Exchange Norms Research Articles

Fostering Employees' Scouting Behavior through Inclusive Leadership: The Serial Mediating Roles of Exchange Norms and Megaphoning

Fostering Employees' Scouting Behavior through Inclusive Leadership: The Serial Mediating Roles of Exchange Norms and Megaphoning

How relationship norms and task complexity affect consumer perceptions of quality in crowdsourcing

AbstractAlthough prior research indicates that crowdsourcing is primarily beneficial for companies, this work reveals, across three studies, that quality perceptions of crowd‐sourced (vs. company‐generated) products are shaped by relationship norms: communal norms (vs. exchange norms). Study 1 indicates that developing a communal (vs. exchange) relationship with the company enhances quality perceptions of crowdsourced (vs. company‐generated) products. Study 2 shows that firms' innovation ability works as an underlying mechanism: when consumers develop a communal (vs. exchange) bond with the company, they attribute greater innovation competence to crowdsourcing (vs. company‐generated innovations). Finally, study 3 reveals that the beneficial effects of communal (vs. exchange) norms on perceived quality crowdsourced products only hold when the product innovation lacks complexity, and the effect is mitigated with high‐complexity tasks. By demonstrating the importance of relationship norms and their interaction with innovation complexity, we resolve mixed findings on consumers quality perceptions towards crowdsourcing, contributing to recent studies and further offering important implications for firms seeking to leverage crowdsourcing strategies effectively.

Social cognition of humanoid robots on customer tolerance of service failure

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effects of the perceived warmth and competence of humanoid robots on customer tolerance of service failure through the affective response and the boundary condition of relationship norms.Design/methodology/approachTwo experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived warmth and competence of humanoid robots’ physical appearances on tolerance of service failure and the mediating role of anger. The boundary influence of relationship norms is also explored.FindingsThe results reveal that the perception of warmth (vs. competence) robot leads to less (more) anger, which significantly results in tolerance of service failure. However, customer tolerance is insignificant under exchange norms, as the undelivered service violates the expectations of both warm and competent robots.Practical implicationsThis study provides practical guidance for hospitality managers to implement humanoid robots in a way that minimizes the negative outcomes of service failure. Managers should also think about the appropriate match of different types of humanoid robots and relationship norms in which robots will be deployed.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the tolerance literature by taking a social cognition perspective to investigate the effect of humanoid robots’ physical appearances on customers’ reactions to service failure. The findings also reveal that its affective mechanism lies in the effect of expectancy violations of service failure on tolerance. Furthermore, this study extends the literature on relationship norms to the influence of company factors on effective humanoid robot implementation.

The Future of Web

The future of web is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape that continues to shape how information is discovered, analysed, and shared. This research paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the emerging trends and potential implications that will drive the evolution of web research in the coming years. Advances in web crawling and data collection technologies are opening new possibilities for researchers to access and analyse vast amounts of information from an increasingly diverse range of online sources. Coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and natural language processing, web research is poised to become more efficient and insightful, enabling researchers to extract valuable insights from unstructured data. The emergence of the Semantic Web introduces standardized formats such as RDF and OWL, enhancing data interoperability and allowing for more precise searches and cross-disciplinary connections. However, this transformation also raises ethical concerns surrounding user privacy, data ownership, and the responsible use of AI-driven decision-making tools, which necessitates careful consideration by researchers and policymakers. As web research continues to influence knowledge dissemination, open access initiatives, preprint repositories, and collaborative platforms are reshaping the traditional publishing model. Real-time sharing of research findings becomes increasingly common, necessitating new norms of collaboration and knowledge exchange among the academic community. Moreover, the integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies in web research offers exciting opportunities for data visualization, making complex datasets more accessible and engaging. Virtual reality environments may become common spaces for interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling researchers from diverse fields to collaborate seamlessly. However, along with the prospects, challenges lie ahead. Ensuring data privacy and security in an interconnected web environment will be crucial. Additionally, developing guidelines for responsible AI research and addressing biases in AI algorithms will be essential for maintaining ethical practices in web research

How and When Generalized Reciprocity and Negative Reciprocity Influence Employees' Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Strength Use and the Mediating Roles of Intrinsic Motivation and Organizational Obstruction.

Although the literature has shown that generalized reciprocity and negative reciprocity as exchange norms can significantly influence employees' outcomes, knowledge about how and when the two types of norms influence employees' well-being is limited. Based on social exchange theory and self-determination theory, we built and investigated a model by conducting a large questionnaire survey with 551 employees and managers. The results of the structural equation model supported our hypotheses. First, generalized reciprocity is positively related to well-being, and negative reciprocity is negatively related to well-being. Both intrinsic motivation and perceived organizational obstruction can meditate roles in the above relationships. Moreover, strength use can enhance the relationship between generalized reciprocity and intrinsic motivation, and it can also weaken the relationship between negative reciprocity and perceived organizational obstruction. Our research represents a significant step towards better understanding the work-related implications of imbalanced reciprocity, highlighting the destructive influence of negative reciprocity on employees' well-being.

Managing interorganizational renqing practices in high-performance organizations in Taiwan: the when, where and how of renqing giving

PurposeRelationships are a critical success factor for business operations across markets with dominant Chinese culture, like Taiwan. The intersection of a high-quality institutional environment and a traditional Chinese cultural background in Taiwan provides a unique setting for exploring different types of relational mechanisms and ensuing renqing practices (i.e. reciprocal exchange of favors with empathy). The purpose of this paper is to examine when, where and how Taiwanese high-performance organizations manage and deploy interorganizational renqing across their business relationship portfolios. Answering these questions can help build a theory of interorganizational renqing and advance interorganizational reciprocity theorization more generally.Design/methodology/approachThis research is motivated by two key research questions. First is related to how renqing givers understand renqing in the context of their organizations and their interorganizational business relationship portfolios. Second, whether organizations prefer a neutral renqing balance, a renqing debt or a renqing surplus is another point of interest. The study is based on interviews with upper echelon elite informants at six high-performing Taiwanese organizations with business relationship portfolios worldwide.FindingsIt is found that interorganizational renqing is deployed as a hybrid resource, taking on the functions of both an investment and a type of insurance against risk. Two notable differences between interorganizational and interpersonal renqing are also noted. First, the social exchange norm aspect of renqing points to salient social exchange norms also in interorganizational exchanges. This confirms the importance of understanding not only the regulative and normative dimensions of business relationships, as a type of institution, but also the cognitive dimensions and underlying institutional logics. Second, this study shows that unlike at the interpersonal level, the notion of renqing debt is not common at the interorganizational level – at least not within high-performance organizations with market leader positions.Originality/valueThis study explores interorganizational renqing practices and their strategic deployment through the use of “accessing” and “embedding” relational mechanisms. The study also adds to the poorly understood nature of interorganizational reciprocity and provides support for developing a theory of interorganizational renqing, as a form of interorganizational reciprocity within a Chinese cultural context.

Brand recovery after crisis: The interplay of relationship norms and types of brand apology in consumer responses to recovery efforts

ABSTRACT This research examines how the interplay of consumer-brand relationship norm type (communal vs. exchange norm) and apology type (emotional vs. informational apology) impact consumers’ responses in a brand crisis. Findings suggest that an informational apology was more effective in an exchange norm consumer-brand relationship than an emotional apology. On the other hand, in a communal consumer-brand relationship, an emotional apology was more effective than an informational apology. Further, findings revealed the significant mediating role of forgiveness in understanding the way consumers respond to brand’s recovery effort (apology) in a brand crisis. With regards to the role of consumer-brand relationship in a brand crisis, these findings offer practical guidelines for practitioners for developing effective brand apology strategies.

How Fair Is My Job? The Effects of Organisational Justice on Job Involvement among Indian IT Workers during COVID-19

Organisational justice has attained considerable attention due to work-related uncertainties induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the uncertainty management theory of fairness at work, social exchange theory and norm reciprocity theory, this article investigates the mediating effects of work-related quality of life and job embeddedness on the relationship between organisational justice and job involvement during COVID-19. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire from five IT companies in India. Hayes’ PROCESS macro was used to test the parallel mediation effect in our study. The findings indicate that work-related quality of life and job embeddedness fully mediate the association between organisational justice and job involvement, and the point estimate of the differences between the two mediators confirms that work-related quality of life and job embeddedness are no different from each other, and they mediate the relationship between organisational justice and job involvement in parallel manner. The study highlights benefit that organisations may achieve from devising policies that capitalise on organisational fairness and facilitate working factors for better employee performance amid uncertain situations and shock events such as the current pandemic. The article also discusses other managerial implications to overcome the unwanted effects of employees’ work life uncertainties.

The Role of Humor in Management Response to Positive Consumer Reviews

Marketing managers increasingly monitor their company's online reputation and respond to online consumer reviews on various digital platforms. The current literature provides valuable insights into effectively initiating management response (MR) to negative reviews. However, research on how companies should respond to positive reviews is limited, despite their prevalence in MR practice. In this study, we postulate that using humor in MR for positive reviews can be an effective response strategy to enhance positive attitudinal and behavioral responses. Drawing on parasocial interaction theory, we conducted a field investigation and two experimental studies to demonstrate that humorous ( vs. humorless) MRs to positive reviews fostered perceived parasocial interaction between prospective consumers and brands, which enhanced brand attitude and purchase intention. Furthermore, the proposed effects were stronger for consumers with communal norms than for those with exchange norms. This research advances the emerging literature on MR to consumer reviews of different valences and suggests important guidelines for effective MRs.

Legal framework for exchange control: problems of the current domestic legislation

Aim. The presented study aims to identify methodological problems in the current exchange legislation of the Russian Federation and to substantiate the objective need for the development of a relevant legal framework for domestic exchange control.Tasks. The authors analyze the regulations of the Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 10, 2003 on exchange regulation and exchange control, which establish the conceptual framework, purpose, and scope of the legal regulator, the principles of exchange control on the basis of the proposed approaches to the consideration of current exchange control principles.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to substantiate approaches to analyzing the legal principles of exchange control for the purpose of identifying methodological problems in the current exchange legislation of the Russian Federation.Results. Having analyzed the provisions of the Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 10, 2003 on exchange regulation and exchange control as a special basic legislative instrument for exchange control, the authors identify the main methodological problems of modern domestic exchange control: the immaturity of the conceptual framework, which leads to the uncertain content of its regulations; the declarative nature of regulations establishing the purpose, scope, and principles of exchange control, which is unacceptable for a legal instrument; the lack of proper consistency between provisions establishing the fundamentals of exchange control and norms regulating the implementation of exchange transactions.Conclusions. The lack of a proper conceptual framework for exchange legislation as defined and demanded by legal reality is an obstacle to analyzing the array of regulations that make up the legal exchange regulator, but it also serves as a basis for the formation of methodological problems in the modern domestic exchange legislation.

A question worth a million: The expert, the crowd, or myself? An investigation of problem solving

• Develops individual framework that compares forms of problem solving. • Compares internal vs external solving, as well as aggregated crowds vs individual experts (direct or open call). • Uses empirical setting of a game show to analyze 4556 (exogenous) problems. • Finds impact of problem complexity and social norms on decision if and how to seek external solutions. • Reveals nuanced interaction between problem complexity and social norms of open exchange. In an era of rapid technological advances, individuals have access to a plethora of open and closed forms of problem solving. We introduce and test a framework that compares different forms of problem solving and determines how individuals make choices among them. Our analyses of 4,556 problems solved by 398 individuals reveal that high problem complexity and strong implicit social norms of open exchange increase the probability that individuals will seek external solutions rather than solve the problems themselves. Our analysis also shows that they prefer individual experts (contacted directly or via open call) over aggregated crowd knowledge. We also find that strong implicit social norms of open exchange weakened the positive impact of complexity on the probability of solving problems externally. Interestingly, this effect is more subtle when the use of aggregated crowds is compared with individual experts: while strong implicit social norms strengthen the positive impact of problem complexity when experts are contacted directly, they otherwise weaken the use of open call experts. We discuss and examine the nuanced effects between problem complexity and social norms of open exchange. The study contributes to a stream of the open innovation literature that uses a problem solving perspective to better understand under what circumstances certain forms of problem solving are utilized, and it then combines it with a novel empirical setting based on real-life experimental data.

Between the constitution and the clinic: Formal and de facto rights to healthcare

AbstractIn no domain of global health has there been more talk of rights than in HIV/AIDS, yet little is known about how the right to HIV/AIDS care is mobilized at the clinic level. Drawing on interviews and field observations in the United States, South Africa, Thailand, and Uganda, we analyze the legal consciousness of caregivers in five HIV clinics. We identify three organizational factors—clinics' focus on the distribution rather than the adequacy of existing resources, the duties for caregivers that patients' rights create, and the dominant norms of exchange in healthcare—that help to explain the low penetration of formal rights talk into clinics despite its prevalence outside them. However, we also observe that within clinics, rights may accrue differently than public discourse about rights might lead us to expect. We find that patients often benefit from highly localized, tacit de factorights that develop gradually over time with the support of state health infrastructure, clinic resources, and professional norms and commitments. These rights would be unlikely to stand up in a court of law but nevertheless have substantial impact on patients' access to care.

When to abandon single-lung anesthesia during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in infants and young children: A case-based review.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in infants and young children increasingly require one-lung anesthesia. However, the maintenance of norms of gas exchange is difficult during one-lung anesthesia in some infants. A combination of factors including added dead space of HME and the circle Y piece, intrathoracic inflation of CO2 and its pressure, airway resistance and bilateral lung disease contribute. Seeping blood from the operating lung soiling the endobronchial tube causes airway narrowing and obstruction adding to this difficulty especially during prolonged thoracoscopy. We report two cases: hypoxemia in one and hypercapnia in the other. Guidance on safe limits of permissive hypoxemia or hypercarbia in this scenario is vague. Therefore, irreversible hypoxemia and hypercarbia with changes in acid–base status should be considered as indications for swift conversion to open thoracotomy and abandon one-lung ventilation.

A pathway to consumer forgiveness in the sharing economy: The role of relationship norms

The emergence of peer-to-peer accommodations has revolutionized the hospitality industry. Yet, research on peer-to-peer service failures and consumer forgiveness remains scant. This paper shows that relationship type—whether communal ("Airbnb host") or exchange ("hotel")—influences consumer forgiveness in a post-recovery context. Across five studies, this research demonstrates how peer providers (focusing on communal norms) versus conventional providers (focusing on exchange norms) influence consumer forgiveness and their responses to service recovery efforts. Our findings indicate that focusing on social service recovery is particularly effective for Airbnb hosts. These findings have important implications for crafting effective service recovery strategies based on the type of accommodation provider-customer relationship. Finally, our findings can also help peer-to-peer and conventional hospitality providers alleviate consumers’ negative responses to service failures.

How scarcity and thinking styles boost referral effectiveness

AbstractReferral reward programs (RRPs) are a widely used tool to stimulate word‐of‐mouth (WOM). However, marketers still face a dilemma—while incentivization encourages senders to make referrals, recipients often react negatively towards such incentives. We propose a solution—referral scarcity—to improve referral effectiveness depending on thinking style. Three experiments show that limiting the number of referral rewards makes holistic‐thinking recipients feel more special, boosting their referral acceptance and RRP evaluations. We replicate these effects across various contexts and in the relationship norm most common for referrals—exchange norm. Our findings theoretically contribute to the research on incentivized WOM, scarcity appeals, and thinking styles. We also demonstrate how marketers can adopt sender‐benefiting referral rewards to maximize its dissemination and acceptance while identifying the consumer segment where it would be most effective.

THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT ON CO-WORKER CLOSE RELATIONSHIP: A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN CONFLICT AND ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES

There are few studies in the literature addressing the interaction between conflict and interpersonal relationship dynamics. Studying this interaction can contribute to the discussion of the outcomes of the conflict. A random sample was drawn from 234 Turkish citizen white collar non-manager employees belonging to nine different professions from SME companies. Consistent with social exchange theory, it has been supposed that when a conflict emerges between co-workers, the norms of social exchange may be undermined, thus the close relationship may be affected negatively. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, both of the conflict types affect relational capital. Unexpectedly, analysis revealed that task conflict’s effect on relational capital is higher than the relationship conflict’s. The moderation analysis revealed that task type doesn’t have a moderation role on conflict’s effect on relational capital.

Exchange and Communal Strengths’ Associations With Relational Characteristics and Forgiveness

Clark and Mills (2012) proposed that communal norms characterize “healthy marriages,” whereas exchange norms indicate “troubled” ones. Using the actor–partner interdependence model, we consider this proposal. Heterosexual married partners’ exchange and communal strength are examined with several relational features including trust, commitment, relational satisfaction, and control mutuality, as well as partner-specific tendencies toward forgiveness. The findings indicate that one’s communal strength is associated with positive relational features for both oneself and one’s spouse, as well as a greater propensity to forgive and lesser tendencies toward negative forgiveness (retaliation). Exchange strength was generally associated with negative forgiveness. However, the relationship between exchange strength and relational features is more complicated. Lesser communal strength was generally associated with lower levels of the relational characteristics. Yet, exchange and communal strength interacted, indicating exchange may play a protective function by buffering against the ill effects of a lack of communal strength for some relational characteristics.

HUBUNGAN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP SERTA PERAN EXCHANGE NORM DAN COMMUNAL NORM TERHADAP EMPLOYEE VOICE DALAM INDUSTRI SWASTA DI JABODETABEK [RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE NORM AND COMMUNAL NORM WITH EMPLOYEE VOICE IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY IN JABODETABEK

<p>This study aims to determine whether transformational leadership, exchange norm, and communal norm have a positive relationship with employee voice. This study was shown to private employees of the banking industry with 133 respondents consisting of 98% male respondents and 2% female respondents. The instrument used for data collection is a questionnaire, which consists of 13 indicators. Testing of the questionnaire was carried out by means of a validity test which resulted in sig < α (0.000 < 0.05) and a reliability test which resulted in Cronbach's Alpha > 0.7. Furthermore, the tool used in analyzing the data is IBM SPSS 25. The results of this study reveal that transformational leadership has a positive relationship with exchange norm, transformational leadership has a positive relationship with communal norm, transformational leadership has a positive relationship with employee voice, norm exchange has a positive relationship with employee voice, and communal norm have a positive relationship with employee voice.</p>

Market Cognition: How Exchange Norms Alter Social Experience

Market exchange and the ideologies that accompany it pervade human social interaction. How does this affect people’s beliefs about themselves, each other, and human nature? Here we describe market cognition as social inferences and behaviors that are intensified by market contexts. We focus on prosociality and two countervailing ways in which market cognition can affect it. On the one hand, marketplaces incentivize individuals to behave prosocially in order to be chosen as exchange partners—thereby generalizing cooperation and trust beyond group boundaries. On the other hand, markets encourage a view of people as self-interested and can thus taint people’s interpretation of prosocial actions and erode more communal forms of cooperation. We close by considering how market cognition can become self-fulfilling, altering relationships, communities, and cultural norms.

How the Team Norm of Information Exchange and Team Information Processing Affects Team Performance in Software Development Projects?

This study examines how the team norm of information exchange and team information processing affects team performance. Data were collected from 354 project teams from software development companies in Thailand. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. The results of the study revealed that team norms of information exchange (TNM) has a significant relationship with team information processing (PRO). Team information processing positively influences team performance (TPM). Software development organisations could adopt such norms and this team process to improve software development projects performance and recognise team processes, which is essential for long-term sustainability and competitiveness.