Mainland North Research Articles

Douwa/Douwen/Douwens

Abstract In the Old West Frisian charters, weak personal names quite often feature the ending -en in both dative and accusative contexts. In this article, it is shown that the data do not indicate that this foreign (Middle Low German or Middle Dutch) case ending is intruding upon the original weak case ending -a in Late Old West Frisian. Therefore, the initial hypothesis is that -en might function as a kind of differential object marker, just like the ending -en with personal names in modern Mainland North Frisian. Since -en is limited to the formal, written language of the charters, however, one is drawn to the conclusion that the ending indeed serves the purpose of object marking, but purely as a notorial convention.

MR Imaging Patterns and Prognosis in Powassan Virus Encephalitis.

Powassan virus (POWV) encephalitis is an arbovirus infection and the only tick-borne encephalitis serogroup which is present in mainland North America. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging described with POWV encephalitis is varied, nonspecific, and limited in number, and as such, imaging patterns and outcomes with this arbovirus infection are not well appreciated. A case report and literature review of the MR imaging associated with POWV encephalitis and correlate of the MR pattern with outcome is considered. The cerebellar dominant MR imaging pattern was identified in 50% of POWV encephalitis cases and was associated with a 60% fatality rate. POWV encephalitis with prominent cerebellar involvement on MR imaging responded to intravenous steroid. A cerebellar dominant MR pattern in POWV encephalitis was common, associated with a poor prognosis, and recognition could change management from supportive to life-saving.

Additional records on the occurrence of two alien Leguminosae in Algeria

Abstract During field surveys, carried out between 2021 and 2022 in northeastern Algeria, two populations of Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze were discovered. One population was located in the middle of a quite natural habitat in the Filfilla region (wilaya of Skikda). This population seems more or less established and can be considered to be at the beginning of the naturalization process, a degree of naturalization not previously reported in Algeria and mainland North Africa. The surveys also revealed several populations of Paraserianthes lophantha (Vent.) I.C. Nielsen, a species that was recently reported as naturalized in Algeria but for which details on its naturalization were lacking. Details about the localities in which the two species were observed are given, including a present map of their distribution and field photographs. A key for the identification of both genera is also provided.

Slope stability assessment of a major trunk road at Scrabster Harbour, Scotland, UK

In 2017 two landslides resulted in a temporary closure of the main access road to Scrabster Harbour, located in the north of the Scottish mainland. A slope stability assessment was commissioned to investigate the occurrence, causes and mechanisms of historical landslides, and their associated consequences to inform future landslide hazard potential. Within Scotland, most slope stability studies are undertaken using qualitative rather than quantitative methods, largely due to insufficient historical data. This paper presents a case study where a semi-quantitative risk assessment was used to assess the stability of coastal slopes above the A9 trunk road at Scrabster Harbour. A database of historical landslides and slope characteristics was compiled and used in a semi-quantitative risk assessment to provide the client with targeted information on which areas of the slope can be stabilized most effectively. This was based on ranking the slopes in terms of relative risk, thus providing the road operator and maintenance contractor with an indication of those slopes presenting a higher risk so that these areas could be prioritized for remedial works. The analysis showed that surface-water drainage intersecting the slopes and locally oversteepened slopes were primary controls for the observed landslides.

Considering the Revolution

Considering the Revolution

Das Fugenelement -e- in NN-Komposita im Mooringer Friesisch als Stammerweiterung

In this article we discuss the distribution of the linking element -e- in NN-compounds in Mooring Frisian, a mainland North Frisian dialect. Although this linking element is homophonous with the regular plural ending -e in Mooring Frisian and triggers plural allomorphy, we argue against an equation of linking element and plural ending. We propose that linking elements are semantically void augments or stem extensions, that may optionally serve phonological (prosodic) and/or quasi-morphological functions. Thus the linking element -e- can build trochees and function as an indirect marker of the stem inherent morphosemantic features (countability, animacy) or the first component’s contextual meaning (plural interpre¬tation). In addition, we address some dialectological and historical aspects of the development of the linking element -e- in Mooring Frisian in Mooring Frisian.

The Pedagogy of Bafflement: Bernard Bailyn's History 2910, Fall 1996

The Pedagogy of Bafflement: Bernard Bailyn's History 2910, Fall 1996

BRİTANYA ADALARI’NIN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI VE İLK HALKLARI

The historical geography of Britain and its first peoples are discussed with the geographical perspective provided by the concepts of "Atlantic Europe" and "Western Europe". Humbly, this study aims to contribute to the expansion of the geographical perception of England through the axis of Western European historical geography in Turkish historiography by using the light of studies on the prehistoric period. Throughout the centuries, the British Isles served as an important transit station for the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea routes as a nodal point in the north of the European mainland. In this context, Britain’s regional geography has been scrutinized by centered on the strategic location of the Island within the transportation networks. Secondly, The Celts -first known settled community of the British Isles- provided the opportunity to evaluate the population of the island through the phenomenon of migration in the prehistory period from the upper scale perspective of regional geography. The Celts, who were adept at processing iron, maintained their settlements in the British Isles for many years under the influence of this tool-equipment power that determined the superiority of other communities. Furthermore, Celts have been the subject of ethnic origin studies since the age of Nationalism. In the light of the findings, the Celts genetically influenced the red-haired tough-looking breed in Ireland and western Scotland with their dark, curly-haired typologies. It was concluded that most of the blond population in the British population came from Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian ancestors. The extensive presence of the Celts in Western Europe helps us to perceive Britain’s regional geography and reveals the historical phenomenon of geographical transitivity.

Using Optical Water-Type Classification in Data-Poor Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study in the Torres Strait

For many years, local communities have expressed concerns that turbid plume waters from the Fly River in Papua New Guinea may potentially deliver mine-derived contaminants to the Torres Strait, an ecologically and culturally unique area north of the Australian mainland. Information on suspended sediment transport and turbidity patterns are needed in this data-limited region to identify and manage downstream ecosystems that may be at risk of exposure from the Fly River runoff. This study used MODIS satellite time series and a colour-classification approach to map optical water types around the data-poor Gulf of Papua and Torres Strait region. The satellite data were supported by field data, including salinity and suspended sediment measurements, and used together in qualitative water quality assessments to evaluate the habitats that are likely exposed to Fly River discharge and/or derived sediments. It showed that the Fly River influence in the Torres Strait region is largely limited to the north-east corner of the Torres Strait. The drivers of turbidity vary between locations, and it is impossible to fully separate direct riverine plume influence from wave and tidally driven sediment resuspension in the satellite maps. However, results indicate that coastal habitats located as far east as Bramble Cay and west to Boigu Island are located in an area that is most likely exposed to the Fly River discharge within the region, directly or through sediment resuspension. The area that is the most likely exposed is a relatively small proportion of the Torres Strait region, but encompasses habitats of high ecological importance, including coral reefs and seagrass meadows. Satellite data showed that the period of highest risk of exposure was during the south-east trade wind season and complemented recent model simulations in the region over larger spatial and temporal frames. This study did not evaluate transboundary pollution or the ecological impact on local marine resources, but other recent studies suggest it is likely to be limited. However, this study did provide long-term, extensive but qualitative, baseline information needed to inform future ecological risk mapping and to support decision making about management priorities in the region. This is important for ensuring the protection of the Torres Strait ecosystems, given their importance to Torres Strait communities and turtle and dugong populations, and the Torres Strait’s connectivity with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

Dynamic evolution of Mhc haplotypes in cynomolgus macaques of different geographic origins.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in immune defense, and the Mhc genes of cynomolgus macaque display a high degree of polymorphism. Based on their geographic distribution, different populations of cynomolgus macaques are recognized. Here we present the characterization of the Mhc class I and II repertoire of a large pedigreed group of cynomolgus macaques originating from the mainland north of the isthmus of Kra (N = 42). Segregation analyses resulted in the definition of 81 unreported Mafa-A/B/DRB/DQ/DP haplotypes, which include 32 previously unknown DRB regions. In addition, we report 13 newly defined Mafa-A/B/DRB/DQ/DP haplotypes in a group of cynomolgus macaques originating from the mainland south of the isthmus of Kra/Maritime Southeast Asia (N = 16). A relatively high level of sharing of Mafa-A (51%) and Mafa-B (40%) lineage groups is observed between the populations native to the north and the south of isthmus of Kra. At the allelic level, however, the Mafa-A/B haplotypes seem to be characteristic of a population. An overall comparison of all currently known data revealed that each geographic population has its own specific combinations of Mhc class I and II haplotypes. This illustrates the dynamic evolution of the cynomolgus macaque Mhc region, which was most likely generated by recombination and maintained by selection due to the differential pathogenic pressures encountered in different geographic areas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00251-021-01249-y.

Atmospheric tomography using the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster and Chilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars: network details and 3D-Var retrieval

Abstract. Ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric parameters is often limited to single station observations by vertical profiles at a certain geographic location. This is a limiting factor for investigating gravity wave dynamics as the spatial information is often missing, e.g., horizontal wavelength, propagation direction or intrinsic frequency. In this study, we present a new retrieval algorithm for multistatic meteor radar networks to obtain tomographic 3-D wind fields within a pre-defined domain area. The algorithm is part of the Agile Software for Gravity wAve Regional Dynamics (ASGARD) and called 3D-Var, and based on the optimal estimation technique and Bayesian statistics. The performance of the 3D-Var retrieval is demonstrated using two meteor radar networks: the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster and the Chilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars (CONDOR). The optimal estimation implementation provide statistically sound solutions and diagnostics from the averaging kernels and measurement response. We present initial scientific results such as body forces of breaking gravity waves leading to two counter-rotating vortices and horizontal wavelength spectra indicating a transition between the rotational k−3 and divergent k-5/3 mode at scales of 80–120 km. In addition, we performed a keogram analysis over extended periods to reflect the latitudinal and temporal impact of a minor sudden stratospheric warming in December 2019. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the 3D-Var algorithm to perform large-scale retrievals to derive meteorological wind maps covering a latitude region from Svalbard, north of the European Arctic mainland, to central Norway.

Das regelmäßige schwache Verb im Mooringer Friesisch: Zwei Konjugationsklassen oder phonologisch bedingte Allomorphie?

In this article we investigate the historical development of the regular weak verb in Mooring, the most vital Mainland North Frisian dialect. We show that until the first half of the 20th century Mooring still distinguished between the two weak conjugation classes inherited from Old Frisian and typical for most Frisian dialects: Class I without and class II with a theme vowel -e- in the endings of the 2nd and 3rd Person Singular Present, the Past and the Past Participle. From the end of the 19th century onward, a process of deletion of schwa after sonorants gradually caused the fusion of class II weak verbs with a stem-final vowel or sonorant with class I weak verbs. After World War II this process came to its (near) completion and the former morphological division of the weak verbs in two conjugation classes was given up in favour of a phonological distribution of the endings on the basis of the stem-final segment: Endings with e appear after obstruents, endings without e after vowels and sonorants. Although modern grammars in principle recognized this new phonological conditioning of the weak conjugation, they failed to see that there remained a number of exceptions,viz. former class I weak verbs with a stem-final obstruent still taking an eless ending. That one is dealing with exceptions here is clearly shown, however, by the fact that these verbs gradually adapt to the phonological conditioning and assume endings with e in modern Mooring.

Molecular signatures of long-distance oceanic dispersal and the colonization of Pacific islands in Lycium carolinianum.

Long-distance dispersal has been important in explaining the present distributions of many plant species. Despite being infrequent, such dispersal events have considerable evolutionary consequences, because bottlenecks during colonization can result in reduced genetic diversity. We examined the phylogeographic history of Lycium carolinianum, a widespread taxon that ranges from southeastern North America to several Pacific islands, with intraspecific diversity in sexual and mating systems. We used Bayesian, likelihood, and coalescent approaches with nuclear and plastid sequence data and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to reconstruct the dispersal history of this species. We also compared patterns of genetic variation in mainland and island populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms and allelic diversity at the S-RNase mating system gene. Lycium carolinianum is monophyletic and dispersed once from the North American mainland, colonizing the Pacific islands ca. 40,100 years ago. This dispersal was accompanied by a loss of genetic diversity in SNPs and the S-RNase locus due to a colonization bottleneck and the loss of self-incompatibility. Additionally, we documented at least two independent transitions to gynodioecy: once following the colonization of the Hawaiian Islands and loss of self-incompatibility, and a second time associated with polyploidy in the Yucatán region of Mexico. Long-distance dispersal via fleshy, bird dispersed fruits best explains the unusually widespread distribution of L. carolinianum. The collapse of diversity at the S-RNase locus in island populations suggests that self-fertilization may have facilitated the subsequent colonization of Pacific islands following a single dispersal from mainland North America.

On the Taxonomic Placement of Penichrus Champion, 1885 and a Synopsis of North American Opatrini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae)

The taxonomic position of Penichrus blapstinoidesChampion, 1885 (type species of PenichrusChampion, 1885) within Tenebrionidae is discussed based on the analysis of both type material and comprehensive internal and external morphology. The species was formerly classified within Opatrini (subfamily Blaptinae); however, this hypothesis is hereby rejected as this species does not share any of the diagnostic characteristics proposed for that tribe. A detailed analysis of other phylogenetically crucial features (including male and female terminalia, defensive glands, antennae, and abdominal ventrites) places Penichrus within Tenebrioninae. However, a more detailed assignment is not currently possible given the present circumscriptions of tenebrionine tribes. The genus is hereby placed as incertae sedis within Tenebrioninae. A morphological analysis and discussion of current tribal concepts is presented, which exposes the weakness of the currently accepted classification system, and highlights a need for extensive comparative morphological studies within Tenebrioninae and related subfamilies. A lectotype for Penichrus blapstinoides is designated. Distolinus impressicollisFairmaire, 1892 is reinstated as a junior synonym of Penichrus blapstinoides. A revised checklist and key to the genera of Opatrini known from mainland North America are provided.

Islands of Tuberculosis Elimination: An Evaluation of Community-Based Active Case Finding in North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Community-based active case finding (ACF) is needed to reach key/vulnerable populations with limited access to tuberculosis (TB) care. Published reports of ACF interventions in Indonesia are scarce. We conducted an evaluation of a multicomponent community-based ACF intervention as it scaled from one district to nine in Nias and mainland North Sumatra. Community and health system support measures including laboratory strengthening, political advocacy, sputum transport, and community awareness were instituted. ACF was conducted in three phases: pilot (18 months, 1 district), intervention (12 months, 4 districts) and scale-up (9 months, 9 districts). The pilot phase identified 215 individuals with bacteriologically positive (B+) TB, representing 42% of B+ TB notifications. The intervention phase yielded 509, representing 54% of B+ notifications and the scale-up phase identified 1345 individuals with B+ TB (56% of notifications). We observed large increases in B+ notifications on Nias, but no overall change on the mainland despite district variation. Overall, community health workers screened 377,304 individuals of whom 1547 tested positive, and 95% were initiated on treatment. Our evaluation shows that multicomponent community-based ACF can reduce the number of people missed by TB programs. Community-based organizations are best placed for accessing and engaging hard to reach populations and providing integrated support which can have a large positive effect on TB notifications.

Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas

According to historical records of transatlantic slavery, traders forcibly deported an estimated 12.5 million people from ports along the Atlantic coastline of Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries, with global impacts reaching to the present day, more than a century and a half after slavery’s abolition. Such records have fueled a broad understanding of the forced migration from Africa to the Americas yet remain underexplored in concert with genetic data. Here, we analyzed genotype array data from 50,281 research participants, which—combined with historical shipping documents—illustrate that the current genetic landscape of the Americas is largely concordant with expectations derived from documentation of slave voyages. For instance, genetic connections between people in slave trading regions of Africa and disembarkation regions of the Americas generally mirror the proportion of individuals forcibly moved between those regions. While some discordances can be explained by additional records of deportations within the Americas, other discordances yield insights into variable survival rates and timing of arrival of enslaved people from specific regions of Africa. Furthermore, the greater contribution of African women to the gene pool compared to African men varies across the Americas, consistent with literature documenting regional differences in slavery practices. This investigation of the transatlantic slave trade, which is broad in scope in terms of both datasets and analyses, establishes genetic links between individuals in the Americas and populations across Atlantic Africa, yielding a more comprehensive understanding of the African roots of peoples of the Americas.

Tectonic evolution of Anglesey and adjacent mainland North Wales

Abstract The Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen preserves a complex record of piecemeal trans-oceanic terrane transfer and accretion during the early Paleozoic collision between West Gondwana and Laurentia, whilst the intervening Iapetus oceanic tracts were largely destroyed. The now preserved terranes include arc fragments of Laurentian and Gondwanan affinity, oceanic fragments incorporated into the Gondwanan continental margin, and remnants of the Gondwanan continental slope apron and adjacent platform (both Ganderia and Megumia). A new tectonostratigraphic synthesis for the island of Anglesey (and adjacent NW Wales) reveals a comprehensive record of the Appalachian orogenic cycle in the UK segment of the orogen of the peri-Gondwanan margin prior to amalgamation into the Laurentian margin. We identify elements of Late Neoproterozoic accretion forming the pre-Appalachian basement; Cambrian extension, deposition and continental margin growth; Early Ordovician accretion and renewed extension; and, finally, terminal Caledonian collision and continental foreland-basin development.

North Frisian dialects: A quantitative investigation using a parallel corpus of translations

North Frisian is well-known for its small-scale variation and the traditional classification found in Århammar (1968) assumes as many as ten dialect groups within a small area. Until this day, however, a dialect classification based on quantitative methods is lacking and the criteria for the traditional classification are also far from clear. In order to address this problem, the paper uses parallel text material (the questionnaires from Georg Wenker's “Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reichs”) and character n-grams (tri­grams). Applying cosine distance to the trigram inventories of 55 North Frisian questionnaires, the paper employs several dimension re­duction techniques, e. g. multidimensional scaling, Neighbor-Net and hierarchical cluster analysis and compares the results with the traditional classification. While the latter can be confirmed to a large extent, the distinctions within Southern Mainland North Frisian seem to be less clear. Using an association measure (log-likelihood), prominent features are extracted for the six main dialect groups that emerge on basis of the aggregated data. Finally, the paper discusses the quality of the North Frisian Wenker questionnaires in the light of these findings.

James Petiver's 'Kind Friends' and 'Curious Persons' in the Atlantic World: commerce, colonialism and collecting.

In 1695, James Petiver concluded the first 'century' of his Musei Petiveriani by observing that he had received the specimens described within it from his 'Kind Friends from divers parts of the World' and 'Curious Persons … Abroad'. This essay examines Petiver's network of such 'Kind Friends' and 'Curious Persons' in the Atlantic World. The composition of Petiver's network reflected many of the broader patterns of English commerce in the Atlantic at the turn of the eighteenth century. Moreover, England's growing overseas empire and its expanding commercial activity required a parallel expansion in maritime labour. Mariners were correspondingly central to Petiver's work as a naturalist and collector in the region. The importance of slavery and the slave trade to Atlantic economic and social structures meant that the naturalist relied on the institutions, infrastructures and individuals of the slave trade and plantation slavery. A social history of Petiver's Atlantic network reveals how the naturalist utilized the routes of commerce and colonialism to collect specimens, as well as to collect the correspondents who might provide them from West Africa, Spanish America, the Caribbean and mainland North America. It demonstrates the entangled histories of commerce, colonialism, collecting and the production of natural knowledge.

Facing Empire: Indigenous Experiences in a Revolutionary Age

The “age of revolutions” was characterized not only by intense political struggles in Europe, Asia, and the Americas but also by new encounters between peoples throughout the world. The contributors to Facing Empire have attempted to analyze the experiences of indigenous peoples comparatively within and across imperial boundaries. Unlike many comparative histories of empire that adopt a European lens, this volume treats indigenous peoples as its main subjects. The thirteen essays in Facing Empire take a broad geographical approach to indigenous experiences of the British Empire. Three essays concentrate principally on mainland North America. Michael A. McDonnell considers how the Anishinaabe peoples of the Great Lakes region shaped imperial policy on their own terms after 1763. Colin G. Calloway shifts focus to the Ohio Valley and considers how the Ohio Indians both frustrated and influenced imperial plans from the Seven Years' War to the War of 1812. Elspeth Martini follows the Ojibwe chief and Methodist missionary Shawundais as he traveled to London to petition for recognition of his people's rights as original owners of their land north of Lake Ontario. Three more essays draw comparisons between the experiences of indigenous peoples in North America and those elsewhere in the British Empire. Kate Fullager explores the connections between two late eighteenth-century visitors to London, the Cherokee warrior Ostenaco and the Ra'iatean refugee Mai. Joshua L. Reid focuses on attempts to gain control over marine space and resources in the Pacific region through a comparative study of the Makah of northwest North America and the Māori of New Zealand's South Island. Justin Brooks stretches the definition of indigenous through an examination of imperial policies toward negotiated rule in North America, Scotland, and India in the early eighteenth century. The remaining essays explore indigenous experiences in Australia, West Africa, the Pacific islands, New Zealand, the Persian Gulf, and the Cape of Good Hope. This breadth is to be commended, although some readers may be disappointed by how little attention is given to the Indian Ocean region.