North Kerala Research Articles

Transcerebellar diameter / abdominal circumference (TCD/AC) versus (HC/AC) head circumference / abdominal circumference --- USG prediction of fetal growth restriction? What do we observe in north Kerala, India

: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential. A ratio of TCD /AC which is gestational age independent is very useful in predicting FGR. This prospective comparative study compared trans-cerebellar diameter / abdominal circumference versus head circumference / abdominal circumference in predicting fetal growth restriction. : A cross- sectional study done in 200 pregnant women attending Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences hospital during March 2018- May 2019. 40 pregnant women in third trimester with clinically suspected FGR over one year were the cases and 160 with normal growth pattern were the controls. Evaluation was done with 3.5 MHz frequency ultrasound. Fetal parameters such as BPD, HC, AC and FL were measured. Data were collected in Excel. Two morphometric ratios- TCD/AC and HC/AC will be calculated. Both TCD/ AC ratio and HC/AC of study group were compared with that of control group. The values above 2 standard deviations (SD) above mean were taken as FGR and was confirmed by postnatal newborn assessment by modified Ballard score. New born weight was compared with Fenton’s chart. If it was less than 10 percentile for the gestational age, it was diagnosed as a real case of FGR. Maximum number of cases (46.5%) belonged to the group 26-30 years. Around 23.5% in the group 31-35 years, 23% <= 25 years and 7% of the cases were >35 years. Clinical examination accounts for a sensitivity of 89.74%, Specificity of 96.9%, positive predictive value of 87.5% and negative predictive value of 97.5%. The sensitivity for TCD/ AC ratio is 94.87%. Specificity is 99.37%, positive predictive value is 97.36% and negative predictive value is 98.76%. TCD/AC and HC/AC were gestational age independent parameters and can be used in detecting IUGR with good diagnostic accuracy. However, TCD/AC ratio had a better diagnostic validity and accuracy compared to HC/AC ratio in predicting asymmetric FGR

Adherence to Medication Among Diabetic Patients Attending the Non-communicable Disease Clinic of a Secondary Care Center in North Kerala, India

Adherence to Medication Among Diabetic Patients Attending the Non-communicable Disease Clinic of a Secondary Care Center in North Kerala, India

Detection of viral agents associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) in pigs in North Kerala

In pigs, stress factors such as pathogenic infections, environmental conditions, and various managemental practices can lead to a disease condition known as Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). The main viral agents associated with this condition are Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), and pseudorabies virus. A study was undertaken to assess whether PCV2 and PRRSV, alone or in combination, are present in cases of respiratory ailments of pigs in North Kerala. The presence of PCV2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of the virus and PRRSV was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting ORF6. A total of 54 tissue and lung samples were collected and screened for the presence of PCV2 and PRRSV. Of the samples tested, PCV2 could be detected in 22 (40.74 %) and PRRSV could be detected in 13 (24.07 %) samples. Two tissue samples showed mixed infections with PCV2 and PRRSV. The result shows that viral agents associated with PRDC are prevalent in pigs in North Kerala and that coinfections are also present. Keywords: Porcine respiratory disease complex, Porcine circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, polymerase chain reaction

Pattern and distribution of gross atherosclerotic changes in the cerebral arteries, coronary arteries, and aorta in persons above the age of 30 years in north kerala - an autopsy-based study.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a pervasive source of illness and a prominent factor in death rates throughout the majority of nations. Atherosclerosis has been identified as the primary cause of this global health concern. Methods: 150 cases older than 30 years were subjected to medicolegal autopsy in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Kannur. During a medicolegal autopsy, while dissecting the aorta, coronary arteries and cerebral arteries; gross macroscopic changes brought on by atherosclerosis were examined and documented. Results: The study group consisted primarily of males (62.7%) with an average age of 46.90±16.34 years. Nearly half of them were in their fourth and fifth decades of life. A total of 67 instances were diagnosed with atherosclerosis, with 22 of them falling within the age range of 40 to 49 years. 79 percent of these incidents involved males. Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is becoming increasingly recognized as the primary cause of around one-third of all fatalities in India. Conducting a study on atherosclerosis in living individuals is challenging, as it requires invasive and costly procedures. This is particularly true in underdeveloped nations. Therefore, autopsies are crucial for documenting the occurrence of atherosclerosis in the population. This study will assist doctors in evaluating the overall arterial health of patients and developing therapeutic protocols and courses of treatment. Additionally, it will aid forensic pathologists in determining the cause of death in cases of sudden death.

Epidemiological and clinical profile of melioidosis cases admitted in a tertiary care centre in North Kerala: a case series

Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is endemic in South East Asia and Northern Australia and is also known as Whitmore’s disease. The bacteria are present in soil and water in the endemic areas. The transmission is through contamination of wounds, ingestion and inhalation. Recent increase in melioidosis cases in a tertiary care centre since last 10 months led to this study to understand the disease profile. There were 15 cases during this period, among them ten were male (67%). The median age was 55 years. The majority had history of contact with contaminated soil and water. The median duration of symptoms was 30 days. At time of admission, they were provisionally diagnosed as pneumonia (46%) septic arthritis (27%) and Suppurative lymph node with abscess (27%). Diabetes mellitus (67%) was the most common co morbidity. Among the fifteen cases, ten were investigated for tuberculosis by CBNAAT and found negative. Majority of patients had history of contact with contaminated soil and water. So, control measures will remain as a challenge. Diabetes mellitus was the most common associated factor. Its similarity with other diseases can be a reason for delay in diagnosis.

Calculated Panel Reactive Antibody for an Organ-Sharing Zone: Concept and Execution Based on Data from North Kerala

Background Calculated-PRA (CPRA) is derived by virtually matching a recipient’s antibody profile against HLA antigens of a representative donor pool of a geographical region. Materials and Methods An android application–based CPRA calculator was created from HLA typing data (A/B/DR loci) of 712 consecutive living donors spanning over last 10 years from an organ-sharing region in Kerala. Only an open-source software was used. Results Our HLA data, compared with the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) 2011 database, show that the most common haplotype frequencies show comparable positions in order of prevalence. Available online PRA calculators like OPTN and Canadian CPRA show significant differences in PRA estimation when used in our population. This calculator provides a more accurate and realistic estimate of sensitization against the representative donor pool. Conclusion This CPRA tool can be customized for any allocation region using portable open-source software. The donor pool can be updated continually by populating data from multiple regional centers.

Morphometric and morphotectonic characteristics of a Tropical River Basin, North Kerala, India using geospatial technology

ABSTRACT This study delves into morphometric and morphotectonic analyses to unveil the evolutionary trajectory of Kerala's Korapuzha river basin. Employing advanced GIS and remote-sensing techniques, we explore the basin's geomorphological evolution and landform development. Our approach integrates data from a 1:50,000 scale toposheet and a 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), facilitating a detailed evaluation of basin characteristics. Through subdivision into KB-1 and KB-2 sub-basins, distinct morphometric patterns and morphotectonic features are discerned. The elongated basin configuration suggests ongoing tectonic activity, profoundly shaping its unique geomorphic evolution. To unravel tectonic influences, we employ morphometric indices, including the Relative Active Tectonic Index (IRAT), revealing neo-tectonic activity and dynamic landscape changes. Our study enriches our understanding of the Korapuzha river basin's evolution, illuminating the interplay between tectonic forces and geomorphic processes. Offering insights into tropical river systems, it contributes to broader landscape dynamic comprehension and informs sustainable land management practices. The IRAT calculation for the Korapuzha basin is based on the average of five geomorphic index classes, with resulting classifications indicating varying levels of tectonic activity. KB-1 and KB-2 sub-basins’ IRAT values enumerated as 2.2 and 2, respectively hence fall into classes 4 and 3, indicating low and moderate tectonic activity, respectively. The presence of tectonism in the study area revealed from geomorphic indices and IRAT, was acknowledged and evinced precisely by following the analysis of the SL index and GLA index method.

Normative data of upper limb nerve conduction in North Kerala population

Objectives: The objective of this study was to detect the normal motor amplitude, distal latency, conduction velocity, sensory amplitude, sensory latency and F-wave latency of upper limb nerves (Median nerve, ulnar nerve and radial nerve). Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, between 1 January 2022 and 31 December 2022. Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) were performed prospectively in the upper limbs of 311 carefully screened, healthy individuals of either sex, who were between the ages of 13 and 60 years, belonging to the North Kerala population, using the standardised technique. Results: The study population consisted of 54% males and 46% females. The mean age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the study population were 39 ± 15 years, 163 ± 12 cm, 58 ± 11 Kgs and 22 ± 2.7 Kg/m2, respectively. The motor, sensory parameters and F-wave latency of median ulnar and radial nerves were established. We obtained a significant positive correlation between motor distal latency, sensory distal latency and F-wave latency of median and ulnar and radial nerves with age, height and weight. We obtained a significant negative correlation between motor distal amplitude, sensory distal amplitude and conduction velocity of median, ulnar, and radial nerves with age, height and weight. In our study, females had faster conduction velocity, shorter F-wave latency, motor distal latency, sensory latency and higher motor amplitude and sensory amplitude than males. BMI did not have a significant correlation with nerve conduction parameters in our study. Conclusion: Normative conduction parameters of commonly tested peripheral nerves of the upper limb were established for our electrophysiology laboratory. While performing NCS, it is essential to adapt values based on physiological factors such as age, gender, height, weight and BMI, which enhance the diagnostic sensitivity of the procedure and, thus, avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment of various demyelinating and axonal disorders.

Does threatened miscarriage have an influence on maternal & fetal outcomes during pregnancy? - Our experience in Kozhikode, North Kerala

: Bleeding in early pregnancy is a threat to developing embryo and constitute a significant source of anxiety to both parents, obstetrician. Adverse outcomes included miscarriage, placenta previa, abruption, preeclampsia, caesarean section, preterm labor, and preterm premature rupture of membranes, fetal growth restriction, and low birth weight.: The aim of this study was to find the association between threatened miscarriage and adverse pregnancy outcomes in both mother and fetus. Objective was to compare the pregnancy outcomes in normal patients (controls) and in those with threatened miscarriage (cases).: A 1year prospective study was conducted in Kozhikode; Kerala. The study included 140 antenatal patients who were grouped into 70 cases and 70 controls.: P-value is less than the significance level 0.05. It was found that caesarean section was significantly higher in case (66.2%) than control (42.9%). Pre-term delivery was also found to be higher in case (60.3%) compared to control (15.7%). PPROM was significantly higher in case (11.4%) compared to control (2.9%). Low birth weight was also higher in case (16.2%) than control (1.4%). : There was significant association between threatened miscarriage and outcomes like Preterm Labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, caesarean section, fetal growth restriction, and low birth weight. There was no significant association between threatened miscarriage and outcomes like miscarriage, placenta previa, placental abruption, preeclampsia.

Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Recent research has shown that low serum levels of magnesium are often linked to both microvascular and macrovascular complications in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Hence, monitoring of serum magnesium levels is needed in diabetic patients. Furthermore, the addition of magnesium through supplementation may present a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating vascular complications in individuals with diabetes. To assess the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to assess the association between hypomagnesemia and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital in North Kerala. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital involving 230 diabetic patients receiving outpatient and inpatient care in the Department of Internal Medicine at Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala. The study took place from January 2018 to December 2018, during which serum magnesium levels were assessed and analyzed in relation to the patients' microvascular complications and glycemic control. We observed that 19.13% of the participants had hypomagnesemia. This condition was found to be more common among older individuals with diabetes, as indicated by a p-value of 0.022. However, there were no significant differences in serum magnesium levels based on gender (p-value 0.18), body mass index (BMI) (p-value 0.223), or the duration of diabetes (p-value 0.36). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy was higher in diabetics with hypomagnesemia than their counterparts with normal magnesium, with a p-value of 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation obtained between serum magnesium and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (Pearson coefficient = -0.240 and p-value = <0.01) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) values (Pearson coefficient = -0.265 and p-value = <0.01). Hypomagnesemia is negatively correlated with HbA1C and FBS but not related to duration of diabetes and gender. The prevalence of microvascular complications was higher among the diabetics with hypomagnesemia.

Informal caregiver burden among carers of bedridden elderly: a cross sectional study in North Kerala

Informal caregiver burden among carers of bedridden elderly: a cross sectional study in North Kerala

Is there any materno- foetal risks in mothers with gestational weight gain (WHO &amp; IOM) based on their pre-pregnancy body mass indices? Our experience in a tertiary care teaching institution in North Kerala

: This research was done to learn the impact of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) on subsequent risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a tertiary care teaching institution in North Kerala, India. A descriptive study in a tertiary care teaching institution in Kozhikode, North Kerala. : 296 singleton pregnant women with BMI categorised as per Asian Standards and adverse maternal outcomes were looked out for. Pregnant women were underweight (82.8%) achieved less than recommended weight during pregnancy as compared to 18.4% obese mothers. Mothers with high BMI gained more than recommended weight during pregnancy as compared to the underweight and normal weight woman. GDM was 3.03 times(p=0.019)and Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 1.116 times more common in higher pre-pregnancy BMI mothers. In the present study, gestational weight gain had no impact on maternal anaemia, Gestational diabetes, Gestational hypertension, foetal growth restriction and rate of caesarean deliveries. A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between pre-pregnancy BMI and baby weight, p&amp;#60;0.001. A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between gestational weight gain and baby weight, p=0.005. Weight gain during pregnancy had no significant impact on maternal pregnancy outcomes and caesarean delivery.

Sonographic and histopathological findings of endometrium among perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding- A cross sectional study in north Kerala

: AUB makes a perimenopausal woman to seek medical care. This study evaluated and correlated the endometrial thickness obtained by ultrasonography and histopathological findings of endometrium in perimenopausal women with AUB.A hospital based observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Baby Memorial Hospital, Calicut for a period of 18 months. Histo-pathologic evaluation of endometrial tissue was done and was correlated with endometrial thickness.: The average age of women enrolled was 47.88 years with standard deviation of 3.729. The average endometrial thickness was 12.40mm. Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia was the leading histopathological finding obtained after analysis of endometrium (21.5%). This study shows that there is a significant relationship between histopathology findings of endometrium and age of participant and between endometrial thickness and menorrhagia. There was no relationship between histopathology findings and endometrial thickness. Perimenopausal AUB should be evaluated in a systematic manner, so that endometrial hyperplasia, carcinoma endometrium could be diagnosed in a very early stage and prompt treatment be given at right time reducing morbidity improving the quality of life.

Thoracic Endometriosis Detected During Medical Thoracoscopy in a Tertiary Care Setting - A Retrospective Observational Study

Background: Thoracic endometriosis is a very rare clinical situation mostly presenting with pleural diseases, that is often misdiagnosed or missed due to the lack of specific clinical features. This report aims to explore the clinical characteristics, thoracoscopic findings, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of women with thoracic endometriosis, providing a reference for the diagnosis and management of thoracic endometriosis. Design/Methods: Clinical data of 3 patients diagnosed with pleural endometriosis from among 50 consecutive thoracoscopic procedures conducted in a tertiary care hospital in North Kerala were analysed from electronic hospital records. The clinical features, thoracoscopic findings, histopathological features, treatment process, and prognosis were summarized. Results: Among the 3 female patients with pleural endometriosis, there were 2 cases of catamenial pneumothorax and one case of catamenial haemothorax. The age ranged from 43 years to 44 years. All the 3 cases were diagnosed by thoracoscopic pleural biopsy. Conclusions: Thoracic endometriosis syndrome is extremely rare, and clinical diagnosis is always missed or delayed due to nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis mainly relies on pathological findings and immunohistochemical detection. Most cases were managed conservatively with hormonal therapy or by inducing surgical menopause.

Quality of Life and Perceived Stress in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Counting the Burden

Abstract Background: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a dermatosis with a significant psychological component. Only a few studies have assessed the quality of life (QoL) and perceived stress in CSU patients. Objectives: To evaluate the QoL and perceived stress in patients with CSU. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 54 patients of CSU attending the Urticaria clinic of the Dermatology department in a tertiary care postgraduate teaching hospital in North Kerala. QoL in chronic urticaria was assessed using the Chronic Urticaria-Quality of Life (CU-QoL) questionnaire and perceived stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results: The mean scores of CU-QoL and PSS were 55.78 and 16.31, respectively. Out of 54 patients, 26 (48.1%) had mild impairment, 26 (48.1%) had moderate impairment, and 2 (3.7%) had severe impairment of QoL. Low stress was seen in 20 (37%) patients, moderate stress in 28 (51.9%), and six (11.1%) patients had high stress. Conclusion: This study shows that more than half of the patients with CSU had moderate to severe impairment of QoL and had moderate to severe stress.

Health Status of Working Women in a Tertiary Care Center, North Kerala, India: During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Women constitute about one-half of the workforces in most countries and spend a significant proportion of their time at the workplace, contributing to a lot of physical and mental stress. The health-care professional in the workforce was the most affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors have a substantial correlation. According to numerous studies from around the world, people who already have established risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or other vascular risk factors, are more likely to contract COVID-19 and experience complications or even pass away from it. Objectives: The objective is to assess the health status of working women in a tertiary health-care center in Kerala during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The study was done in a tertiary health-care center in Kozhikode district, Kerala, South India. This center comprises medical, paramedical and nursing institutes. A total of 262 women were included in the study, and data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: This study demonstrated that working women’s stress was prevalent. It reveals that 94 (99.4%) women experience stress, 60.7% experience depression, 72.5% do not engage in daily physical activity and 80.8% of women were at risk of having NCDs. Conclusion: This study was an attempt to explore the health status of the women’s working health status during COVID-19 time. It found that some women are hypertensive, depressed and have stress-related disorders such as anxiety and worries. Mental health is directly linked with physical activity. The stress levels were controlled for those who were involved in physical activity on regular basis. Hence, we should work on this area to help improve these conditions.

IJCM_182A: Behavioural risk factors among under graduate medical students in North Kerala

Background: The World Health Organisation highlights that 60% of the morbidity and mortality from non communicable diseases are linked to lifestyle behavioural patterns .Primary risk factors include high fat and low fibre diet, lack of exercise, prolonged screen time, insufficient sleep, and the adoption of new habit and addictions. Since medical students are particularly prone to these risk factors, it is crucial to evaluate their lifestyle behaviours, recognising their role as future healthcare providers Objectives: 1. To assess anthropometric risk factors among the study population. 2. To assess the behavioural risk factors among the study population. Methodology: A cross sectional study was undertaken involving 150 undergraduate medical students in a private medical student in a private medical college. Data was collected through self administered questionnaire containing demographic details of the students, life style factors like diet, physical activity, screen time, habits and addictions. Data collected was entered into excel and analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Mean age of the study population was 22.3 (±1.5) years. Majority of the study participants were females (72.2%). Out of150 participants, 94.4% adhere to a non-vegetarian diet in which 15% reported daily consumption of soft drinks and 29% consume junk food daily. The participants who were overweight was found to be 33.4% in which 38.8% of the subjects are physically inactive and 22.2% reported inadequate sleep. Around 60 % of the participants use mobile phone most of the time. Conclusion: Behavioural risk factors such as unhealthy diet, inadequate sleep pattern, physical inactivity were prevalent among the undergraduate medical students.

ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT AND GC-MS METABOLOME PROFILING OF Curcuma haritha Mangaly and M. Sabu – AN ENDEMIC HERB OF KERALA, SOUTH INDIA

Curcuma haritha (Zingiberaceae) is a less explored endemic ethnomedicinal herb of north Kerala (India). The aim of present study was to evaluate the anti inflammatory potential and phytochemical profile of methanolic rhizome extract of C. haritha. The preliminary assays performed were, the proteinase inhibition and the protein denaturation inhibition tests, followed by cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, iNOS and cellular nitrite activity/expression assays in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The toxicity of the extract was studied using MTT assay and the expression of COX-2 inflammatory protein in treated cells was determined by indirect ELISA. The phytochemical profiling was done by GC-MS analysis. All the assays revealed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. The inhibition of inflammatory enzymes, COX-2, Lox and iNOS were observed as 62.16 ± 0.49, 57.25 ± 1.98 and 56.74 ± 2.73%, respectively, at maximum concentration (100 µg mL-1). The cellular nitrite levels and expression of COX-2 mediator protein also decreased in treated cells proving the anti inflammatory effect of the extract. GC-MS screening revealed the presence of 54 phytoconstituents including anti-inflammatory compounds like curcumenol, chamazulene, etc., Therefore, in the light of above results, C. haritha can be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory drug source plant.

Contemporary Ritual: Teyyam and the Creation of Its Epistemic World

This article examines the various interpretations of teyyam, a ritual of North Kerala, arguing that new meaning-making practices and fresh experiences of teyyam continue to reinvent the ritual even as it references tradition. We study the meaning-making process through three main modes of understanding: origin stories, the politics of textualisation and performance, and an analysis of contemporary forms of circulation. We draw from these modes of meaning-making to conclude that teyyam functions as a floating signifier gathering possibilities as well as constraints. Furthermore, despite ritual’s close relationship with tradition, ritual is amenable to continuous reinvention due to the inherent adaptability of tradition.

Clinicopathological Study of Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in North Kerala, India

Introduction: Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive disease associated with high morbidity and mortality caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. The rise in the incidence of mucormycosis, along with the surge of Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19), justifies reassessment of associated risk factors and the susceptible population. The present study aims to highlight the specific clinicopathological features and risk factors of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. Aim: To investigate the histopathological features, key clinical findings in mucormycosis, and the predisposing factors associated with mucormycosis in post-COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kerala, India, in the Department of Pathology. It included all histopathologically proven Mucormycosis specimens from confirmed COVID-19 positive and post-COVID-19 cases in this Medical College from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021, amounting to a total of 30 cases. The type of tissue reaction, fungal hyphae, angioinvasion, necrosis, and fungal co-infections were assessed. Histopathologic analysis was performed using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) slides, followed by special stains such as Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Grocott Methenamine Silver (GMS). Data was collected using a proforma, and the clinical details were obtained from the request form received along with the biopsy specimen and case sheets. Age, gender, site of involvement, and risk factors were assessed and subjected to descriptive tabulation and analysis. Results: The mean age was 49.5 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.30:1. The major risk factors observed in the present study were Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and steroid therapy, 30 all cases (100%), along with others such as chronic kidney disease 2 cases (6.67%) immune disorders, and renal transplantation 1 case each (3.33%). The most commonly involved site was sinuses 27 cases (90.00%). Multiple sinuses were affected in 22 cases (73.33%), with the ethmoid sinus being the most common site 24 cases (80.00%), followed by the maxillary sinus 21 cases (70.00%). The most common reaction pattern observed was acute inflammation 15 cases (50.00%). Angioinvasion was noticed in 19 cases (63.33%) and necrosis was present in 28 cases (93.33%). Co-infection with fungal pathogens was observed in 8 cases (26.67%), with aspergillus being the most common co-infection in all except one of the eight cases. Fungal hyphae were visible on H&amp;E slides in 28 cases (93.33%), while the remaining cases were identified only through special stains (PAS and GMS). Conclusion: Mucormycosis infection is strongly associated with DM and steroid therapy. A more even distribution between males and females was noted, deviating from the male predominance described in most studies. The histopathological appearance of angioinvasion was less frequent compared to most studies, consistent with previous studies on the Indian population. Higher rates of co-infection and the presence of granulomatous inflammation were observed. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between host immunity, morphological patterns, and their influence on prognosis.