North Indian Adult Population Research Articles

Correlation between visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in adult north Indian population from Gurugram region with glaucoma suspect

: To find the correlation between visual field and retinal nerve layer thickness in adult North Indian population from Gurugram region with glaucoma suspect. Correlative and quantitative study was carried between the visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of 400 adult eyes. The age of subjects participating in the study ranged between 18 to 80 years with mean age 45 ± 14years. The standard automated perimetry was acquired by Humphrey visual field analyser using 24-2 SITA standard strategy. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured by Spectral Domain OCT (3D OCT2000FA). Visual field was performed on the same day or within ± three months of OCT acquisition. Statistical analysis was performed using MS Excel, SPSS (ver.20) and other descriptive statistical tools.: The mean MD and PSD were -2.79 dB ±2.21 and 2.52 dB ±1.49, respectively. The average thickness of RNFL of the four quadrants calculated was 98.40 µm±10.70. RNFL thickness in an inferior and superior quadrant was 122.49µm ± 16.71 and 118.86 µm ±15.21 respectively. The mean cup to disc area ratio (CDAR) in the glaucoma suspect subject was 0.60± 0.10, and the vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR) was 0.74± 0.074. Correlation of the average RNFL thickness, Inferior RNFL thickness and superior RNFL thickness with GHT was 0.245(P=0.011), 0.19 (P=0.094) and 0.27, (P=0.004), respectively. Superior RNFL thickness showed a more significant Correlation (r= 0.193, P<0.01) with mean deviation (MD) of the visual field. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness demonstrated a weak to mild and statistically significant correlation with the visual field. The correlation of average RNFL thickness with Visual field global indices and parameters were significant but weaker. Correlation between superior RNFL thicknesses was highest with GHT in adult North India Gurugram subjects with glaucoma suspect. Superior RNFL thickness showed a higher Correlation with Mean deviation (MD) and VFI of the visual field

Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in Sub - Adult North Indian Population

Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in Sub - Adult North Indian Population

Correlation of stature with arm span along with its significance in north Indian adult population

: Stature is the qualitative and quantitative measurement of a personality. The purpose of this present study is to estimate the correlation of stature with arm span and to derive regression formulae for calculating the stature from arm span in adult males and Females of North Indian population. This research was done on 400 adult human subjects, (200 males and 200 Methods: females) of North Indian Population. The total number of subjects were categorised into four groups according to the age: Category 1 - 23 - 26 years of age, Category 2 – 27- 30 years of age, Category 3 – 31-34 years of age, Category 4 – 35-39 years of age. Stature and arm span were measured and mean value, standard deviation and Pearson's correlation coeffcient was calculated. Correlation between parameters with age group and gender has been estimated. : Correlation of Stature and arm Span is 0.66 in males, 0.65 in females and p value is<0.001. The results of the study found that stature and arm span shows statistically signifcant positive correlation. : Stature shows a statistically significant positive correlation with arm span in adult males and females. Thus, for reconstruction surgeries of limb, it is a critical anthropologic tool. It can also be applicable in identifying an individual in mass disasters where the case is deteriorated, damaged and disfigured.

A comparative study on efficacy of fractional carbondioxide laser assisted topical antifungal therapy with topical antifungal therapy alone for treatment of onychomycosis in adult north Indian population

Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of fractional carbondioxide laser assisted topical antifungal therapy with topical antifungal therapy alone for treatment of onychomycosis in adult north Indian population.Methods: We investigated 50 clinically suspected patient’s nails of both gender and aged above 18 years for onychomycosis by KOH examination and Culture. The patients were then randomly divided in two groups, Group A and Group B with 25 patients in each group. Patients in group A received only topical antifungal drugs at 2 weeks of interval for 6 months. Patients in group B received fractional CO2 laser treatment combined with topical antifungal drugs for 6 months. Nails of patients in each study group were analysed by clinical findings and Scoring Clinical Index for onychomycosis.Results: Patients in group B who were treated with a combination of fractional CO2 and topical antifungal showed a statistically significant improvement in SCIO scoring as compared to group A. Conclusion: Fractional CO2 laser assisted topical antifungal therapy is more effective treatment for onychomycosis as compared to topical antifungal therapy alone in adult north Indian population.

Renal Volume Nomogram on Computed Tomography in North Indian Population Correlated with Age, Gender and Height

Introduction: Assessment of renal size is a difficult task in view of the complex shape of kidney. Among different imaging modalities Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) owing to their 3 Dimensional reconstructional ability are quite helpful in assessment of kidney size. A relationship between renal size and anthropometric parameters is an issue of interest. Aim: To assess kidney size in North Indian adult population using CT and to assess its relationship with age, sex and height. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done over a period of two years (January 2018 to December 2019) in which a total of 300 adults aged between 20-90 years with normal renal function were enrolled. Age and sex of subjects was noted and their heights were measured. All the subjects underwent computed tomographic assessment for kidney size using 384 Slice Somatom Force, Seimens Corp. Multidetected CT machine. Contrast enhanced abdominal CT was performed to visualise the kidneys. Linear renal dimensions (length, lateral diameter, anteriorposterior diameter) were measured and renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid volume formula. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 software. Independent samples t-test, paired t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson coefficient constants were calculated. Results: A total of 300 subjects were included, with the mean age of subjects were 41.12 years. Exactly half (50%) were males. Mean kidney size was 94.62 (95% CI: 90.27-98.97) cm3 for right side and 119.84 (95% CI=113.40-126.29) cm3 for left side. Average kidney size was 107.23 (95% CI=102.66-111.80) cm3. For both the sides, males had significantly larger kidney as compared to that of females (p-value <0.01). With increasing age, a significant decline in kidney size was observed (p-value <0.001). With increasing height, a significant increase in kidney size was observed (p-value <0.001). Height showed a significant positive correlation with both right and left side of kidney size (r=0.588, p-value <0.05). Conclusion: The present study provided the normal range for kidney size among North Indian adults using CT. The findings showed an age, gender and height dependence of kidney size in present study population.

Occurrence of internal root resorption defects in anterior teeth with a history of concussion injury: A cross-sectional study among select adult North Indian dental patients

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of internal resorption (IR) defects in select adult North Indian population with a history of concussion injury to their anterior teeth. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of patients reporting with a history of concussion injury to their anterior teeth. At least two intraoral periapical radiographs, one at central and other at a 20° horizontal angulation, were taken for each of the affected teeth to check for any IR defect. The radiographs were inspected after placing them over a viewing box using magnifying glasses. Percentage of IR defects and their occurrence on the basis of tooth type, duration of trauma, gender, and side was assessed. Results: A total of 1507 patients reported with a history of a traumatic dental injury (TDI) to their anterior teeth. About 37.1% (560/1507) patients and 602 teeth with TDI had a history concussion injury. The percentage of patients with concussion injuries resulting in IR defect was 3.3% (19/560), and the percentage of teeth with IR defect was 3.16% (19/602). About 68.42% (13/19) were in males, and 31.58% (6/19) were in females; however, the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.590). Most of the patients reported with a history of TDI within 0–5 years back, and the median age at the time of presentation was 20 years. Maxillary left central incisor was most affected, 4.84% (9/186) followed by maxillary right central incisor 3.5% (7/200) mandibular left lateral incisor 3.85% (1/26), mandibular left central incisor 3.57% (1/28), and maxillary lateral incisor 1.52% (1/66). Out of the 19 IR defects, 15 (78.9%) were located in the root, four were located coronally (21.05%), out of which 2 had a pink-colored crown. Conclusion: Silent injuries such as concussion and subsequent IR can potentially weaken the tooth; therefore, follow-up of patients with a history of TDIs is vital to rule out any developing but obscure resorptive defects.

A Cross Sectional Study on Middle Finger Tip Pinch, Ring Finger Tip Pinch, Little Finger Tip Pinch Strengths : The Correlations with Anthropometric Variables in North Indian Population

Introduction: Pinch strength in addition to handgrip strength is considered an important factor in the assessment of proper hand muscle function. Various parameters like nutritional status, physical activities and muscle pathologies can affect the overall gripping capabilities of the fingers .The unique abilities of opposition in human hand is because of the distinct articular surfaces in the miniature bones and intrinsic muscles of the hand. Due to fine neuromuscular coordination and sensory perception in the digits, firm grasping abilities and in the hand pinches have developed. These grasps can be very useful for sensory and motor capabilities of the hand specially in sports like cricket, baseball and volleyball. AIM: To generate data for middle finger tip pinch, ring finger tip pinch, little finger tip pinch strengths and to evaluate their correlations with other anthropometric indices. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and fifty healthy young adult individuals were selected for the study. A pinch gauze was used to measure pinch grip strengths in both the sides. Pearson’s correlation test and independent t-tests were used. SPSS Version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Result: Mean age of the population was 22 years and all the subjects were males. Pinch grip strength in all the pinches were found to be greater in dominant side than non dominant side (p<0.001). There was significant association between middle finger tip pinch and anthropometric indices. No statistically significant correlation of little finger tip pinch with waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and BMI was observed. Conclusion: The analysis provides normative data for pinch grip strengths and their correlation with other anthropometric indices in adult North Indian population.

Correlation of Serum Magnesium with Insulin Resistance in North Indian Adult Population.

Globalization has lead to such lifestyle changes which have produced increase in incidence and prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Magnesium is found to have some role in glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels with insulin resistance in apparently healthy adults. The objective of our study was to evaluate correlation of serum magnesium with fasting blood sugar, insulin level and Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (indicator of insulin resistance) on the basis of the hypothesis that subjects with hypomagnesaemia are more prone to develop hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The study was a cross-sectional study which was population based. Total 130 apparently healthy adults of age between 25-65 years, were recruited with prior ethical approval and written informed consent. Serum magnesium was found to be negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin level and HOMA-IR. Co-relation of magnesium with FBS (r = -0.55, p<0.0001), insulin (r = -0.45, p< 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.52, p<0.0001) was significant. As per findings it was concluded that serum magnesium was found to have significant negative correlation with fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin and HOMA-IR, thus hypomagnesaemia can be suggested to be one of the important predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Comparison of dental age estimations from two radiographic methods of metric analysis in North Indian young adults

ABSTRACT Age estimation is a vital part in many of forensic investigations, be it for the dead or living. Despite its importance, accuracy of age estimation has always been an issue in legal matters, especially in the adult population. This study has been conducted on a North Indian adult population, furthering the research on formulated odonto-metric indices and their variation among the population, with the aim of establishing their suitability for estimation of age in the population under study. The two methods employed on first and second molars were tooth coronal index (TCI) and pulp chamber tooth height ratio (PCTHR). Of the two teeth, the second molar was found to have a significant correlation compared with the other one and the TCI was found to be marginally better than PCTHR when applied on second molars. The error ranges for TCI (first molar and second molar) and PCTHR (second molar) methods were found to be same, i.e. ±7 years. The choice of an age-group specific method is important for the most accurate and reliable dental age estimations in forensic contexts.

Metabolic Bone Profile of Healthy Adult North Indian Population from Chandigarh Urban Bone Epidemiological Study (CUBES).

We aimed to estimate metabolic bone profile in a large cohort of healthy, adult Indian population to generate reference standards of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25 (OH) Vitamin D and iPTH, and also to find out the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in healthy population. Apparently healthy people in the age group of 20-80years, residing in the union territory of Chandigarh were chosen. Fasting samples for serum calcium, phosphate, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25 (OH) D and iPTH were collected and were processed on the same day. We recruited 930 healthy subjects from different subsectors of Chandigarh. Final analysis was done for 915 subjects. Out of this, 530 (58%) were women and 385 (42%) were men. The study participants were divided into two groups, less than and more than 50years for the men and pre and post-menopausal for the women. The serum calcium, phosphate, ALP and iPTH were significantly higher in the post-menopausal women compared to the pre-menopausal women. The median plasma 25 (OH) D in men and women was 12.5ng/mL and 14.3ng/mL, respectively. 25 (OH) D deficiency was seen in 65.4% of individuals. 25 (OH) D levels co-related negatively with iPTH levels (r = - 0.4, p < 0.0001), and showed an increasing trend with age. We have thus presented metabolic bone profile of healthy, adult north Indian population. These reference values can be used for diagnosis and monitoring of various MBDs. Vitamin D deficiency is still rampant in our population in spite of increasing awareness.

Comparison of Rockport one-mile walk test and McArdle step test for the prediction of VO2max

Background: There are various field tests to predict VO2max. The Rockport one-mile walk test and McArdle step test are among them, which are easy to administer and give good result. The purpose of this study was to see the differences in the result of VO2max predicted by Rockport one-mile walk test and McArdle step test in the adult North Indian population. Methodology: A total of sixty college/university students from North India, between the age group of 18 and 25 years, were divided into two equal groups of thirty each. Group A performed Rockport one-mile walk test and Group B performed McArdle step test. Results and Analysis: The mean age (years), height (cm), weight (kg), and VO2max (ml/kg/min) of Group A were 19.73 (±1.34), 172.37 (±8.52), 63.23 (±11.01), and 55.47 (±3.73), respectively, whereas the mean age (years), height (cm), weight (kg), and VO2max (ml/kg/min) of Group B were 19.30 (±1.02), 174.17 (±7.56), 70.03 (±7.11), and 53.12 (±9.37), respectively. T-test applied between both groups, and there is no statistically significant difference found in age (0.164), height (0.392), weight (0.006), and VO2max (0.206) between both groups. Conclusion: This study has concluded that there is no difference between the Rockport one-mile walk test and McArdle step test for the prediction of VO2max. Hence, we can use any of the tests, either Rockport one-mile walk or McArdle step test, for calculating VO2max in any individuals.

A STUDY ON CEPHALIC INDEX OF ADULT NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

Introduction: Cephalic index is the percentage of head breadth to head length. The index is calculated from measurement of the diameters of head (head length and head breadth). When applied to living individuals it is known as cephalic index, and when referring to dry skulls, the cranial index. This index is used as a useful anthropological tool for analysis of racial and sexual differences in a population. The present study was done to find out Cephalic Index and to study sexual dimorphism in adult North Indian population. Objective of the study was to calculate the cephalic index and to find out that the present study group belongs to which category in the classification of skull based on cephalic index and to study the sexual dimorphism in respect to cephalic index. Material &amp; Methods: The present study comprised of 200 medical students of age group between 18 yrs. to 25 yrs. of S.N. Medical College, Agra, not having any significant disease or deformity that could have affected the general or the bony growth. Two anthropometric parameters; head length and head breadth were recorded in centimeters by using spreading caliper. With these recorded data, cephalic index was calculated for males and females separately as well as combined. Results: Mean Cephalic Index was significantly higher (p=0.03124) in females (79.350 ± 5.7157) as compared to males (77.715 ± 4.9102). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of the cephalic indices of male and female students (p=0.03124). The mean cephalic index of combined population in this study was 78.533 ± 5.3776 which states that the dominant head shape among North Indians is Mesaticephalic.

Circulating magnesium & Acute phage inflammatory reactant in North Indian adult population

Background: The increase of several serum proteins named acute phase reactants is a feature of the tissue response to inflammation . C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most sensitive acute-phase reactants in humans. Magnesium is found to be associated with these inflammatory reactants in previous studies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels and C- reactive protein in apparently healthy adults. Methods and material: This is a population based cross-sectional study. Total 130 adults of age between 25-65 years, were recruited with prior ethical approval and with written informed consent. Result: Mean value of serum magnesium was found to be 2.01mg/dl (±0.29) with range between 1.4mg/dl to 2.9mg/dl. Not a single case of severe hypomagnesemia (< 1.2 mg/dl) was found. Serum magnesium was found to have no significant correlation with C-reactive protein (r = -0.12, p=0.23). Conclusion: Authors report no significant co-relation between serum magnesium and CRP. Further larger studies are required to be done.

Myocardial Bridging : a study on the cadaveric hearts of the North Indian adult population

Abstract Aims: Myocardial bridging is a common coronary anomaly characterized by the presence of a muscle bridge above an epicardial artery. It might be involved in development of several cardiovascular pathologies. The detailed anatomical study is required to help in diagnosing the myocardial bridging which has been dealt in the present study. Materials &amp; Methods: The present study was carried out on thirty formalin-fixed adult hearts obtained after dissection of cadavers. The hearts were dissected to expose the coronary vessels. Presence of myocardial bridging was noted, photographed and recorded. Results: Myocardial bridges were found in 22 hearts, in at least one coronary artery or in one of its significant branches. Left coronary artery (LCA) was involved more than the right coronary artery (RCA). Left anterior descending artery showed maximum myocardial bridges which was most commonly seen in the middle third. Conclusion:The present study describes the morphological characteristics of the myocardial bridges in Indian cadavers which may serve as a reference for clinicians in conditions pertaining to heart.

Study of renal artery in adult North Indian population: A CT study

Study of renal artery in adult North Indian population: A CT study

Co-relation of circulating magnesium with atherogenic dyslipidemia in north Indian adult population

Background: Role of magnesium in dyslipidemia is still controversial till date. Decreased serum magnesium levels are co-related with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels with components of lipid profile in apparently healthy adults.Material and methods: This is a population based cross-sectional study. Total 130 apparently healthy adults of age between 25-65 years, were recruited with prior ethical approval and with written informed consent. Results: Serum magnesium was found to be negatively correlated with triglyceride, VLDL and total cholesterol. Co-relation with TG(r = -0.23, p= 0.02) and VLDL (r = -0.28, p= 0.004) was significant. However positive & mild correlation of serum magnesium with HDL and LDL was found. Conclusion: As per the findings we concluded that serum magnesium was found to have significant negative correlation with serum TG and VLDL.

Correlation between Age, Gender, Waist-Hip Ratio and Intra Ocular Pressure in Adult North Indian Population.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is affected by various systemic and local factors. The significance of studying the factors affecting IOP is because of its association with potentially blinding condition known as glaucoma. Present study was conducted with the aim to find out the correlation between gender, age, Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) and IOP. The study included 300 healthy individuals between 40-79years of age. The subjects were divided into 2 categories according to gender i.e., male and female. The subjects were divided into 4 categories according to age i.e., 40-49years, 50-59years, 60-69years and 70-79years. The subjects were divided into two groups according to Waist-hip ratio (WHR) as per WHO guidelines: WHR <0.9 and WHR >0.9 in males and WHR <0.85 and WHR >0.85 in females. IOP was recorded in each group using Goldmann Applanation tonometer and statistical comparisons were made to find correlation between gender, age, Waist-hip ratio and IOP. There was no statistically significant difference between IOP of males and females (p=0.235). The age and IOP were positively correlated with each other i.e., IOP increases with increasing age (r=0.511, p<0.001). Higher WHR is associated with significantly higher IOP in both the genders (males r =0.644, p<0.001; females r=0.794, p<0.001). There is no significant difference in IOP amongst males and females. Increasing age and higher WHR are risk factors for raised IOP.

Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components in North Indian adult population of Kashmir

Aim: The Kashmiri population is ethnically distinct, culturally unique, and has distinct lifestyle and dietary habits. There is high prevalence of obesity in the Kashmiri population. With this background, we designed this study to evaluate important metabolic parameters contributing to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 500 subjects were recruited over a period of 1 year. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects before selection. Proper permission was sought from the hospital's Ethical Committee. The subjects were selected from among the attendants who accompanied patients at the inpatient and outpatient departments of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir. A stratified random sampling procedure was adopted for the study. All subjects underwent anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurements, and biochemical analysis. Subjects were screened for the components of MS according to criteria given by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III. Statistical Analysis: Analysis was made and inferences were drawn using the student's test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11.5. Results: The mean age of both the men and women was 37 years. The overall prevalence of MS was 8.6% (n = 43), with males constituting 7.4% and females constituting 9.9%. The prevalence of hypertension was 24.9% for males and 12.3% for females. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 9.3% for males and 7.8% for females; 9.7% males and 25.9% females had low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; and 17.1% males and 13.2% females had elevated triglyceride levels. The prevalence of obesity in males was 1.9% and in females it was 8.6%. Hypertension was the commonest factor affecting the estimates of MS in men, whereas central obesity and low HDL cholesterol were the common contributing factors in women. Conclusion: Prevalence of component factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is high, which needs attention.

Morphometric analysis and anatomical variations of infraorbital foramen: A study in adult North Indian population

Various studies have been conducted on morphometric variations of infraorbital foramen to provide data to surgeons for nerve block in infraorbital region. This study aims to analyse the anatomical variations by comparing various morphometric measurements of infraorbital foramen in dry skulls of adult North Indian population. This study becomes relevant in the present study group as very scant data is available about the variations and morphometric measurements in Indian population. The data thus collected can be standardized and become useful for the surgeons working in this area of face. The study was conducted on 75 dry adult human skulls, which were a part of Department of Anatomy, used for teaching purposes in medical colleges. Straight distance of the Infraorbital foramen from the infraorbital rim, supraorbital foramen and sagittal plane was measured. The position of the infraorbital foramen was determined in relation to maxillary teeth and supraorbital foramen. The data thus obtained was analysed. The distance of infraorbital foramen from infraorbital rim, supraorbital foramen, sagittal plane in the present study was found to be 6.71 ± 1.11 mm, 42.02 ± 4.31 mm and 31.94 ± 4.88 mm respectively. The position of infraorbital foramen was lateral in relation to supraorbital foramen (in 88% of cases). Infraorbital foramen was above the 1st premolar tooth in most of the cases. Accessory infraorbital foramen was found in 11.2% cases (double foramen). The data thus obtained will perhaps be helpful to the surgeons in identifying the extent of the operative field thereby reducing procedural risks.

Soft-tissue characteristics of Class-II Division-1 malocclusion in North Indian adult population: A cephalometric study

Background: Facial harmony in orthodontics is determined by the morphologic relationships and proportions of the nose, lips and chin. For the correction of all malocclusions, the facial outlines should be regarded as an important guide in developing a proper treatment plan. Aims and Objectives: (1) The primary aim is to evaluate and compare the soft tissue pattern associated with Angle's Class I normal occlusion and Angle's Class-II Division-1 malocclusion in North Indian adult population. (2) The secondary is to access sexual dimorphism for the soft-tissue characteristics. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 80 orthodontically untreated adult subjects, 40 were having normal occlusion with good facial profile (Group-A: 20 males-mean age 22.89 years and 20 females-mean age 21.27 years) and 40 subjects with Angle's Class-II Division-1 malocclusion (Group-B: 20 males-mean age 20.25 years and 20 females-mean age 19.67 years) were analyzed. Methodology: Lateral cephalograms of the subjects were taken in natural head position and were traced manually. 16 linear and 6 angular soft-tissue parameters were measured which were derived from the Steiner, Ricketts, Burstone and Holdaway soft-tissue analyses. All the values were compared using Student's t -test with a level of significance at P Results: Group-B males had decreased lower lip length, lower face height, nasomental angle ( P P P P Conclusions: Class-II Division-1 malocclusion have more convex soft-tissue profile, reduced nose length, Shorter procumbent lips and flatter chins when compared to Angle's Class I malocclusion.