North Indian Population Research Articles

Genetic Association of the Ins/Del Variant of ACE and Risk of Cardiomyopathy: A Case-Control Study and Updated Meta-Analysis.

Cardiomyopathy, is a complex condition influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. It has been suspected that cardiomyopathy is affected by the ACE gene's I/D polymorphism. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between this polymorphism and cardiomyopathy risk in the Jammu population of North India, alongside a meta-analysis to determine the specific risks associated with different types of cardiomyopathy. In the case-control study, we opted for a convenient sampling technique to gather patients from hospitals. Meanwhile, for the meta-analysis registered under PROSPERO with CRD42024519763, and in line with PRISMA guidelines, we accessed online databases and applied predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Statistical analysis included genotypic frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing, logistic regression models, and assessments for heterogeneity and publication bias. The case-control study revealed a significant association between the ACE I/D risk variant and cardiomyopathy risk in the Jammu population (OR: 1.30, CI [1.04-1.63], p-value=0.021). Furthermore, a total of 34 studies were fund-eligible for the meta-analysis and demonstrated a significant association between the risk variant and both dilated (OR: 1.25, CI [1.03-1.50], p-value=0.022) and hypertrophic (OR: 1.31, CI [1.0876-1.5776], p-value = 0.004446) cardiomyopathy. Our study found a significant association between the I/D polymorphism and cardiomyopathy risk in the Jammu population. Further, the meta-analysis strengthens the findings by consistently linking the ACE I/D polymorphism to both dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results underscore the importance of genetic factors in cardiomyopathy risk assessment and further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.

Acute Febrile Illness in India: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study.

Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a frequent occurrence in India, often complicated by a multitude of pathogenic and etiological factors. In this context, it is important to analyze the biochemical, hematological, and epidemiological clinical parameters of AFI patients in the North Indian population. This study included 1,819 patients of various ages who presented with new-onset acute febrile illness (AFI) between 2017 and 2021. Among these patients, 211, with a median age of 40 years (ranging from 2 to 85 years), were selected for further analysis. At enrollment, clinical examination involved collecting respiratory tract specimens, blood, and urine samples for bio-chemical analysis, with subsequent data analysis conducted using statistical methods. The following biochemical parameters were analyzed: C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total protein serum. The hematological parameters included total leukocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, red blood cell count (RBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Additionally, clinical parameters such as phosphorus, urea, calcium, sodium, uric acid, bilirubin, and potassium were measured. Specific values observed were: SGPT (~113 IU/L in 2018), SGOT (~81 U/L in 2019), GGT (~148 g/L in 2018), and total protein serum (~7 g/L in 2020). The hematological parameters (TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte, RBCs, PCV, ESR, MCV, and MCH). The regression analysis was conducted to explore the temperature recorded at the time of admission, the duration of hospital stays, and biochemical as well as hematological variables of patients suffering from AFI. Karl-Pearson's correlation coefficient and variance inflation factor for each variable mentioned above. Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed over different years of intake in patients with Acute Febrile Illness (AFI). Further investigation is required to explore the mechanistic pathways of infection, and preventive measures will be implemented using natural products and other therapeutic interventions. Our data will offer the first systematic assessment of the etiological factors, along with regression analysis and the Karl-Pearson correlation coefficient for each variable in AFI patients.

Association of High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein Level with Obese Normal individuals in North Indian Population.

One of the major inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), is often elevated in people who have had a heart attack, vascular problems, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. Obesity is associated with higher CRP levels because adipose tissue activates cytokines. Obesity and overweight increase the risk of heart disease, as does an elevated CRP level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) level with obese normal individuals in North Indian population. This cross-sectional study included 50 individuals between the ages of 18 and 50 years who were overweight or obese. The degree of obesity was determined by anthropometric measurements. The patients' height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based CRP level was determined from the blood. The mean WC (cm) was significantly higher in the obese (103.42 ± 9.79) than in the overweight (89.00 ± 8.72). The mean hip circumference (cm) was also significantly smaller in the obese group (99.95 ± 8.07) than in the overweight group (131.29 ± 15.82). The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was significantly more in the obese group (88.37%) than in the overweight group (0.00%). WC (cm), hip circumference (cm), WHR, systolic blood pressure (mmHg), and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) were not significantly correlated with hs-CRP in overweight and obese participants. Compared with obesity, hs-CRP was not related to obesity. A relationship between hs-CRP and WC, hip circumference, and WHR was not found.

Prevalence of HLA-B*27 in the North Indian population: A single-center study

Objectives: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of spondylitis in which the spine and other joints are largely affected. A strong association of HLA-B*27 with AS has been observed. However, the exact mechanism underlying this association and the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. As the diversity of HLA varies among populations, our objective was to investigate the prevalence of HLA-B*27 and its allelic variants in the North Indian population. Materials and Methods: The data of 7451 individuals were analyzed for the study and all these samples have HLA typed by sequence-based typing from an American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (ASHI)-accredited laboratory. Results: Among the studied population, 304 individuals (4.08%) were found to have HLA-B* 27 allele. The most frequent subtypes of HLA-B*27 observed in the North Indian population were HLA-B*27: 05 (21.71%) and HLA-B*27: 07 (16.28%). A total of 97 HLA-B genotypes were identified among studied population. Conclusion: The higher frequency of HLA-B*27:05 suggests an idea that the North Indian population may have a higher risk of AS.

Sex determination and odontometric dimensions - A study of a North Indian population.

Sex determination is an indispensable parameter in identifying unknown deceased individuals. It can narrow down the chances of possible matches by 50%, providing a crucial lead in personal identification. In cases of commingled, decomposed, fragmented, charred and unidentifiable corpses, the importance of dental morphometrics cannot be overlooked due to the resistance of teeth to post-mortem degradation. Addressing this quality of teeth, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a North Indian population to evaluate sexual variations in dental dimensions and to identify the most sexually dimorphic dental dimension. The study included 207 participants (114 females and 93 males) in the age group of 21 to 45 years. Dental casts were prepared after obtaining informed consent from the participants and ethical clearance from the institute's ethical committee. Six odontometric dimensions, namely incisor-incisor distance, inter canine distance, combined width of central incisors, inter-premolar distance, inter-molar distance, and dental arch height of each participant were recorded on the dental casts using standard procedures. Analysis of the data elucidated the existence of statistically significant sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of the participants. The results of the discriminant function analysis show a sex determination accuracy of 68.1%, with a cross-validation accuracy of 65.2%. The study found the incisor-incisor distance to be the most sexually dimorphic trait, making it the best predictor of sex in the present population. The results of the present study may be helpful in sex determination and personal identification from dental remains in medico-legal and disaster victim identification cases.

Relationship in stages of development with age between living male children and male adults through measurement of sternum bone in Lucknow City of U.P

The ideal rule of identification of sex and age is a sever need in medico legal cases. Sternum is much more appropriate for detection of sex and age of human beings separately from racial characters. In present study, our objectives were to find out the age and gender on the basis of sternum length in living male children and adults. This study has been conducted on the total 100 subjects, 50 male children (02-15 yrs) and 50 male adult (16-60yrs) of healthy people (living children & adults) from general population of north India as well as in and around the Lucknow of Uttar Pradesh. The technique described by Ashley GT -1956b was used for measurement of sternum. Comparing the mean length, Student’s t test showed significantly different and higher length of manubrium (16.1%) (49.45 ± 3.45 vs. 58.97 ± 6.68, t=8.94, p<0.001) and length of sternum (4.0%) (156.16 ± 5.26 vs. 162.70 ± 5.70, t=5.97, p<0.001) in 16-60 yrs as compared to 2-15 yrs. The assessment of the relationship in stage of development and sex between living male children and adult through measurement of sternum bone in lucknow city of U.P., significantly different and higher length of sternum, because the growth of sternum segment was completely develop in adult, but the development in children male is continuous in ratio of adults male.

Role of Stress Cardiac MRI in Management of Patients with Moderate (50-69%) Coronary Artery Stenosis - A Single-Center, Pilot Study in North Indian Population

Role of Stress Cardiac MRI in Management of Patients with Moderate (50-69%) Coronary Artery Stenosis - A Single-Center, Pilot Study in North Indian Population

Estimation of Stature from Percutaneous Upper Limb Measurements in the North Indian Population

Background: In the field of forensic anthropology, stature estimation plays an important role in the identification of unknown dismembered bodies and skeletal remains. When forensic experts find body parts during a police investigation, their first task is to determine the age, sex, and height of the person. They assist law enforcement by using scientific methods in criminal cases. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the city. Measurements were taken on both the left and right sides of all males. The sample size was 563 individuals aged between 20 and 40 years. Accurate measurements of five upper extremities and stature were measured with the help of an Anthropometer and Sliding calliper. Results: The correlation observed between stature and upper limb showed varying degrees of correlation, ranging from moderate to strong 0.315 to 0.859. The precision of these equations was established by the obtained correlation value, where a greater correlation nearest to 1 indicated the highest significance. Conclusion: This research addresses a critical gap by focusing on the upper extremities in a contemporary Central Indian population. Developing stature estimation models from specific body parts not only advances anthropological research but also aids forensic investigations, especially in warm climates like Uttar Pradesh.

A cross-sectional pilot study to estimate the frequency of minor blood group alleles and phenotypes in RhD-negative North Indian blood donors by DNA microarray analysis

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are scarce data on Indian blood donors with respect to blood group phenotypes using molecular diagnostic modalities. Hence, we planned to estimate frequencies of blood group alleles/phenotypes using DNA microarray analysis in the north Indian RhD-negative blood donor population. With this initial pilot study, we plan to expand it to our entire donor population. METHODOLOGY: The cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 50 Indian blood donors (O RhD negative), to study the blood group genotype frequency. Genotyping for the most relevant red blood cell antigens (Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, Lutheran, and Dombrock) was done using Bioarray Precise TypeHM Human Erythrocyte Antigen BeadChip kit containing probes directed to polymorphic sites. RESULTS: In the Rh system, the most common alleles were RHCE*e/RHCE*e (98%) and RHCE*c/RHCE*c (80%). Phenotype K-k+ (genotype- KEL*02/KEL*02) was seen in 98% of samples, Js(a-b+) (KEL*02.07/KEL*02.07) was detected in 98% (49/50) of the samples tested. Jk(a + b+) (JK*01/JK*02) was the most common phenotype (48%) in the Kidd blood group system. In MNSs system, M+N+ (GYPA*01/GYPA*02) 44% and S+s+U+ (GYPB*03/GYPB*04) 34% were the most common phenotypes detected. CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows the feasibility of genotyping a Northern Indian donor population. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study on molecular blood grouping in Indian blood donors using the Bioarray platform.

A Cephalometric Study Of Vertical Skeletal Changes After Extraction And Non-Extraction Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Of Class I Malocclusion In North Indian Population

Background: Orthodontic treatments frequently involve tooth extractions to address crowding and protrusion, but the effects of these extractions on vertical skeletal changes are still debated. Research has extensively covered aspects like soft tissue response and smile aesthetics, yet there is no consensus on their impact on vertical dimensions. This issue is particularly pertinent for hyperdivergent individuals, who make up about 22% of orthodontic patients. A proposed technique for such cases includes counterclockwise rotation of the lower jaw and advancement of posterior teeth to manage open bites or excessive vertical facial height. This study aims to compare vertical skeletal changes in Class I malocclusion patients undergoing extraction versus non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatments. Material and Methods: We analysed pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs from 60 Class I crowding patients, evenly split into extraction and non-extraction groups. Eight vertical skeletal parameters were assessed and compared statistically between the two groups. Superimposition analysis of radiograph tracings was used to explore vertical changes related to molar mesialization, particularly in the extraction group. Results: The extraction group demonstrated significant reductions in vertical skeletal dimensions compared to the non-extraction group. Measurements including FMA, SN-GoGn, Y-axis, SN-PP, and PP-MP showed significant differences, with reductions in the extraction group (P = 0.001). Procrustes superimposition indicated effective molar mesialization in the extraction group, which was not observed in the non-extraction group. Conclusion: Extraction of first premolars in fixed orthodontic treatment leads to a notable decrease in vertical skeletal dimensions, in contrast to the slight increase seen with non-extraction treatments. This reduction is largely due to molar mesialization, which enhances vertical skeletal dimensions and treatment stability in Class I crowding cases.

North India Cancer Risk: A Detailed Review with Focus on Jammu and Kashmir Demographics.

Cancer is a global medical challenge, and research is at its peak to understand the unique mechanisms of cancer cells. The expanding field of epidemiology, including molecular and environmental studies, helps us better understand the distribution of molecular changes and environmental risk factors in the population. In the present review, we aimed to find out the different genes and environmental factors that are associated with different cancers in the Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) region of the North Indian population. A Systematic approach of literature survey was used to curate research data based on genetic and environmental epidemiology specifying the J&K region. Of 640 articles found initially and screening of 490 records, 97 studies were included for the final review. It was observed that numerous genes that are strongly linked to various cancer types have been discovered as a result of the rising genotyping trend, which has grown in the demography exponentially over the last few decades. The majority of these genes are related to cell cycle regulation, cell growth signaling, and apoptosis regulation. Additionally, high promoter hypermethylation of various genes which were found to be attributed to the presence of distinct dietary patterns. The most important environmental risk attributes were salt tea consumption and dried pickles. In conclusion, the J&K population possesses many common polymorphisms in various genes with a small effect size that makes individuals more prone to different forms of cancers interacting with different environmental factors. What we can't do is, change the gene sequence or molecular changes which are the main changes for determining the susceptibility of any altered condition but what we can do is lower/ limit the exposure to the environmental factors which is a key element playing with the susceptibility's threshold. Therefore, limiting exposure to environmental factors could be a major step in lowering the risk of disease.

Ultrasonographic And Histological Evaluation Along withCorrelation of Placental Thickness with Gestational age AndWeight of The Foetus in North Indian Population

Ultrasonographic And Histological Evaluation Along withCorrelation of Placental Thickness with Gestational age AndWeight of The Foetus in North Indian Population

Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study.

The orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning are the fundamental goals during the mixed dentition period. Numerous methods have been proposed to date. The study was designed to determine the mesiodistal (MD) widths of the lower permanent canines and premolars from Tanaka and Johnston, regression equation (RE) proposed for north Indian population (RE-NIP), Bernabé and Flores-Mir C, Moyers', and Ling and Wong mixed dentition analysis (MDA) and to determine the correlation coefficients for the Eluru population. The study population was selected using cluster random sampling. A total of 3,572 children were clinically examined from the Outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh. Out of these, 140 children aged 11-16 years were randomly selected for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MD width of permanent incisors, canines, premolars, and molars was measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper; summed up and compared with the above-mentioned REs. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 22, employing Student's t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The RE-NIP underestimated the values, whereas the remaining equations overestimated the sum of permanent canines and premolars in both arches in the study population. The predicted values obtained from the abovementioned methods overestimated the actual values, and a new RE for the Eluru population should be suggested to better represent the size of unerupted canines and premolars. Measuring the MD widths of the upper and lower permanent incisors and molars during the mixed dentition period from different REs will help a pedodontist in proper treatment planning to predict the MD width of unerupted canines and premolars. Kanaparthi S, Done V, P Madu GS, et al. Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):871-876.

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory profile of anemia in elderly population in North India

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory profile of anemia in elderly population in North India

Radiological and Anthropometrical Analysis of the Hip Joint Using Computed Tomography Scan in North Indian Population

Abstract Background: Anthropometric research on the hip joint has significant clinical implications, including (1) implant design and (2) avoiding implant mismatch complications, such as aseptic loosening and incorrect load distribution, which are mainly unknown in North India. The aim of this research is to ascertain the anatomical differences in the normal hip joint across individuals in North India and to statistically compare the results with global data. Materials and Methods: We used one hip topogram and one axial segment of the femoral head to analyze 100 people (35 females and 65 males) with normal hips between the ages of 20 and 65. In both sexes and on both sides, we determined the means of the following measurements: femoral head diameter (HD), femoral neck width (NW), femoral neck length, acetabular angle of sharp, femoral version, horizontal offset, acetabular version, and vertical offset. Results: The following are the mean parameters that were observed: (a) neck shaft angle (NSA) - 128.93°, (b) femoral HD = 4.29 cm, (c) femoral NW = 2.97 cm, (d) femoral neck length = 3.61 cm, (e) Acetabular angle of Sharp - 33.01°, (f) Acetabular version = 20.44°, (g) femoral Version = 21.57°, (h) horizontal offset = 3.62 cm, and (i) Vertical offset = 4.43 cm. Conclusion: The NSA and acetabular angle of sharp were 5°–6° more when compared to the western population while horizontal and vertical offset is comparatively less than Western population and in the Indian NSA was higher for North Eastern population than the North Indian population. The residual parameters were comparable to those found in Western literature.

Prevalence of Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles Polymorphism in North Indian Population

Background Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are highly polymorphic glycoproteins required for immune response and recognizing self or non-self. Knowing the HLA diversity in a population may be helpful in the selection of organ allocation for transplantation. We aimed to retrospectively analyze the prevalence of HLA, A, B, C, DRB1, and DQA1 alleles frequency in the north Indian population. Materials and Methods HLA antigen allele data were retrospectively analyzed from a transplant cohort of 2259 subjects. HLA-A, B, and DRB1 frequency were determined in 2259, HLA-C in 759 and DQA1 in 751 subjects. Results The most abundant HLA-A antigen alleles were HLA-A*01(25.41%), HLA-A*02 (24.83%), HLA-A*11 (17.53%), HLA-A*24 (10.27%), HLA-A*03 (9.07%). HLA-B antigen alleles were HLA-B*35 (20.54%), HLA-B*15 (15.36%), HLA-B*40 (13.59%), HLA-B*07 (10.14%), HLA-B*44 (7.79). HLA-C antigen alleles were HLA-C*07 (28.06%), HLA-C*04 (20.42%), HLA-C*03 (15.55%), HLA-C*06 (13.04%), HLA-C*12 (5.27%). HLA-DRB1 alleles were HLA-DRB1*07 (21.60%), HLA-DRB1*04 (19.74%), HLA-DRB1*10 (13.15%), HLA-DRB1*03 (10.80%), HLA-DRB1*11 (8.63%). HLA-DQA1 antigen alleles were HLA-DQA1*03 (35.42%), HLA-DQA1*02 (30.89%), HLA-DQA1*05 (21.84%), HLA-DQA1* 06 (10.12%), HLA-DQA1*04 (1.07%). Conclusion The most frequent HLA alleles were HLA-A*01(25.41%), HLA-B*35 (20.54%), HLA-C*07 (28.06%), HLA-DRB1*07(21.60%), HLA-DQA1*03(35.42%) in north Indian population.

Serum-Based Biomarker Panels are Crucial Tools for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer in High-Risk Individuals in North Indian Population

Serum-Based Biomarker Panels are Crucial Tools for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer in High-Risk Individuals in North Indian Population

Association of vitamin B12 and vitamin D in T2DM patients in north Indian population

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus, highly prevalent endocrine disorder and metformin is the most frequently recommended oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA). MethodsWe recruited 100 individuals who were taking OHA including metformin more than one year as cases and 40 healthy individuals as control. The patients were divided into three groups. The first group, Group I (n = 58) patients taking metformin, group II (n = 42) patients taking OHA other than metformin and group III (n = 40), taken as control group. ResultsIn groups I, II, and III, a considerable number of patients experienced low levels of vitamin B12 i.e. 42 (72.41 %), 8 (19.05 %), and 14 (35 %) respectively. When comparing all groups, p-value was highly significant (p = 0.000). 35 (60.36 %), 13(30.95 %), and 15(37.5 %) patients had insufficient levels of vitamin D in groups I, II, III respectively. On comparing, p-value was highly significant (p = 0.007). ConclusionThe study concluded that long-term metformin treatment causes insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D and vitamin B12, respectively.

Associated Factors of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) in Adolescent and Young Women in North Indian Population

Associated Factors of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) in Adolescent and Young Women in North Indian Population

A Study of Quality of Life of Elderly Live Kidney Donors—An Interview-Based Prospective Follow-Up Study

Quality of life (QoL) is a vital aspect of postdonation amongst donors, especially elderly donors. There is a limited study from India assessing the QoL amongst young live donors (YLD), and no study has been done on the elderly sub-group. This study was undertaken to determine the donors' sociodemographic and essential clinical characteristics, as well as to study the QoL of the live kidney donors and compare the QoL of elderly and young donors. Baseline demographic characters taken from the RTR registration register and SF-36 questionnaire were used to assess the QoL at baseline, discharge post-transplant, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months through an interview. We found that the QoL of the elderly donors in postkidney donation returns to baseline at the end of 6 months in all dimensions of the QoL amongst the North Indian population. The physical function is better amongst elderly donors at the end of 3 and 6 months than among young donors. The study's findings must be propagated to increase the donation of kidneys to older people. This is the first of its kind from India, necessitating further multicentric study.