Safety Norms Research Articles

Enhancing Tram Safety in Mixed-Traffic Systems: A Case Study of Melbournes Tram Collision Factors and Improvement Strategies

Abstract: Trams, a vital component of public transportation, operate within diverse environments ranging from fully segregated tracks to mixed-traffic systems. This study investigated tram collisions in Melbournea city renowned for its extensive and historic tram networkand explored both systemic and behavioral factors contributing to these incidents. The analysis identified key factors such as the arrangement of tram platforms, intersection design, right-of-way (ROW) regulations, tram driver behavior, and the actions of other road users. The study revealed that inadequate tram platform arrangements and suboptimal intersection designs are major contributors to tram collisions. Recommendations for improvement include implementing elevated, standalone tram platforms with protective barriers and accessible ramps, expanding the use of Hook Turn intersections, and integrating intelligent transportation systems to enhance traffic management. Additionally, addressing behavioral factors is crucial. Enhanced training for tram drivers and educational campaigns for pedestrians and other road users are proposed to improve situational awareness and adherence to safety norms. By addressing both objective systemic issues and subjective behavioral factors, this study aimed to enhance the safety of tram operations in mixed-traffic environments, ultimately reducing collision risks and improving public confidence in tram systems.

Safety Trends in the Automobile Industry in India

The automobile industry in India has experienced significant advancements in recent years, driven by rapid technological innovations and evolving consumer expectations. Safety has emerged as a critical focus area, with stakeholders ranging from government bodies to manufacturers and consumers increasingly emphasizing the need for stringent safety measures. This paper explores the key safety trends shaping the Indian automotive sector, including the adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), the implementation of new crash test standards, and the increased integration of passive and active safety features in vehicles. Additionally, it highlights the regulatory changes brought forth by the Indian government, such as the Bharat New Vehicle Safety Assessment Program (BNVSAP) and mandatory safety norms like airbags and anti-lock braking systems (ABS). The study also examines the role of technological innovations, including connected vehicle technologies and the potential of autonomous driving in enhancing road safety. By analyzing these trends, the paper aims to provide insights into how safety measures in the Indian automobile industry are evolving to meet global standards and reduce the rising number of road accidents in the country.

The Legal and Public Health Implications Of Digital Health Technologies

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.

Enhancing Public Healthcare Security: Integrating Cutting-Edge Technologies into Social Medical Systems

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.

User-centric approaches to remote inspection techniques for seagoing vessels: The impact of end-User feedback on technological accuracy and policy development

ABSTRACT This paper delves into end-user perspectives on the adoption of Remote Inspection Techniques (RIT) that can serve the needs of the maritime transport industry (as examined under the European Union’s (EU) BUGWRIGHT2 project), highlighting their potential to meet classification and statutory survey requirements while adhering to regulatory standards and maintaining stringent safety norms. The successful integration and effectiveness of these technologies are largely contingent upon end users’ acceptance and feedback, which are crucial in shaping the design, development, and deployment phases. Drawing on sixteen (16) in-depth interviews with end users, this effort provides valuable insights into the benefits, challenges, and necessary future directions for RIT development. By exploring users’ experiences and perspectives, key factors that influence the successful adoption of RIT are pin-pointed down, followed by strategic recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders in the maritime industry.

A Comprehensive Study on Safety and Working Gloves Used in Indian Aviation

This study aims to learn about Indian aviation’s safety norms, the world’s fastest-growing aviation market. In this, we will understand the different types of safety measures regarding safety and working gloves implemented by DGCA, Operators of Civil Aviation and Governing bodies of Defence Aviation during the operation, servicing and rectifying aircraft and its subsidiary systems. The author explains the current methods and conditions technicians and operators adopt regarding gloves. We will understand and analyse the advantages and limitations of these guidelines circulated by the Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) and Governing agencies. We are studying different standards as per European Committee for Standardization (CEN), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and cross-compare them with each other and understanding their pictograms. The author tries to compare these requirements in the aviation field and implement them in every guideline of aviation governing bodies regarding safety/working gloves used in aircraft maintenance and operations.

Research on safety design of transport packaging for lithium battery products

Abstract In view of the characteristics of dangerous goods exported by lithium batteries, the safety norms of lithium battery transport packaging stipulated by international technical regulations are sorted out, and the performance requirements of dangerous goods packaging for export lithium batteries are studied. Based on the overall safety design and protection of this kind of dangerous goods packaging, the design scheme of lithium battery tray protection and carton packaging is proposed. A drop simulation test is carried out to analyze and evaluate the design scheme.

Autonomous Vehicles: From Technology to Law and Regulation

The advent of autonomous vehicles marks a convergence of technological advancement, societal change, and regulatory evolution with profound implications. This transformative technology has shifted from science fiction to reality, sparking extensive discourse encompassing technological progress, legal intricacies, and ethical considerations. This scholarly exploration navigates the intricate terrain of autonomous vehicles, tracing their evolution from a technological marvel to a catalyst for profound changes in legal frameworks, regulations, and societal dynamics. Our journey begins by delving into the technological foundations and significant achievements that underpin autonomous vehicle development. This illuminates the complex algorithms, sensor arrays, and machine-learning capabilities driving these self-driving vehicles. Transitioning from technology, we delve into the intricate realm of law and regulation, where established norms of road safety, liability, and privacy intersect with autonomy's transformative potential. This paper scrutinizes the intricate network of legal frameworks and ethical considerations governing the testing, deployment, and daily operation of autonomous cars. With their integration into transportation systems gaining prominence, balancing innovation with regulation assumes critical importance. This study embraces technology, law, and regulation, aiming to understand the multifaceted dimensions arising when autonomous cars intersect with legal and ethical frameworks. We explore the dynamic nature of global regulatory paradigms, analyzing obstacles, achievements, and ethical dilemmas shaping progress. As we embark on this endeavor, our goal is to offer a valuable resource elucidating the intricate process of transitioning from technology to legal frameworks and regulations within the era of autonomous vehicles.

Experimental study on the inhibition of hydrogen deflagration by flame-retardant compounded ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing media containing zinc hydroxystannate

With the rapid development of global hydrogen energy industry, the issue of hydrogen energy safety has emerged, it is prone to cause a serious explosion accident once hydrogen leaks. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient suppression media to reduce the severity of hydrogen explosion accidents. In this paper, a new compounded powder composed of ordinary ultra-fine dry powder extinguishing agent (ODPEA) and zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) is prepared. On the basis of material preparation, an experimental system of hydrogen explosive suppression is established to explore the inhibitory effect of ODPEA-ZHS. In terms of explosion overpressure, the results show that the peak overpressure suppression rates of ODPEA-ZHS are 90.12 %, 92.31 %, and 93.04 % for hydrogen release pressures of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 MPa, respectively. Besides, the flame front propagation velocity under the action of ODPEA-ZHS reaches a suppression rate of 40.55 %. Furthermore, the overpressure suppression efficiency of ODPEA-ZHS exceeds 90 % when ignites 1.0 m axially from leak port. Ultimately, the physicochemical synergistic inhibition mechanism of ODPEA-ZHS is revealed by combining material characterization and pyrolysis results. This study can provide effective countermeasures for accident prevention in hydrogen energy industry, and also contribute to the establishment of hydrogen energy safety standards and norms.

Empowering Women Employees’ Safety through Artificial Intelligence – An Empirical Study

Now a day it is very common human collaboration with machine. Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Business Analytics are the important terms in technology. Top business companies through the world have started concentrating on Artificial Intelligence and machines. In present era, machines have started to act like human. Artificial intelligence has been adopted in various sectors since this technology, improves productivity, decreases costs, and quickly resolves challenging issues. It has been predicted that one of the most promising technologies of the future will be artificial intelligence. As one of the latest modern technologies, AI is influencing developments throughout a number of industries and societal safety norms. In this paper has an attempt to know women employee safety level through Artificial Intelligence and to identify the factors which are influencing for women empowerment safety through AI. An online survey was conducted and circulated through emails to collected the data, to study the status and level of empowerment among women safety through Artificial Intelligence. The status of women empowerment was evaluated using questionnaire. The information like age, educational qualification, occupation, marital status, work experience, city of residence was collected and analysed with five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was administrated and circulated on a sample of 120 women associated with various email groups. The questionnaire was response rate was 42%, as 50 women respondents retuned fully filled, usable questionnaire. Data collected for this study were evaluated using Multiple Regression and ANOVA in SPSS statistical package. Empowering women employees’ safety through AI involved a combination of technology, regulations, policies and a supportive working environment. It is very essential to implement AI systems that respect privacy and maintain ethical standards while enhancing safety

О методическом обеспечении совершенствования государственного надзора за состоянием промышленной безопасности на объектах ведения горных работ, металлургических производств и обращения взрывчатых материалов

Since the 2000s, the activities of the state supervision over industrial safety at hazardous production facilities of mining and metallurgical production in Russia have been reoriented. Fiscal methods in control and supervision practices are substituted with preventive measures, which outlines the development of new approaches to the supervision organization. The modern methodology aiming to improve the state mining supervision has been historically based on the Russian system of scientific and technical methods and organizational and administrative measures aiming at sustainable and long-term improvement of industrial safety level at hazardous production facilities of the Russian metallurgical and mining industry in conditions of internal production growth and external sanctions. The long-term experience of ensuring industrial safety at hazardous production facilities of the mining and metallurgical industry provides the key methodological ways to improve the state mining supervision: i.e., verification of reliability of identification of hazardous production facilities; broad public awareness of causes and consequences of accidents and occupational injuries and the necessary preventive measures; identification and elimination of intrasystem shortcomings in the control and supervision activities; updating and improving industrial safety norms and rules. The efficiency of such methods is tested with practical activities and the successful reduction of accident and injury rates at the facilities under supervision. The introduced mandatory requirements as defined based on the results of control and supervision activities and the analysis of accidents and fatal injuries as well as the strict compliance with such requirements have gradually led to the reduction of the accident and injuries level. This can be considered the main achievement of the methodological activity of the organization of the state supervision over the industrial safety condition at the facilities under the supervision. This also indicates the quality of the developed methods of the state supervision and their applicability for the further control, preventive, licensing and permitting, and normative activities. In recent years, new planning and checking methods based on indicators of risk of mandatory industrial safety requirements violation have been developed and implemented.

Towards an international regulatory framework for AI safety: lessons from the IAEA’s nuclear safety regulations

This study explores the necessity and direction of safety regulations for Artificial Intelligence (AI), drawing parallels from the regulatory practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for nuclear safety. The rapid advancement and global proliferation of AI technologies necessitate the establishment of standardized safety norms to minimize discrepancies between national regulations and enhance the consistency and effectiveness of these rules. The study emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and the engagement of various stakeholders to strengthen the appropriateness of regulations and ensure their continuous updating in response to the evolving risks associated with technological advancements. The paper highlights the critical role of subgoal setting mechanisms in AI’s decision-making processes, underscoring their significance in ensuring the technology’s stability and social acceptability. Improperly tuned subgoal setting mechanisms may lead to outcomes that conflict with human intentions, posing risks to users and society at large. The study draws attention to the hidden risks often embedded within AI’s core decision-making mechanisms and advocates for regulatory approaches to guarantee safe and predictable AI operations. Furthermore, the study acknowledges the limitations of directly applying IAEA’s nuclear safety cases to AI due to the distinct characteristics and risks of the two fields. The paper calls for future research to delve deeper into the need for an independent regulatory framework tailored to AI’s unique features. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of accelerating international consensus, developing flexible regulatory models that reflect the situation in each country, exploring harmonization with existing regulations, and researching timely regulatory responses to the fast-paced development of AI technology.

Labor Inspection Mechanism for the Implementation of Labor Norms in the Workplace

Workers and employers in carrying out employment relations must comply with labor norms which consist of work norms and occupational safety and health norms. Implementation of labor norms in the workplace requires the role of labor inspectors in carrying out supervision. The formulation of the problem in this research is what is the Labor Inspection mechanism for the Implementation of Labor Norms in the Workplace? This research is a type of normative legal research with a statutory approach, data collection through library research, and data analysis carried out descriptively. Labor inspections regarding the implementation of Labor Norms in the workplace are carried out by labor inspectors under the authority granted by Article 176 of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment. Labor inspectors carry out labor inspection mechanisms for the implementation of Labor Norms under the provisions of Article 4 to Article 51 of the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2016 which consists of the planning stage, implementation stage and reporting stage.

Features of the value of a safe lifestyle of adolescents with deviant behavior

The subject of the study is the value of a safe lifestyle of adolescents with deviant behavior. The author reveals the essence of the value of a safe lifestyle through related values, safety, lifestyle, and safe behavior. By the value of a safe lifestyle of adolescents, the author understands a subjective attitude to safe behavior, reflecting socio-cultural values, as well as norms and rules concerning a safe existence that must be observed in various life situations. The author defines the components of the value of a safe lifestyle: cognitive, motivational, and regulatory. Social disadvantage leads to the deformation of the image of teenagers, the emergence of deviations, with which they try to change the world around them. The implementation of deviant behavior is becoming more and more spontaneous, without a stable motive and planning. The methods of researching the value of a safe lifestyle were testing, questionnaires, a survey method and a method for diagnosing situations, methods of statistical data processing (2 – Pearson criterion). The novelty of the study is the concretization of the concept of the value of a safe lifestyle, the structure of the value of a safe lifestyle of adolescents is empirically confirmed, the features of the value of a safe lifestyle of adolescents with deviant behavior are revealed. Based on empirical data, the peculiarities of the formation of the value of a safe lifestyle for adolescents with deviant behavior have been established: adolescents with deviant behavior have insufficiently formed knowledge about safe life, the value of safety is more represented at the level of beliefs, the orientation of motivation to study safe behavior is represented by external positive and negative motives, they do not comply with safety norms and rules in their life. They do not lead an active lifestyle, have bad habits, volitional self-regulation of which is characterized by impulsivity and instability of intentions, low self-control of behavior in various life situations.

PROTOCOL: Street outreach conflict mediation programs for reducing violence.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: This systematic review will synthesize the available evaluation research on the effectiveness of street outreach conflict mediation programs. The review seeks to answer the following primary question: Are street outreach worker strategies that use conflict mediation and/or violence interruption strategies effective at reducing violence? Assuming a sufficient number of eligible studies, this review will also address two additional questions: Are there certain program elements that render these strategies more or less effective? Are there certain conditions under which these strategies are more or less effective? As policymakers struggle to understand the policy options available to them for preventing and reducing violence, having clear answers to these three questions will help them make more informed decisions. The primary focus of this review is the effect of these strategies on violence. Nonetheless, when data are available we will collect information on secondary outcomes such as the cost-effectiveness of these strategies and their impacts on perceptual or attitudinal measures such as fear, perceived safety, and violence-related norms.

Foodborne infections and food safety

Foodborne infections are very serious and pose a serious public health challenge, especially in the tropical countries. Toxins produced by microorganisms can lead to watery diarrhea, loose stool, or invasive diarrhea. Some proper safety practices and norms can help mitigate foodborne infections to a large extent. One needs to be vigilant and aware of food hygiene and this can help in preventing microbiological contamination in food.

Legal regulation of human protection against the effects of ionizing radiation (implementation of EU standards in the legislation of Ukraine)

The legal regulation of human protection against the effects of ionizing radiation (implementation of EU standards in the legislation of Ukraine) is considered. The legal aspects related to the change of the existing system of radiation protection of a person from the impact of ionizing radiation, which is based on the approach - «practice» and «intervention», to the modern European system of radiation protection, which is based on situational analysis and the key concept of the updated system, have been studied. what is the exposure situation, which is defined as one of three situations: planned situation, emergency exposure situation, existing exposure situation.
 According to the results of the study, the need for a comprehensive approach to the implementation of EU legislation in the legislation of Ukraine «on the example of the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom» is substantiated. In particular, we believe that it is advisable to do this by one separate law, and not in parts, since without the implementation of the main provisions, the implementation of individual provisions leads to problems with their implementation. In our opinion, the Government of Ukraine should develop an «autonomous road map» for each EU directive, the implementation of which concerns the field of activity of more than one public administration body in the field of nuclear energy use, since some provisions of the Directive are not included in the draft laws on implementation, as they belong to spheres of administration of another state administration body. At the same time, aspects of the extensive legislation regulating relations regarding liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident should be reflected, in particular in the part of radiation protection, which cannot be reflected in the Directive, but belong to the scope of its regulation. Thus, it will simultaneously allow internal harmonization of legislation and avoid the situation of double interpretation of legislation, will contribute to overcoming contradictions, collisions and gaps in the current legislation of Ukraine.
 In some cases, it is important to carry out the synchronous development of other basic regulatory documents, in particular, new Radiation Safety Norms in order to make a harmonious transition from the existing to a new system of radiation protection of humans against the effects of ionizing radiation. In the future, this will contribute to a more successful systematization and harmonization of the entire array of normative legal acts of nuclear legislation in Ukraine.

The role of psychological contract in enhancing safety climate and safety behavior in the construction industry

Purpose This study aims to explore the “psychological contract of safety” (PCS), a key factor in the safety climate (SC), which relies on the behavioral safety actions of workers at construction sites. While numerous factors have been identified in various sectors across different countries, there is a consensus among researchers that there is a dearth of common assessment factors specifically for the Indian construction industry (ICI). Therefore, this study undertakes a systematic review of existing literature to identify the factors that determine PCS in construction and to ascertain the relative importance index (RII) of these variables and their interrelationships using structural equation modelling (SEM). Design/methodology/approach A structured survey was conducted among 420 professionals in the ICI to collect data. This data was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods to derive results. Findings The findings of the study indicate that PCS factors have a significant impact on the construction industry (CI). The inferential analysis ranks “Safety System” as the top factor with the highest RII value. The chi-square results highlight two key SC factors that enhance and regulate an organization’s safety performance. The SEM results reveal that SC factors contribute to the improvement of PCS and influence worker safety behavior. Originality/value The outcomes of this study will be beneficial for stakeholders aiming to improve safety at construction sites and enhance safety performance by fulfilling the mutual safety obligations of employers and employees and by improving safety norms, procedures and policy-making. This paper also provides a theoretical framework for scholars to reassess the results in various contexts.

Training under an extreme context: the role of organizational support and adaptability on the motivation transfer and performance after training

PurposeThe present study used the job-demands and resources (JD-R) framework to understand how the training is transferred to an extreme working context through the analysis of job and personal resources (social support from the leader and colleagues and adaptability). Specifically, the authors tested the mediating role of motivation to transfer in the relationship (1) between the perceived support from the supervisor and colleagues and performance after training and (2) between adaptability and performance in an extreme context of the pandemic crisis – the first peak of COVID-19 in Portugal. Further, an inspection of the factors that predicted knowledge transfer and adaptability under an extreme context was carried out.Design/methodology/approachTo do so, necessary training about the new safety rules regarding the pandemic crisis of COVID-19 was implemented in a healthcare institution as a strategy to help healthcare workers deal with the increasing uncertainty and complexity that was threatening their work. It consisted of three sessions (each with one hour of training) regarding procedures, rules and safety norms. The training occurred in May 2020. Overall, 291 healthcare workers participated in the study and answered one online questionnaire one week after training completion.FindingsThe results showed that the motivation to transfer had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between colleagues' and supervisors' support and performance and between adaptability and performance. Additionally, complementary analyses showed that the mediations depended on the levels of self-efficacy in such a way that the indirect relationships were stronger when self-efficacy was higher. Thus, adaptability and support, both from colleagues and the supervisor, are determining factors for knowledge transfer and resultant performance in extreme contexts, such as the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Lastly, the results showed that the most significant predictors of transference were self-efficacy and the motivation to transfer the learned knowledge. On the other hand, self-efficacy, peer support and the opportunity to use the knowledge were the most significant predictors of adaptability.Practical implicationsThese findings provide support for the role of employee motivation to transfer as a mechanism connecting both perceived support and adaptability to performance outcomes under extreme working contexts.Originality/valueThis study, conducted in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic context – an extreme and uncertain working context – shows the relevance of both job and individual factors to predict employees' adaptability to such contexts.

ОСНОВНІ ЗАСОБИ АВІАЦІЙНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ: ВАРТІСТЬ ТА ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ

The article substantiates the cost and investment in the fixed assets of the aviation industry as the main basis for the functioning of each individual enterprise. The original and residual value of the fixed assets of the transport complex have been analyzed. It was found that the initial cost of fixed assets as a whole by the type of economic activity "Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities" has a tendency to a slight decrease, a similar situation is observed in land and pipeline transport; a negative trend is observed in water transport, where the maximum reduction is observed; while in air transport there is an increase of almost two times. It was found that the residual value of fixed assets as a whole by type of economic activity decreased by an insignificant amount, the largest decrease occurred in water transport, and the largest increase in almost two and a half times – in air transport. It is shown that the technical condition of aviation equipment is affected by many factors, and constant loads lead to destruction and failure of work, therefore, by type of economic activity, an unsatisfactory condition of fixed assets with a high degree of wear and tear (almost half) is observed. It has been proven that there is an acute problem of restoring aviation equipment and updating the infrastructure taking into account the latest technologies. It is shown that the renewal of aviation equipment consists of the purchase of airplanes, helicopters and other aircraft. It is substantiated that the form of ownership of the aviation enterprise, the assessment of investment attractiveness, the forecast of the results of the enterprise’s production activity and future profits on the invested investment capital, the guarantee of economic security and the state support of the organization of the investment process affect the inflow of investments. It was found that the investment attractiveness of aviation enterprises of the aviation industry of Ukraine is possible under the following conditions: 1. elimination of a number of important problems regarding the development and functioning of the aviation industry due to the aging of equipment; 2. improving the quality of the airport infrastructure, which would meet international standards for providing quality aviation services and guaranteeing flight safety; 3. cooperation with international aviation organizations that develop standards and norms of safety, efficiency and environmental friendliness; 4. increasing the investment attractiveness of aviation enterprises on the basis of financial stability in the context of increasing profitability, profitability, and future payments to the investor.