North American Industry Research Articles

A Framework for Estimating Economic Impacts of Ecological Restoration.

Ecological restoration projects are designed to improve natural and cultural resources. Spending on restoration also stimulates economic impacts to the restoration economy through the creation or support of jobs and business activity. This paper presents accessible methods for quantifying the economic impacts supported by restoration spending and is written to be a guide and toolbox for an interdisciplinary audience of restoration practitioners and economists. Measuring the economic impacts of restoration can be challenging due to lacking or limited data. The complex, collaborative, and heterogeneous nature of restoration projects can make it difficult to clearly track costs, contributing to limited availability and inconsistency in restoration cost data. And business classification systems, such as the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), do not include restoration-sectors that consistently describe the patterns of restoration spending. The aims of this paper are to (1) provide restoration practitioners and program managers with a clear understanding of the application of economic impact analyses to restoration, (2) provide a framework for collecting project cost data for economic impact analyses, and (3) provide modeling best practices and an example application of the framework.

Farmed crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) raised with dermestids (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) suffer from reduced and delayed growth, but not enough to explain reports of dramatic yield loss.

The mass production of insects for food and feed is an expanding North American industry. Facilities that mass rear insects are at risk of pest infestations because the optimal environmental conditions for rearing beneficial species may also support the development of pest species. Here, we present the first recorded results detailing the interactions between dermestids and farmed crickets. Cricket farms have reported extremely low harvest yield during heavy dermestid infestations, but the exact reasons for this low yield are unknown. Many dermestid larvae are covered in dense, detachable, barbed setae called hastisetae, which are used by the larvae as an active trapping system against arthropod predators. We designed a series of experiments to test the hypotheses that a dermestid pest of cricket farms, black larder beetle (Dermestes ater DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)), may be directly impacting Gryllodes sigillatus Walker (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) yield through the physical effects of hastisetae ingestion and/or indirectly impacting cricket yield through competition for fishmeal, a primary source of protein in conventional cricket feed. Our predictions that G. sigillatus life history and survival would be negatively affected by dermestids were largely refuted. Females fed infested diets grew less mass, but not smaller body size, compared to females fed uninfested diets. We also found that while G. sigillatus experienced delayed growth early in life after living with dermestids, they were able to tolerate living with, and consuming, dermestid larvae. We discuss how these findings have led to new hypotheses concerning how dermestid infestations drive reductions in cricket farm yield.

Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada.

Background. In Canada, understanding the demographic and job-related factors influencing the prevalence of new workers and their exposure to potential carcinogens is crucial for improving workplace safety and guiding policy interventions. Methods. Logistic regression was performed on the 2017 Labour Force Survey (LFS), to estimate the likelihood of being a new worker based on age, industry, occupation, season, and immigration status. Participants were categorized by sector and occupation using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 Version 1.0 and National Occupational Classification (NOC) system 2016 Version 1.0. Finally, an exposures-per-worker metric was used to highlight the hazardous exposures new workers encounter in their jobs and industries. Results. Individuals younger than 25 years had 3.24 times the odds of being new workers compared to those in the 25-39 age group (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 3.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 3.18, 3.31). Recent immigrants (less than 10 years in the country) were more likely to be new workers than those with Canadian citizenship (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.41). The total workforce exposures-per-worker metric using CAREX Canada data was 0.56. By occupation, new workers were the most overrepresented in jobs in natural resources and agriculture (20.5% new workers), where they also experienced a high exposures-per-worker metric (1.57). Conclusions. Younger workers (under 25 years) and recent immigrants who had arrived 10 or fewer years prior were more likely to be new workers, and were overrepresented in jobs with more frequent hazardous exposures (Construction, Agriculture, and Trades).

Combining zip code-based population data and pharmacy administrative claims data to create measures of social determinants of health.

Social determinants of health (SDoH) are key factors that impact health outcomes. However, there are many barriers to collecting SDoH data (eg, cost of data collection, technological barriers, and lack of standardized measures). Population data may provide an accessible alternative to collecting SDoH data for patients. To explain how population data can be leveraged to create SDoH measures, assess the association of population SDoH measures with diabetic medication adherence, and discuss how understanding a patient's SDoH can inform care plans and patient engagement. A nationally representative commercial sample of patients who were aged 18 years and older and met Pharmacy Quality Alliance inclusion criteria for diabetes mellitus were analyzed (N = 37,789). US Census and North American Industry Classification System data were combined with pharmacy administrative claims data to create SDoH measures. Derived measures represent 2 SDoH domains: (1) economic stability (housing density, housing relocation, jobs per resident, and average salary) and (2) health care access and quality (urban/rural classification, distance traveled to prescriber and pharmacy, use of a primary care provider [PCP], and residents per PCP). The association of population SDoH measures with diabetic medication adherence (proportion of days covered) was assessed via logistic regression, which included covariates (eg, sex, age, comorbidities, and prescription plan attributes). As housing density (houses per resident) increased, so did the likelihood of adherence (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.21-1.97, P = 0.001). Relative to patients who did not move, patients who moved once had 0.87 (95% CI = 0.81-0.93, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent, and patients who moved 2 or more times had 0.82 (95% CI = 0.71-0.95, P = 0.008) the odds of being adherent. Compared with areas with fewer jobs per resident, patients living within a zip code with 0.16 to 0.26 jobs per resident were 1.12 (95% CI = 1.04-1.20, P = 0.002) times more likely to be adherent. Patients who lived in an urban cluster were 1.11 (95% CI = 1.01-1.22, P = 0.037) times more likely to be adherent than patients living in a rural area. Patients who travel at least 25 miles to their prescriber had 0.82 (95% CI = 0.77-0.86, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent. Community pharmacy users had 0.65 (95% CI = 0.59-0.71, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent compared with mail order pharmacy users. Patients who had a PCP were 1.26 (95% CI = 1.18-1.34, P < 0.001) times more likely to be adherent to their medication. Leveraging publicly available population data to create SDoH measures is an accessible option to overcome barriers to SDoH data collection. Derived measures can be used to increase equity in care received by identifying patients who could benefit from assistance with medication adherence.

Reconstruction of CES time series: implementing the NAICS 2022 redefinitions

With the release of January 2023 data on March 13, 2023, the Current Employment Statistics program revised the basis for industry classification for states and areas from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to NAICS 2022. The conversion to NAICS 2022 resulted in revisions to data that reflected content and coding changes within the retail trade, information, mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services sectors. In the revision process, the chief aim was to maintain the integrity of data and comparability across the redefined series.

Despair and hope: Is the retail community pharmacy workforce in danger of becoming a monopsony labor market?

ObjectiveMergers of big chain retail community pharmacies can affect the competitiveness of the pharmacy workforce to negotiate better wages and work conditions. However, it is unclear whether these types of mergers are generalizable to the U.S. pharmacy workforce. We should observe this effect when comparing annual wage trends between retail community pharmacy workers and nonretail community pharmacy workers. In the absence of this effect, annual wage trends would be similar. To examine this theory, annual wage trends for community pharmacy workers were compared with hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022. Design, setting and participantsA serial cross-sectional study was performed to compare the annual wages between retail community pharmacy workers and hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022 using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS). Pharmacy workforce was categorized as pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy aides (clerks) and grouped into retail or hospital pharmacy settings based on the North American Industry Classification System. Pharmacy workers’ annual wages were based on the U.S. BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages data. Outcome measuresAnnual wages. ResultsBetween 2012 and 2022, statistically significant annual wage reduction was greater among pharmacists in the retail than pharmacists in the hospital setting by −$1974 (95% CI −$2921 to −$1026) per year. However, these trends were not statistically significant among pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides. Pharmacy technicians in the retail and hospital settings had a 3.4% and 7.0% increase in average annual wages, respectively. Pharmacy aides in the retail and hospital settings had a 16.8% and 21.6% increase in average annual wages, respectively. ConclusionAlthough pharmacists’ annual wages decreased, it is unclear whether this was caused by the monopsony labor market. These findings suggest that there may be inefficiencies in the retail community pharmacy labor market, which may stimulate policies to improve pharmacy workforce conditions and patient safety.

A census of the green economy: measuring marijuana employment, businesses, and payroll in four states

ABSTRACT The recent legalization of cannabis across many U.S. states affords economists an opportunity to observe the birth, development, and consolidation of a new industry. The present study characterizes the disposition of this nascent sector of the economy in California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, the first four states to permit recreational use. Using the method of generalized synthetic controls, we identify marijuana related business activity which would otherwise remain hidden due to the tendency of such firms to obfuscate the nature of their trade when reporting to government sources. We find that roughly 68,000 marijuana-related jobs have emerged in these states as of 2020, with a combined annual payroll of roughly 6 billion dollars. Across these states, the scale of the marijuana business rivals that for alcoholic beverages, and would approach the size of a 3-digit NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) sub-sector if viewed as a single industry.

Job Flows Into and Out of Health Care Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Anecdotal evidence suggests that health care employers have faced increased difficulty recruiting and retaining staff in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical research is needed to understand the magnitude and persistence of these changes, and whether they have disproportionate implications for certain types of workers or regions of the country. To quantify the number of workers exiting from and entering into the health care workforce before and after the pandemic and to examine variations over time and across states and worker demographics. This cohort study used US Census Bureau state unemployment insurance data on job-to-job flows in the continental US to construct state-level quarterly exit and entry rates for the health care industry from January 2018 through December 2021 (Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee were omitted due to missing data). An event study design was used to compute quarterly mean adjusted rates of job exit from and entry into the health care sector as defined by the North American Industry Classification System. Data were examined from January to June 2023. The COVID-19 pandemic. The main outcomes were the mean adjusted health care worker exit and entry rates in each quarter by state and by worker demographics (age, gender, race and ethnicity, and education level). In quarter 1 of 2020, there were approximately 18.8 million people (14.6 million females [77.6%]) working in the health care sector in our sample. The exit rate for health care workers increased at the onset of the pandemic, from a baseline quarterly mean of 5.9 percentage points in 2018 to 8.0 (95% CI, 7.7-8.3) percentage points in quarter 1 of 2020. Exit rates remained higher than baseline levels through quarter 4 of 2021, when the health care exit rate was 7.7 (95% CI, 7.4-7.9) percentage points higher than the 2018 baseline. In quarter 1 of 2020, the increase in health care worker exit rates was dominated by an increase in workers exiting to nonemployment (78% increase compared with baseline); in contrast, by quarter 4 of 2021, the exit rate was dominated by workers exiting to employment in non-health care sectors (38% increase compared with baseline). Entry rates into health care also increased in the postpandemic period, from 6.2 percentage points at baseline to 7.7 percentage points (95% CI, 7.4-7.9 percentage points) in the last quarter of 2021, suggesting increased turnover of health care staff. Compared with prepandemic job flows, the share of workers exiting health care after the pandemic who were female was disproportionately larger, and the shares of workers entering health care who were female or Black was disproportionately smaller. Results of this cohort study suggest a substantial and persistent increase in health care workforce turnover after the pandemic, which may have long-lasting implications for workers' willingness to remain in health care jobs. Policymakers and health care organizations may need to act to prevent further losses of experienced staff.

First genetic evaluation of a wild population of Crocodylus intermedius: New insights for the recovery of a Critically Endangered species.

During the second third of last century, the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) underwent a hunting process driven by the demand from the North American, European, and Japanese leather industry, resulting in a sharp decline of its populations. Currently, only two known remaining populations of this Critically Endangered species persist in the Colombian Orinoquía: in the Guayabero-Duda-Lozada and the Cravo Norte-Ele-Lipa River Systems. The latter has been the only population subject of study, including recent surveys and local conservation initiatives such as egg and hatchling ranching. Despite suggestions for population recovery based on the observed increase in clutches in the area, information regarding its genetic status has been pending assessment. This research aims to provide a genetic characterization of this remaining population and to evaluate the diversity recovered during a period of the egg ranching initiative. For this purpose, we utilized variable molecular markers, specifically 17 microsatellite loci, nuclear DNA. Despite revealing intermediate levels of genetic diversity, we identified an effective population size of 11.5-17, well below the minimum values proposed for short-term subsistence. While no evidence of inbreeding was found, it is acknowledged as a potential risk based on the population's history. Additionally, we detected a historical bottleneck possibly influenced by arid periods affecting the region since the Pleistocene. While the evaluated population presents a unique opportunity for C. intermedius conservation, it also exposes a high risk of entering the extinction vortex. The primary action to be taken is to support the egg and hatchling ranching program, which successfully recovered most of the genetic diversity present in the population.

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among USblood donors by industry, May-December 2021.

Work is a social determinant of health that is often overlooked. There are major work-related differences in the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection and death, but there have been few analyses of infection rates across industry groups. To date, only one national assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence by industry based on self-report has been completed. No study has looked at seroprevalence of COVID-19 by industry. During May-December 2021, blood donors with SARS-CoV-2 antinucleocapsid testing were sent an electronic survey about their work. Free-text industry responses were classified using the North American Industry Classification System. We estimated seroprevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SARS-CoV-2 infection by industry. Of 57,726 donors, 7040 (12%, 95% CI: 11.9%-12.5%) had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Seroprevalence was highest among Accommodation & Food Services (19.3%, 95% CI: 17.1%-21.6%), Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (19.2%, 95% CI: 12.8%-27.8%), Healthcare & Social Assistance (15.6%, 95% CI: 14.9%-16.4%), and Construction (14.7%, 95% CI: 13.1%-16.3%). Seroprevalence was lowest among Management of Companies & Enterprises (6.5%, 95% CI: 3.5%-11.5%), Professional Scientific & Technical Services (8.4%, 95% CI: 7.7%-9.0%), and Information (9.9%, 95% CI: 8.5%-11.5%). While workers in all industries had serologic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, certain sectors were disproportionately impacted. Disease surveillance systems should routinely collect work characteristics so public health and industry leaders can address health disparities using sector-specific policies.

Sustaining agricultural economies: regional economic impacts of biochar production from waste orchard biomass in California's Central Valley

AbstractThe prominent role of agriculture in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased global interest in biochar. This carbonaceous biomass product has emerging efficacy for GHG emissions reduction. While a growing body of literature indicates positive economic impacts of biomass-related products, scant evidence exists about the potential regional economic impacts of biochar production. Since biochar is a new industry and there is no North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code for biochar, we modified the available industries in the IMPLAN database to estimate the direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts of six potential biochar pricing and production opportunities in Central Valley, California. Results suggest that depending on the biochar price and conversion rates, biochar would create between 16.56 and 17.69 new full- and part-time jobs per year that would contribute between $1.2 and $5.75 million per year to labor income. Biochar production would add to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) about $106,295 ($5.2 million) per year with a conversion rate of 15% (35%) and a biochar price of $280 ($2,512) per metric ton. Similarly, biochar’s impacts on gross output would be positive, regardless of the biochar conversion rate and price, which suggests the need for more investment in the sector. We find that all regions would benefit in terms of employment, labor compensation, value addition, and gross output though Madera County would have the least economic returns. Meanwhile, Fresno County with the most biomass would have the most economic impacts, suggesting that policy should be directed at encouraging biomass production and marketing in areas with the most biomass.

Assessing the size and growth of the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation industry.

Interest has focused on quantifying the size and scope of environmental markets, particularly those that offset ecosystem impacts or restore natural infrastructure to improve habitat or promote clean air and water. In this paper, we focus on the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation market, asking: what types of firms make up the mitigation "industry"? What are the economic impacts-i.e., the "size"-of the mitigation industry? How has this industry changed over time? We present the results of a national survey of mitigation firms and construct an input-output model of the industry's economic impacts and employment. We also develop a comparative, 2014 model of the industry using data from a previous study of the broader, ecological restoration economy. Our findings suggest that the (2019, pre-COVID) mitigation industry collects annual revenues (direct economic impacts) in excess of $3.5 billion, which, along with additional indirect (supply chain) and induced (spillover) economic impacts, combine to over $9.6 billion in total output and support over 53,000 total jobs. We estimate 2014-2019 growth of ~35.2 percent in revenues, ~32.6 percent in total economic impacts, and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.25%. This places the mitigation industry within the range of other, well-established industries within the technical services sector. We suggest establishing North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes specifically for ecological restoration and mitigation firms, an essential step in generating accurate and consistent employment estimates in the future, particularly at sub-national geographic scales.

Accuracy and errors in self-assigned NAICS codes in tax return data

Conventional wisdom holds that North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes chosen by people not experienced with the system are often mis-specified, but there has been little formal research into the scope of the problem. In this paper we explore prevalence of and patterns in misspecification in NAICS codes self-reported on two kinds of business tax forms. Errors are identified by comparing as-filed codes with codes validated by Statistics of Income. We find that over a third of codes are wrong, but that the errors are not random and often (though not always) seem to have logical reasons behind them.

Best practices for measuring community resources across Canada: A comparison of coding classifications

AbstractSocial scientists, geographers, criminologists, and health scientists are often tasked with finding data to best capture the impact of “community context” on individual outcomes, including residential services, physical resources, and social institutions. One outlet for such data in Canada is Digital Map Technologies Inc. (DMTI) Spatial, which offers a national repository of over one million businesses and recreational points of interest. The database is generated through CanMap Streetfiles, which includes geocodes of each point's precise location. These data are available to researchers from their university data library and Esri Canada, but primarily available to private sector and government markets. That said, the goal of the current paper is to encourage researchers to access this rich yet under‐utilized data source. Each service, business, or resource in the DMTI Spatial database is assigned to a respective category using Standard Industrial Classification codes and North American Industrial Classification System codes. It is not clear, however, which is the more reliable coding criteria. We provide an overview of our review of DMTI Spatial data and take‐away suggestions for using this valuable resource for future research on meso‐level residential markers.

Administrative and financial diagnosis of miscellaneous stores classified as microenterprises, in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla

In Mexico, 80% of the tobacconists or miscellaneous shops, also known as “corner shops”, are considered within the informal occupation. Taking into account that these microenterprises are a source of employment for a significant percentage of the employed population, we consider it vital to carry out an administrative and financial diagnosis, which allows us to establish the basis for the creation of a business model that allows them to join the sector formal and modernize, which would be a significant advance for the country Trade is the preponderant economic activity in Mexico, since it brings together 50% of the country's economic units. Of the 153 kinds of activities in which the North American Industrial Classification System (SCIAN) divides trade, ten stand out, which accounts for 56.4% of the economic units and 47.7% of the total employed personnel. Among the 10 most outstanding activities of commerce (INEGI, 2009), the activity of grocery stores and miscellaneous stores, represents the highest percentage of economic units with 31.2% and total employed personnel with 19.2%, that is, every 10 commercial establishments, three are grocery and miscellaneous stores and for every 100 people employed in commerce, 19.2% work in this type of economic units. This means that miscellaneous stores represent a significant percentage of employability opportunities for people in Mexico and, if something is not done to modernize and become more competitive, their sales will decrease and, given the competition represented by the chains Convenience stores, such as Oxxo, will continue to lose sales until they disappear and, consequently, people who live from this type of trade will have to look for other sources of income. This research aims to apply the results of the administrative and financial diagnosis of the miscellaneous stores in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla (542, according to INEGI data), to design a management and control model that allows them to be strengthened and boost their business development, implementing a control administrative and financial, which also contributes to the job stability of those engaged in this commercial activity and decreases their mortality rate.

Evaluation of the degree of social responsibility in micro and small businesses in the food service sector

The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of social responsibility in micro and small companies in the food service sector. The evaluations were applied to 63 fixed establishments dedicated to the preparation, sale and consumption of food, distributed in eight municipalities of the state of Jalisco, Mexico, which were grouped according to the categories established in the North American Industrial Classification System. A single visit survey was applied to each establishment. The Corporate Social Responsibility index was applied to the results. 6.3 % of the establishments were Socially Responsible, 54 % moderately responsible and 39.7 % as not responsible. The last two ones have elements of Corporate Social Responsibility, but not as structured programs. It contributes to obtain a deeper understanding of the problems involved in trying to apply a sustainable administrative management to accommodate a system of social responsibility, which supports and records the decisions that are being made in the company from this perspective, in order to plan successful intervention strategies.

Monopolistic price-setting behavior of information technology firms

ABSTRACT Markups, which are when prices are greater than the marginal cost of production, have increased in the USA over the last decades. Our paper explores the differences in markups between Information Technology (IT) and non-IT firms. By doing so, we contribute to the understanding of the role of the IT industry in the increase in markups. We extend to De Loecker, Eeckhout, and Unger (2020), who find that markups of publicly traded firms have risen since 1980. They argue that no industry has systematically higher markups. We develop a novel firm-level classification method using natural language processing (NLP) to distinguish IT from non-IT firms. Our approach differs from the commonly used North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Using our classification, we find that the increase in markup in the period since 1980 occurred in two separate episodes. In the first, from 1980 until 1996, firms recovered from the fall of markups in the 1970s. In the second episode, since 1996, markups of IT firms diverge enormously. Markups of IT firms surge from 47% in 1996 to 80% in 2018, while the markup of non-IT firms remains largely unchanged.

Editor's notes: FAIR BOT. As metadata is data is metadata is data ...

Editor's notes: FAIR BOT. As metadata is data is metadata is data ...

Predicting COVID-19 Related Corporate Bankruptcies Prior to the Pandemic

In a previous study, it was shown that firms approaching bankruptcy exhibited less chaos than pair match firms based on their SIC (standard industry classification) code that did not enter bankruptcy. Chaos can be used to compare systems as quantified by calculating the Lyapunov exponent. In this study, the exponent was calculated using time series of daily stock market returns. Given that unhealthy systems display less chaos than healthy systems, bankruptcy is considered in this study as an expression of an unhealthy system. The sudden emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic placed firms under stress. This study successfully uses the Lyapunov exponents calculated for pair match firms based on the newer NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) code prior to the emergence of the pandemic to predict bankruptcies occurring shortly afterwards.

Potential Impacts of Different Occupational Outdoor Heat Exposure Thresholds among Washington State Crop and Construction Workers and Implications for Other Jurisdictions.

Occupational heat exposure is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality among outdoor workers. We sought to descriptively evaluate spatiotemporal variability in heat threshold exceedances and describe potential impacts of these exposures for crop and construction workers. We also present general considerations for approaching heat policy-relevant analyses. We analyzed county-level 2011–2020 monthly employment (Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages) and environmental exposure (Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)) data for Washington State (WA), USA, crop (North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 111 and 1151) and construction (NAICS 23) sectors. Days exceeding maximum daily temperature thresholds, averaged per county, were linked with employment estimates to generate employment days of exceedances. We found spatiotemporal variability in WA temperature threshold exceedances and crop and construction employment. Maximum temperature exceedances peaked in July and August and were most numerous in Central WA counties. Counties with high employment and/or high numbers of threshold exceedance days, led by Yakima and King Counties, experienced the greatest total employment days of exceedances. Crop employment contributed to the largest proportion of total state-wide employment days of exceedances with Central WA counties experiencing the greatest potential workforce burden of exposure. Considerations from this analysis can help inform decision-making regarding thresholds, timing of provisions for heat rules, and tailoring of best practices in different industries and areas.