through pollution and habitat loss, and sea-level rise or the increase of ocean temperature due to the global change. In the Jakarta Bay and Seribu Islands, marine communities have been impacted by an increase in eutrophication and sedimentation levels. As a result, these habitats became degraded and could affect their associated organisms such as rabbitfish. Genetic diversity and population structure can provide information about a long-term condition in an aquatic organism. The study was conducted to assess genetic diversity and population structure of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) across an environmental gradient in Jakarta Bay and Seribu Islands. A total of 31 individuals were collected using gillnet in study sites. A molecular marker mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) was used to amplify DNA. The result of the phylogenetic tree formed two major clades, which generally separate northern and southern region of Seribu Islands populations. AMOVA analysis showed significant genetic differentiation between the population of Siganus canaliculatus in the north zone (National Park) and south zone Seribu Island (FST = 0.38, p<0.005). The highest haplotype diversity (Hd) of Siganus canaliculatus contained was observed in the north (Pulau Semak Daun) and south (Pulau Damar) in both as moderate (0.50). Nucleotide diversity ( ) of Siganus canaliculatus was categorized as low (0.076) to moderate (0.500). Environment and humans seem to affect the value of genetic diversity, and as the study suggests, a significant population subdivision makes this population vulnerable.

THE ACQUISITION OF CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF HISTORICAL THINKING IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTI ETHNIC STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

This study related to previous studies emphasizing the importance of conceptual understanding towards the improvement of the historical thinking process. It was aimed at finding out how ethnical elements influence the acquisition of students’ conceptual understanding in history as well as observing the differences and the correlation between multi-ethnic students’ conceptual understanding level and the historical thinking aspects. This study was a survey study using instruments of tests and interviews with students based on stratified sampling taken from the whole Malay Peninsula comprising four zones of North Zone (21.9%), South Zone (22.1%), Central Zone (34.0%) and East Zone (22.0%). The rating scale for conceptual understanding and historical thinking was excellent, good, fair, and poor. The test items used within the test were based on the curriculum of history for Sekolah Menengah Tingkatan Empat (Form Four of Secondary School) including early civilization, South East civilization, Islamic civilization and European civilization. Theories from experts were considered in the composition of test items and in order to ensure the reliability of the result. Interviews were also conducted to get teachers’ response to the teaching of conceptual understanding and historical thinking. Six teachers were chosen for the interview. the data shows that students’ conceptual understanding level was fair in general (mean=3.07, s.p = 1.103) where the historical thinking was poor (mean = 1.94, s.p = 0.834). Students’ conceptual understanding level will affect their thinking ability and analysis towards the subject matter. Malay students were different significantly in conceptual understanding and history thinking from the Chinese and Indian ones. The clarity of instruction showed a high correlation with conceptual understanding while learning activities showed a high correlation with historical thinking.

Macronutrients and Sugar Content in Foods and Beverages from Three Selected Zones in Peninsular Malaysia

This study was conducted to determine the content of macronutrients and sugar in 30 types of food selected from three zones in Peninsular Malaysia. The food samples consisted of 14 types of processed foods and beverages, 8 types of fruits and 10 types ready to eat food. Each type of food and drink were purchased from selected restaurants, stores and supermarkets from three different zones which were North zone (Perak), Central zone (Selangor) and South Zone (Johor). Methods used for proximate analysis were based on the standard methods of AOAC (1997) while the total carbohydrate was calculated by difference method. Total calories were calculated using Atwater method. Total sugar content were analysed using high performace liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dietary fibre contents were determined by using a combination of enzyme-gravimetric methods (AOAC 985.29 and AACC 32-05). The results showed that peanut butter has the highest value of fat (44.75 ± 7.59 g/100 g), total calorie (611 ± 38 kcal /100 g) and dietary fibre contents (8.07 ± 0.98 g/100 g). Highest protein content (21.98 ± 2.57 g/100 g) was found in low-fat milk powder. The highest carbohydrate (97.48 ± 1.47 g/100 g) and total sugar (86.7 ± 2.9 g/100 g) contents were found in palm sugar. The results of this study will update and add up to the data for the Malaysian Food Composition Table and can provide useful information in choosing healthy foods based on the nutrient contents of the food.

C–O Stable Isotopes Geochemistry of Tunisian Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits: A First Look

A preliminary C–O stable isotopes geochemical characterization of several nonsulfide Zn-Pb Tunisian deposits has been carried out, in order to evidence the possible differences in their genesis. Nonsulfide ores were sampled from the following deposits: Ain Allegua, Jebel Ben Amara, Jebel Hallouf (Nappe Zone), Djebba, Bou Grine, Bou Jaber, Fedj el Adoum, Slata Fer (Diapir Zone), Jebel Ressas, Jebel Azreg, Mecella (North South Axis Zone), Jebel Trozza, Sekarna (Graben Zone). After mineralogical investigation of selected specimens, the C–O stable isotopic study was carried out on smithsonite, hydrozincite, cerussite and calcite. The data have shown that all the carbonate generations in the oxidized zones of Ain Allegua and Jebel Ben Amara (Nappe Zone), Bou Jaber, Bou Grine and Fedj el Adoum (Diapir Zone), Mecella and Jebel Azreg (North South Zone) have a supergene origin, whereas the carbonates sampled at Sekarna (Graben Zone) (and in limited part also at Bou Jaber) precipitated from thermal waters at moderately high temperature. Most weathering processes that controlled the supergene alteration of the Zn-Pb sulfide deposits in Tunisia had probably started in the middle to late Miocene interval and at the beginning of the Pliocene, both periods corresponding to two distinct tectonic pulses that produced the exhumation of sulfide ores, but the alteration and formation of oxidized minerals could have also continued through the Quaternary. The isotopic characteristics associated with the weathering processes in the sampled localities were controlled by the different locations of the sulfide protores within the tectonic and climatic zones of Tunisia during the late Tertiary and Quaternary.

Late Pleistocene aeolian dust provenances and wind direction changes reconstructed by heavy mineral analysis of the sediments of the Dehner dry maar (Eifel, Germany)

The study presents the results of a heavy mineral analysis from a 38m long record of lacustrine Eifel maar sediments from a core section of the Dehner dry maar. The record encompasses the period from 29,000 to about 12,500 b2k. Statistical analyses enabled the distinction of local and regional source areas of aeolian material and revealed pronounced changes in the amounts of different heavy mineral species and corresponding changes in the grain size Index (GSI and CSI). The results indicate that during the early stages of MIS2 (39 to 30m depth) aeolian sediments were supplied mostly from local sources. This period is characterized by low GSI and CSI ratios resulting from a reduced mobility of material due to a vegetation cover. The period between 23,000 and 12,900 b2k is characterized by a higher supply of heavy minerals from regional and more distant sources. Changes in the provenance areas are indicated in inverse relationships between zircon, rutile, tourmaline (ZRT) and carbonate particles. Shifts in the wind direction are documented in pronounced peaks of carbonate particles indicating easterly winds that have crossed the limestone basins in the Eifeler North South Zone. ZRT-group minerals on the other hand suggest a westerly source area from Palaeozoic clastic sedimentary rocks. The heavy mineral assemblage of the LGM section at 23,000 to 15,000 b2k displays a close correspondence with the stratigraphic relationships that have been obtained for the Landscape Evolution Zone 4 of the ELSA-Vegetation Stack of Sirocko et al. (2016). From the Heinrich 2 event onwards the analyses indicate an increasing degree of mixing of heavy minerals from various provinces. This suggests the existence of a presumably incomplete, thin cover of deflated loess-like sediments that has been repeatedly reworked on the elevated surfaces of the Eifel.

A geomechanical interpretation of the local seismicity related to eruptions and renewed activity on Tolbachik, Koryakskii, and Avacha Volcanoes, Kamchatka, in 2008–2012

The local seismicity during the 2012–2013 eruption of Tolbachik Volcano and the 2008–2009 steam–gas eruption of Koryakskii Volcano is here considered as resulting from injections of magma that produced dikes, sills, and renewed activity at preexisting faults. We identified plane-oriented earthquake clusters in order to reveal the above zones using earthquake catalogs made at the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS). Subsequent space–time analysis of these observations lends itself to the following interpretation. The November 27, 2012 Tolbachik lava eruption was preceded by an injection of magma resulting in a series of dikes trending west-northwestward in the range of absolute depths between–4 and +3 km in a zone situated southeast of the Ploskii Tolbachik Volcano edifice. The dikes penetrated into a nearly horizontal permeable zone at an absolute depth of approximately zero, producing sills and emplacing a magma-conducting dike along the top of the zone of cinder cones (the dip angle is 50° toward the azimuth 300°) 5.5 km from the epicenter of the initial magma injection. The summit steam–gas eruption of Koryakskii Volcano in 2008–2009 was preceded by magma filling a crustal chamber (the top of the chamber is at–3 km absolute depth; the chamber is 2.5 km across) close to the southwestern base of Koryakskii. Further, magma injection in a nearly north–south zone (7.5 by 2.5 km), the absolute depth between–2 and–5 km) in the north sector of Koryakskii Volcano was occurring concurrently with the summit steam–gas eruption. The injection of magma into the cone of Avacha Volcano (2010) produced sills (at altitudes between +1600 and +1900 m) and dikes (mostly striking northwest).

North-South Contact Zone and Integration Theory of Minds: A Theory Proposal for “Geology of Mind”

North-South Contact Zone and Integration Theory of Minds: A Theory Proposal for “Geology of Mind”

How Price Signals in Pulses are Transmitted across Regions and Value Chain? Examining Horizontal and Vertical Market Price Integration for Major Pulses in India

The paper has applied time series model to investigate the wholesale and retail price market integration of major pulses (tur, gram, moong, urad, masoor) in five major regions namely north zone (NZ), south zone (SZ), east zone (EZ), west zone (WZ) and north east zone (NEZ) in the country based on their volume of production. The study has shown that there exists a strong cointegration among the wholesale as well as retail prices of these major pulses, although the cointegration varies. In addition to the horizontal cointegration, the vertical cointegration between the wholesale and retail prices of different pulses has also been investigated. Different causal relationships have been found between wholesale and retail prices in these five zones. The application of vector error correction model (VECM) has indicated that all the error correction terms (ECTs) are negative and most of these terms are statistically significant, implying that the system once in dis-equilibrium tries to come back to the equilibrium situation. The study has also used Impulse response analysis which shows that change in wholesale prices of these five pulses in one zone will cause change in wholesale prices in other zones. The paper has concluded that price signals are transmitted across regions indicating that price changes in one zone are consistently related to price changes in other zones and are able to influence the prices in other zones. However, the direction and intensity of price changes may be affected by the dynamic linkages between the demand and supply of pulses. The study has provided an interesting insight for policy makers, and for contributing to improve the information precision to predict the price movements used by marketing operators for their strategies and by policy makers for designing the suitable marketing strategies to bring more efficiency across the markets.

Three Gold-Bearing Prehispanic Ceramic Fragments from the Supía-Marmato Mining District, Rio Medio Cauca, Colombia

The alluvial environment of the Supia-Marmato mining district, in the Rio Medio Cauca region, Colombia, provided coarse and fine-grained gold that was used for prehispanic gold work and also fine-grained, gold-bearing sediments that were used for ceramic production. Three ceramic fragments, identified as Marron Inciso—Quimbaya Clasico, were submitted for geochemical analysis in order to determine their elemental composition—the ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) data indicated: 2 - 8 ppm Ag; 91 - 367 ppm Au; 1 ppm Hg; 9 - 73 ppm Pt; 10 - 47 ppm Ni; 11 - 60 ppm Pb; and one sample contained 34,800 ppm Cu. The Rio Medio Cauca is a broad north-south zone that runs from Cauca Dept., in the south, to Medellin, Antioquia Dept., in the north. This region also hosts numerous mineral occurrences and mines such as Marmato (Au-Ag) and La Colosa (Au-Cu). We conclude that this is the first study to define and establish a link between the metal content of prehispanic ceramics and Au, Ag, Cu, and Pt occurrences in Colombia.

A study of the focal mechanisms of small volcanic earthquakes during the precursory period and the occurrence of the 2008–2009 eruption on Koryakskii Volcano

This is the first-ever study to determine the focal mechanisms for very small volcanic earthquakes (magnitudes approximately 1). We used a swarm of small volcanic earthquakes in the Koryakskii Volcano area during the seismic precursory period before the eruption (March to December 2008) and during the subsequent volcanic activity (December 28, 2008 through April 2009). Statistically significant estimates of mechanism parameters were found for the volcanic earthquakes in this swarm. The mechanisms were determined using the polarities of the first motions of P-waves. The resulting rupture planes strike along azimuths that are consistent with the fault plane of the nearly north–south zone where the 2008–2009 seismicity of Koryakskii Volcano occurred. It was shown that the earthquakes in and around the fault zone can be classified into those south of the Koryakskii summit (zone I) and north of it (zone II). The azimuths of rupture planes in zones I and II are significantly different (212° ± 12° and 5° ± 12°, respectively).

Fluoride Concentration in Community Water and Bottled Drinking Water: A Dilemma Today

Because of the potential for contamination of municipal water supplies, people appear to be turning to alternative sources for their pure drinking water. The present study analyzed the fluoride concentration in community water and bottled drinking water sold in Faridabad city. A comparative evaluation of fluoride content in community water supply and bottled drinking water was done using ion-selective electrode method. The community water samples were collected from six different areas (i.e. north zone, south zone, east zone, west zone and central zone) in the city from public health water supply taps while bottled drinking water samples were randomly picked from grocery shops or supermarkets. The fluoride concentration in the community water supply in this study ranges from 0.11 to 0.26 mg/L with mean fluoride concentration of 0.17 mg/L. The mean concentration of fluoride in bottled drinking water was 0.06 mg/L. The differences observed between mean of two water samples was statistically significant. The results obtained from the present study clearly state that the fluoride concentration was insufficient in community water supply from all the areas and also was deficient in bottled drinking water sold in Faridabad city. So, Alternative sources of fluorides should be supplemented for optimal dental benefits from the use of fluoride.

Contemporary Subsidence and Ground Movement, Southwestern Ontario: Possible Bedrock Controls

Ground movement, principally subsidence with limited strike-slip displacement, occurs discontinuously along an 8 km-long, north-south zone which is subparallel to the St. Clair River and extends from Mooretown to Corunna, Ontario. The southern-most area of subsidence lies beneath the river, 25 m from the Canadian shore. The longest continuous interval of subsidence is ^ 75 m east of the river and the northern limit is located about 250 to 300 m east of the river. Subsidence has been both abrupt and gradual, occurring overnight and over a two-year period. In the south and central areas the west side (the side closer to the river) has dropped 20 to 40 cm. However, in the north, the east side has subsided. The foundation of one home has been displaced 1 and 5 cm, in a right-lateral sense, along two discrete surfaces. The ground movements do not resemble surface slumping. Bedrock movement resulting from either dissolution of limestone or salt, displacements along Grenville basement structures, or a combination of the two may explain the phenomenon. The deformation observed, both in the production of scarps and damage to civil structures, may have neotectonic implications.

Three-Dimensional Velocity Images of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the North-South Zone in China

We have determined the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the north-south tectonic belt between Tibet and Eastern China by simulta- neously inverting local, regional, and teleseismic data. Our data set is composed of 45,028 P-wave arrival times from 602 local and regional earthquakes and 985 travel times from 102 teleseismic events. With the LSQR (sparse linear equations and least squares) algorithm, the P-wave velocity perturbations were estimated by the simul- taneous inversion of hypocenters and medium parameters from the surface to a depth of 200 km. We tested the stability and the resolution of our inverted results with a checkerboard test and found that the models are well resolved up to a depth of about 50 km for most parts of the studied region. Results show that the north-south tectonic belt is characterized by a significant lateral heterogeneity in velocity both in the crust and in the upper mantle. Correlating these velocity images with the main tectonic features, we find that (1) the shallow velocity distribution above 3 km is consistent with the topographic features and the basin distribution; (2) the middle-lower crustal velocities from 20 km to 50 km characterize a mechanically weak north-south tec- tonic belt, because it bears a relatively lower-velocity perturbation over a large re- gion; (3) the upper mantle velocities from 85 km to 120 km delineate the eastern Tibetan boundary, but changes in some subzones may reflect the effects of several tectonic events, including paleorifting, the Cenozoic convergence between Tibet and southeastern China and other tectonic episodes.