Norms Of Usage Research Articles

Development of verb argument constructions in L2 English learners: A close replication of research question 3 in Römer and Berger (2019)

Abstract This study closely replicates the analyses of the third research question in Römer and Berger (2019), which reported that the associations between verbs and verb argument constructions (VACs) used by German and Spanish learners of English move closer to a native usage norm as the learners’ proficiency increases. This study conducted the same correlation analyses from the original study but with a substantially expanded version of the learner corpus used therein. Additionally, we conducted zero-inflated negative binomial analyses to estimate the relationship between the frequencies of verb-VAC combinations in the British National Corpus (BNC) and in the learner subcorpora representing different proficiency levels. Our findings were consistent with the original study in showing significant positive correlations between frequencies of the verb-VAC combinations in the BNC and in the learner subcorpora but further revealed the potential effect of topic on the learners’ VAC usage. Implications for future studies are discussed.

Is it useful, acceptable, or controllable? Hong Kong primary school teachers’ online assessment practices in changing time

Few studies have explored primary school teachers’ classroom-based online assessment practices and underlying reasons. To fill this research gap, this study interviewed 48 Hong Kong primary school teachers to understand their online assessment practices and influencing factors when they were obliged to use it in their daily instruction under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that the participants tended to use online tests/exercises for formative purposes instead of summative purposes. In addition, they tried online alternative assessment tasks, such as video or audio recordings, peer assessment and projects, and gave online feedback to students but less frequently than online tests/exercises. The school examination culture and the participants’ perceived limited control over online test fairness may have restricted their summative use of online tests/exercises. Meanwhile, the participants’ perceived positive usage norms, along with their favourable attitudes towards and confidence in using online tests/exercises probably enhanced their formative use of them. In addition, the participants’ perceived neutral usage norms and limited external control of online alternative assessment tasks and feedback seemed to impede their use of them in classrooms.

Using artificial intelligence platforms to support student learning in physiology.

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered language models presents new opportunities and challenges in education. By teaching students how to craft prompts that elicit insightful responses, faculty can scaffold activities where AI acts as a supplemental resource to amplify critical thinking and support student learning. Ongoing dialogue and iteration focused on ethical usage norms can achieve the right balance between emerging technology and foundational skills development. With care and intention, AI-assisted study tactics offer students personalized support while adhering to academic standards. While AI-powered tools provide many positive opportunities, students and faculty need to learn about and use them responsibly and ethically, not as replacements for required thinking and effort. Before implementing these AI tools for studying biology, there are several key things to discuss with students. This article outlines several ways that students can employ these tools to support better learning along with a set of guidelines for all to be wary of when implementing these in an academic setting.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Utilizing of artificial intelligence tools offers a promising new technology to support student learning. This article outlines several ways that students can employ these tools to support better learning along with a set of guidelines for all to be wary of when implementing these in an academic setting.

Doctor Who?: Norms, Care, and Autonomy in the Attitudes of Medical Students Towards AI Pre and Post ChatGPT

This study adopts the combined TAM-TPB model to investigate attitudes and expectations of machines at a pre-career stage. We study how future doctors (medical students) expect to interact with future AI machinery, what AI usage norms will develop, and beliefs about human and machine autonomy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Wave one occurred six-months prior to the public release of ChatGPT; wave two occurred in the 6 months following. Three themes emerged: AI is tomorrow, wishing for the AI ouvrier, and human contrasts. Two differences were noted pre- versus post-ChatGPT: (1) participants began to view machinery instead of themselves as the controller of knowledge and (2) participants expressed increased self-confidence if collaborating with a machine. Results and implications for human-machine communication theory are discussed.

Jak by nie było, to gdzie nie spojrzeć, tak się mówi i pisze

This article is an attempt to make a prescriptive evaluation of phraseological units such as jak było, co by nie zrobić, kto by nie przyszedł, gdzie by nie spojrzeć, gdzie nie spojrzę, gdzie się nie ruszysz, etc. They have been present in the Polish language for at least 150 years, but are still evaluated negatively, as unnecessary Russicisms and illogical constructs. The discussions carried out in this text, supported by numerous examples from various types of Polish texts, lead to the conclusion that we are dealing with a phraseological model containing the components by nie as a construcyional axis or nie, in sentences that are formally negated yet in fact containing the reinforcement of a judgment. The phraseologised units have demonstrated their functional usefulness and should be accepted in the usage norm of Polish.

Linguistic and pragmatic ways of committing oneself

Abstract In this study I focus on the complementation patterns of commissive shell nouns in Ghanaian English (GhE). Commissive shell nouns are a type of illocutionary shell noun, i.e. a noun that encapsulates a content that is usually expressed in a complement or even separate clause or sentence thereby ascribing it an illocutionary force. I use the usage-based approach to the study of language and investigate the behavioral profile of these nouns in GhE. I apply descriptive statistics to data that have been collected from the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). The study provides evidence for the characterization of GhE usage norms, and thus contributes to the scholarly knowledge on this variety of English. It also sheds light on the contribution that the meaning-related and ultimately cognitive perspective can offer in describing the complementation patterns of illocutionary nouns in Postcolonial Englishes (PCEs).

USABILITY AS A PROBLEM OF EXPRESSIVE WEB DESIGN TOOLS: FROM THE PRACTICE OF WEB USABILITY TO THE CONTEXT OF WEB ACCESSIBILITY

The article is devoted to the problem of analyzing the issue of web usability and web accessibility of using educational web resources in the context of the problems of expressive web design tools. The author considers web usability and web accessibility systems as components of a universal design problem that goes beyond narrow technical issues of website content consumption. An important component of the research discourse of the publication is the study and interpretation of the experience of using educational Internet resources from the point of view of the system of expressive means, aesthetic solutions and artistic and project properties of web design. It is concluded that the artistic nature of an educational website has the capacity for representation within the user experience. It is proved that the parameter of external consistency of expressive means is extremely important for the problem of web accessibility. If a website's learning model uses more than one visual system, this requires coordination of visual solutions at all levels of interface design. The author emphasizes that the practice of gaining experience using an educational web resource is based on functional criteria. At the same time, the usability characteristics are not enough to identifythe typological structure of a certain site and to determine, on this basis, a universal approach to the construction of visual solutions. Practically in all the considered cases there are artistic-figurative or aesthetic-stylistic features, which are either part of the functioning system, or are considered as independent aesthetic components. The inevitability in the functioning of websites requires designers to come up with such solutions that would determine not only the functional properties of the website, but also its artistic direction. The conducted analysis shows that the aesthetics of network Internet resources is formed based on the principles of usability and is a utilitarian system that has its own functionality and a wide range of usage norms. Based on this, educational websites have significant differences compared to representative web resources that form visual messages within a different artistic and figurative system.

It’s Complicated: Some Irregular Line-Ending Morphosyllabic Sequences in Piers Plowman B

ABSTRACT Recent scholarship on the meter of fourteenth-century English alliterative verse demonstrates that lines end with a trochaic constituent. Piers Plowman is a recognized anomaly, yet there is disagreement about the extent of the differences. In this article, I examine long final dips, the vocalic quality of syllables in the final dip, and the placement of word divisions. Throughout, my focus is on the B version of the poem. I make a survey of lines with a word division after the final lift and of lines ending in -ly adverbs, compounds in -man, compounds in -nesse, nouns in -(i)oun, and gerunds. I compare the frequency of each sequence at the close of the a-verse and b-verse, observing that many individual items skew towards the norms of usage observed in other alliterative poems. Yet, more than other alliterative poets, Langland allows semantic and expository priorities to override prosodic form.

Adverbs of Degree in the Speech of Foreign Students: Error Analysis and Systematization

. The article considers the problems of studying errors, connected with the use of degree adverbs in Russian speech of foreign students: the causes of this group of errors are defined, the mechanisms of influence of students’ native language on norms of word usage in Russian are revealed, the significance of systematic work to introduce adverbs in the speech practice is stipulated. The authors justify the importance of changing the general approach to the study of adverbs in the Russian as a second language practice. The authors believe that adverbs should be seen not only as the simplest structural elements of a Russian sentence (which is the case today), but also as a meaningfully and expressively rich layer of Russian vocabulary, a necessary tool for solving many communicative problems. This becomes possible only in the case of restructuring the entire system of lexical work, the implementation in pedagogical practice of the latest methods of teaching foreign languages. Extremely relevant, according to the authors, is the teacher’s activity to prevent erroneous use of adverbs of measure and degree in speech, which involves ensuring greater involvement of students in the process of working on errors, the formation of students’ understanding of the peculiarities of ethnic errors. Based on the analysis of the negative linguistic material the article makes a conclusion that the prevention of mistakes, connected with the use of adverbs of measure and degree in the Russian speech of foreigners, will be more effective, if, firstly, the links between the character of the mistake and peculiarities (lexical, structural) of the native language of the student are found and taken into account, and secondly, the mechanism of stage-by-stage introduction of the newest methods of the language material presentation to the educational practice is realized.

Algorithmic technology of mastering the lexical-semantic and grammatical norms of pronominal usage. Part 2. Enhancing school students’ speech culture while studying lexical-semantic and grammatical norms of pronominal usage

The second part of the paper considers the norms of using various lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns. Additionally, the research reveals their significance in promoting school students’ speech culture. Sixth-form students learn to differentiate between lexical-semantic and grammatical norms, use pronouns correctly in sentences as well as in texts, and examine them with the help of linguistic analysis and generalisation. This approach to learning pronouns encourages schoolchildren to evaluate speech in terms of correctness, to detect speech errors and correct them. The presented methodology for studying pronouns helps to engage schoolchildren in unsupervised research activity when proofreading texts with the aid of algorithms. It also increases the cognitive activity level in the classroom and forms speech culture.

Effects of cane use on the kinematic and kinetic of lower-extremity joints in inexperienced users

The cane is commonly prescribed for the elderly to maintain balance and enhance independent mobility. However, improper use of cane can increase the risk of falling. Understanding the characteristics of cane gait is critical for better establishing proper cane usage norms. The paper aimed to investigate effects of cane use on kinematics and kinetics of lower extremities in the elderly and the young to guide the development of adaptive cane gait. Twenty participants (10 elder and 10 young) were recruited and walked at a self-comfortable speed or with a cane in a two-point gait. The spatiotemporal gait parameters, hip/knee/ankle joint angles and ground reaction force (GRF) were statistically analyzed using MANOVAs to assess the effects of age and cane. Using the cane significantly decreased step length, cadence and speed and increased step time in both age groups. Age and cane had significant effects on ankle plantarflexion angle in initial swing phase (APA-ISw). In cane gait, the peaks of vertical GRF(V-GRF) and anterior-posterior GRF (AP-GRF) in bilateral lower extremities significantly decreased, and the troughs of right V-GRF significantly increased for both groups. These results suggest that using a cane does interfere with the natural gait of the user and insufficient ankle plantarflexion in initial swing phase (ISw) and reduced AP-GRF may be two key risk factors contributing to cane gait instability. Therefore, the users should consider actively increasing ankle plantarflexion in ISw to avoid deteriorating gait performance due to over-reliance on the cane.

Algorithmic technology of mastering the lexico-semantic and grammatical norms of pronominal usage. Part 1. The contextual-substitutional function of pronouns

The first part of the paper outlines the process of studying the pronominal semantic function of substitution. It is expressed in the contextual-situational concretisation of the meanings of the nominal parts of speech. In the process of partially-research and independent work, students examine sentences where the contextual connections between pronouns and nominal parts of speech are either established correctly or are violated. In the course of this activity, schoolchildren develop their ability to recognise, analyse, and classify pronouns as well as evaluate their usage from the standpoint of normativity. Theoretical material is presented with the help of algorithms which teach schoolchildren to prevent speech errors.

Towards ‘romantic media ideologies’: digital dating abuse seen through the lens of social media and/or dating in teenage narratives

ABSTRACT The article addresses the teenagers’ perception of those forms of teen dating violence that occur on digital media (i.e., ‘digital dating abuse,’ DDA), such as snooping around, controlling behaviors, and aggravated sexting. It contributes to the strand of studies on DDA and those on the mutual shaping relationship between technology and society by focusing on the interplay between social media usage practices and dating practices among teenagers narrating DDA. We carried out 7 focus groups in Rome with 43 high school students aged 14–16 years, in order to explore whether and how the negotiation with social media platforms and the interaction between dating partners affect the adolescents’ perception of DDA. The thematic analysis reveals that participants refer to idioms of practice informed by media ideologies when seeing DDA as an issue related to social media, or to dating scripts supported by romantic ideologies when seeing it as an issue related to dating. They oscillate between these two interpretative ‘lenses,’ thus intertwining the platform social usage norms and broader societal beliefs surrounding dating relationships. In doing so, they give rise to ‘digital dating scripts’ and ‘romantic media ideologies’ which nowadays rule their dating relationships in a very specific way.

Determinants of Users' Attitude and Intention to Intelligent Connected Vehicle Infotainment in the 5G-V2X Mobile Ecosystem.

With the accelerating industrialization of 5G-V2X and smart automobiles, the intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) integrated with sophisticated communication, caching, computing, and control techniques enhance the functionality of in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) and also provide more powerful telematic or entertainment choices in vehicular environment. The diverse needs of ICV users (e.g., drivers and passengers) can be satisfied during commuting and traveling. However, considering the limitations of transportation environment, the potential attitude and usage behavior for the upcoming ICV infotainment directly impacts on the traffic and road safety in sustainable cities. In this paper, we conduct an online and offline survey to investigate the key factors influencing the user attitude and intention of ICV infotainment, where the answers of a total of 502 valid respondents (i.e., IVI users) are collected in China. A conceptual technology acceptance model with the constructs of perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), social influence (SI), consumer innovation (CI), and perceived risk (PR) is established, and then assessed via partial least square structural equation modeling. We find that the constructs of PU, PEOU, CI, and SI have a direct impact on attitude and usage intention, of which 46.8% and 73.4% of variance, respectively, are explained. The respondents show positive attitudes and higher usage intention towards the ICV infotainment. Although PR has insignificant path with attitude and intention, the driving experience moderation effect exists between PR and usage intention. We can see that ICV infotainment will become a trend in future transportation scenario. Through this survey, reference for traffic safety and usage norms will be provided to reduce the risky of public health issues (e.g., traffic accidents) in the context of ICV infotainment.

ZMIYINY ISLAND: ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE WARS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

The article discusses the issues of determining the legal status of the islands and the continental shelf, the delimitation of sea spaces on the example of the dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Zmiyiny Island. Although in the frameworks of this issue the line has been already drawn, it is still relevant and interesting from the point of view of its solution, the legal status of the island, as well as legal, organizational and environmental consequences. The definition of the concepts “island” and “continental shelf” in the international law, as well as related to this the establishment of the legal status of the Zmiyiny Island was analyzed. The organizational and legal foundations in order to regulate the usage of the continental shelf and the island according to the environmental legislation of Ukraine were investigated. The decision of the International Court of Justice regarding the dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Zmiyiny Island, its legal, organizational and environmental consequences was examined. While the research the following conclusions were made: there are gaps in the international law concerning the status of the island and the establishment around it of the certain and clearly delineated maritime spaces, the geographical features of the islands are not taken into account, etc. Currently the national legislation does not consolidate the definition of the concept of the “continental shelf”. And even if we take into account that the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is a part of the national legislation, its norms are quite general. There is a need to consolidate special norms of usage of the space under consideration (in particular, in Ukraine) in order to avoid similar precedents in the future, because presently the disputed territories and objects unfortunately already exist in our country. As the research showed, this dispute had not only economic consequences – the loss of the continental shelf around the island, financial losses during its surface development, environmental consequences – a negative impact on the environment of the Zmiyiny Island, which is important for the migrating birds, thereby violating the obligations associated to the entry of the island into the register of European territories important for the protection of the birds (IBA), etc. It should be noted that now the Zmiyiny Island could be used for the tourist purposes, but only as an object of the green (ecological) tourism, which has a unique ecosystem that requires a special protection.

A Rebuttal-Based Social Norms-Tailored Cannabis Intervention for At-Risk Adolescents.

Many past cannabis prevention campaigns have proven largely ineffective due in part to the diversity of adolescents' cannabis-relevant beliefs. The current studies evaluated the impact of a sequential multiple message approach tailored to the usage norms of adolescents expressing negative attitudes toward a cannabis prevention appeal. A multiple-message strategy was implemented-initial unfavorable message evaluations were invalidated using attitudinal rebuttal feedback prior to presenting a third tailored communication. Participants were cannabis-abstinent middle and high school students (ages 11 to 16). Study 1 (N = 808) compared effects of gain- and loss-framed messages tailored to each student's normative usage perceptions. In Study 2 (N = 391), students were randomly assigned to receive a tailored or non-tailored message after receiving feedback meant to destabilize anti-message attitudes. For at-risk adolescents in Study 1 who perceived cannabis use as normative, a tailored gain-framed message resulted in the lowest usage intentions (p < .05). In Study 2, a conditional multiple-moderated mediation model showed that for high-risk teens with normative beliefs and pro-cannabis attitudes, exposure to a tailored gain-framed communication was associated with decreased cannabis attitude certainty, and lower usage intentions 2 months later (p < .05). Findings have implications for sequential messaging utilization in mass media campaigns and support the efficacy of tailored messages over a one-size-fits-all media approach. Further, results suggest that systematically weakening resistance to persuasive communications and tailoring messages consistent with individually perceived peer norms is an effective prevention strategy.

Evaluating Parameters of the Present-Day Public Discourse Linguistic Correctness and Communicative Efficiency

The article studies in linguo-philosophical and linguo-communicative angles the problem of speech ecology in the conditions of the present-day society along with the violations, caused by it, of linguistic and communicative norms of cooperative speech intercourse. Proceeding from the language-as-a-doer conception and also from the fact of limited linguistic censorship in the sphere of present-day mass communication, the author justifies possibility of all kinds of irregularities in public discourse and analyses how their appearance can affect the eventual communicative efficiency of the discourse as a whole. The article gives a chronological observation of the practice of discourse analysis acquiring the four basic criteria of evaluating linguistic utterances – grammaticality, acceptability, truth, and reference – which were gradually introduced in linguistics as the result of influence from adjacent areas of knowledge. On the basis of selected examples the author tries to find out whether appliance of these speech evaluation methods is justified inasmuch as they help to evaluate linguistic conventions implementation and ability of speech utterances to transmit communicator's intentions implicated in them. Having studied different kinds of speech deviations violating, to this or that extant, the norms of grammar, syntax, conceptualization processes, and communication canons, the author comes to the conclusion that violations of norms do not always cause ultimate communicative failures. According to the author, verbal communication can only be estimated as unsuccessful when it fails to receive adequate perception on the part of the addressee. Based on that, the conclusion is made that while evaluating discourse linguistic correctness and pragmatic consistency, one should, first of all, consider peculiarities of the extra-linguistic context and the category of the receptive audience rather than whether the discourse does or does not conform to the norms of usage and standard speech ethics.

Pravorečna in pravopisna norma v makedonščini – aktualno stanje

This article presents the current situation of orthographic and orthoepic norms in Macedonian. Since the first Macedonian orthography in 1945, the orthographic rules have been adapted several times to the modern needs of the Macedonian standard language and brought into line with the usage norm, most recently in 2017. The new orthography follows the principles of the previous orthographies and the orientation outlined by Blaže Koneski in his grammar, in that it consistently refers only to orthographic rules. The orthoepic rules in the existing grammars of the Macedonian language are insufficient and do not correspond to today's usage norms. Due to the lack of concern for correct pronunciation on the public, especially educational institutions, there are increasing deviations from correct pronunciation, which is shown in the second part of the paper. The problems related to incorrect pronunciation in the contemporary Macedonian society demonstrate the need for a pronunciation guide and a revision of the orthoepic norms in the existing grammars, as well as a thoughtful supplementation with the changes taking place in the spoken language.

Considering optimization of English grammar error correction based on neural network

English expression, language characteristics and usage norms are quite special, which is quite different from Chinese. This has special requirements for auxiliary teaching tools that use computer technology for English text processing. Based on neural network algorithm, this paper combines the actual needs of English grammar error correction to construct an English grammar error correction model based on neural network. In data processing, after feature selection, logistic regression model is used to analyze the influence of different features on article error correction. The article error correction incorporating word vector features mainly explores how to effectively express the features in English grammar error correction. In addition, this paper proposes two methods to optimize the feature representation in article error correction. One is to directly use the word vector corresponding to the word as a feature, replacing the original One-hot encoding, and the other uses a clustering method to compress the article features. Finally, this paper designs experiments to study the performance of the model constructed in this paper. The results obtained show that the model constructed in this paper has a certain effect.

Which Pluricentrism? Tensions and Conflicts on the Construction of the Spanish and Portuguese International Linguistic Space

Pluricentrism presupposes the existence of several territories under the influence of different linguistic usage norms. From a glottopolitical perspective, focused on the conflicts and tensions involved in the control and understanding of the language as a social object, the normative dynamics of Spanish and Portuguese are compared, paying attention to the differences in the colonizing processes undertaken by Spain and Portugal and the ways in which the international spaces of both languages were constituted. According to its specific characteristics, the international space of Spanish has been defined in this work as a “mixed pluricentrism” and that of Portuguese as an “unequal bicentrism.” The differences in the constitution of linguistic markets in both languages allow us to understand their conflicting social representations, such as “united” or “divided” languages, as well as political and ideological initiatives to build a notion of an international language. The political tensions over the establishment of the standard norm also depend on the differences in the participation of normative agents, linked to academies of the language in the case of Spanish, but not in the case of Portuguese, and to the establishment of diverse negotiating forums.