Normal Training Research Articles

WHOLE BODY VIBRATION TRAINING ON SELECTED PERFORMANCE-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS OF PLAYERS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN FOOTBALL TEAM, IBADAN, NIGERIA

Several studies have attempted to identify adequate recovery strategies for athletes. But only paucity or none of such studies has been accessed which investigated long term effects of whole body vibration (WBV) as a recovery technique regimen before, during and after performance. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of whole body vibration training on selected performance-related physical fitness components of players in the University of Ibadan football team, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study was carried out using pretest/posttest/control group experimental research design. The sample size for this study was twenty participants. The participants were placed into experimental groups, who undertook eight weeks of whole body vibration training, and a control group who involved in their normal daily training regimen without the use of WBV for eight weeks. Two research questions were answered while four hypotheses were tested. Descriptive statistics of mean, percentages, chats and inferential statistics of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to test all hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels of significance. The results of the study showed a significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of players in leg power (F(1, 18) =10.047; p<0.05; ƞ2=.137) and balance (F(1, 18) =19.317; p<0.05; ƞ2=.327) but no significant difference in agility(F(1, 18) =1.3923; p>0.05; ƞ2=.031) and speed (F(1, 18) =1.006; p>0.05; ƞ2=.062). Two hypotheses were rejected and two were not rejected. The results of this study help to conclude that whole body vibration training significantly improved the leg power and balance recovery of the participants but did not significantly improve agility and speed of the participants. It was therefore recommended that football coaches should incorporate whole body vibration training into their training programme as leg power and balance are essential fitness components needed to play the game of football.
 
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Ensemble learning model for Wifi indoor positioning systems

<p>WiFi indoor positioning researches have received much attention from researchers recently. In this research, we focus on studying the performance of indoor positioning systems that utilize our new proposed ensemble machine learning model. Our new ensemble learning model uses several models for normal data training and position prediction, then it uses the verification data together with its' prediction errors from trained models as the input data to train an intermediate classification model to classify which set of Wifi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is the best match for each position prediction model. The experimental result shows that our proposed ensemble model outperforms other compared models.</p>

체간 근 불균형집단의 워터파이프 운동이 코어기능과 골반수평 개선에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 10-week water pipe exercise on improving core function and pelvic level in the trunk muscle imbalance group. Therefore, this study selected 26 people in the trunk muscle imbalance group with a difference of 20 or more between the maximum and minimum values by measuring core function, and the group was randomly selected into E.G (Exercise Group) of 13 people who performed general weight training and waterpipe exercise, and 13 people (C.G (Control Group)) who only did normal weight training without waterpipe exercise. The water pipe exercise consisted of 30 minutes for a total of 10 weeks with a moderate intensity of 50-60% HRmax, 3 times a week, and the core function and pelvic level of the 8 angle were measured and compared before and after. As a result of the study, the core functions 8angle 0°, 180°, R90°, L90°, R45°, L45°, R135°, L135° all showed significant differences, core function after experiment The improvement effect of was significantly improved (p<.05), and the pelvic level was also significantly improved after the experiment (p<.01).<BR> Therefore, the waterpipe exercise of the trunk muscle imbalance group had a positive effect on improving core function and pelvic level. In future related studies, it is believed that it will be helpful in the development of the research field if a research design that can compare the difference in effect with various core development exercises is made, and the criteria for selecting an exercise method suitable for individual characteristics are presented.

The "Plan-Do-Check-Action" Plan Helps Improve the Quality of the "Standardized Training of Resident Physicians": An Analysis of the Results of the First Pass Rate.

Background: Medical education is a demanding lifelong learning process, which includes three tightly connected stages: college education, post-graduate education, and continuous education. Residency, the first several years after a college education, is a pivotal time in the development of a qualified doctor. Additionally, residents are the main force that undertakes much of the clinical work in hospitals. Therefore, guaranteeing and improving residents' clinical skills and abilities through the standardized training of resident physicians (STRP) is important. However, compared with other hospitals in the Zhejiang Province, the STRP assessment results of residents in our hospital were not satisfactory in recent years. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find the problems causing the unsatisfactory performance and identify the role of the “Plan-Do-Check-Action” (PDCA) plan in providing a valuable framework for future training.Methods: Relevant studies of STRP in China and abroad were investigated by the literature review. According to published data by the Health Commision of Zhejiang Province, we collected the STRP assessment rsults of a total number of 12,036 residents. The inclusion cretria of these residents include: (1) 3rd-year residents. (2) taking STRP in the Zhejiang Province during 2016–2018 or 2017–2019. (3) the first time taking the clinical practice ability examination (CPAE) in 2018 or 2019. The results of 634 3rd-year residents from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (SAHZU) were provided by the Department of Medical Education and were analyzed in depth. Three hundred and eight residents from SAHZU received normal training and took the CPAE in 2018, whereas 326 residets received PDCA and took the CPAE in 2019. PDCA is a program designed to improve the performance of residency in SAHZU. It includes the formulation and implementation of specific training plans, the check of effects, and continuous improvements. There was no change in the STRP assessment in these 2 years and the indicator of performance in the STRP assessment was the first pass rate (FPR). Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-squared test, Yates-corrected chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test (SPSS Statistics, version 25). A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total number of 6,180 and 5,856 examinees in the Zhejiang Province took the clinical practice ability examination in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In 2018, a total of 308 residents from 20 departments of the SAHZU took the STRP assessment. In 2019, a total of 326 residents from 22 departments of the SAHZU underwent the PDCA plan and took the STRP assessment. Compared with the results in 2018, the average FPR in the Zhejiang Province increased by 2.92% from 87.87 to 90.79% (P < 0.001). The FPR of the SAHZU increased by 7.88% from 85.06 to 92.94% (P = 0.001). In the SAHZU, the FPRs of the Department of Emergency and Department of Anesthesiology improved 34.51% (P = 0.024) and 20.36% (P = 0.004), respectively. There were no significant differences between the performances in the 2 years of the other 20 departments. There were improved results in the “Clinical Thinking and Decision-Making” and “Operation of Basic Skills” assessment stations with increases of 3.01% (P = 0.002) and 3.94% (P = 0.002), respectively. No statistically significant differences in the FPRs of the other six stations were found. The performances in all the stations in the final tests were better than in the stimulation tests (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Although our sample size was relatively small, our results showed a small success of the PDCA plan in improving the quality of the STRP, especially for the residents in the Departments of Emergency and Anesthesiology. The PDCA plan also contributed to enhancing residents' abilities in the “Clinical Thinking and Decision-Making” and “Operation of Basic Skills” stations. Taken together, the PDCA plan may provide a practical framework for developing future training plans.

Algorithm of Strawberry Disease Recognition Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network

The growth of strawberry will be stressed by biological or abiotic factors, which will cause a great threat to the yield and quality of strawberry, in which various strawberry diseased. However, the traditional identification methods have high misjudgment rate and poor real-time performance. In today's era of increasing demand for strawberry yield and quality, it is obvious that the traditional strawberry disease identification methods mainly rely on personal experience and naked eye observation and cannot meet the needs of people for strawberry disease identification and control. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more effective method to identify strawberry diseases efficiently and provide corresponding disease description and control methods. In this paper, based on the deep convolution neural network technology, the recognition of strawberry common diseases was studied, as well as a new method based on deep convolution neural network (DCNN) strawberry disease recognition algorithm, through the normal training of strawberry image feature representation in different scenes, and then through the application of transfer learning method, the strawberry disease image features are added to the training set, and finally the features are classified and recognized to achieve the goal of disease recognition. Moreover, attention mechanism and central damage function are introduced into the classical convolutional neural network to solve the problem that the information loss of key feature areas in the existing classification methods of convolutional neural network affects the classification effect, and further improves the accuracy of convolutional neural network in image classification.

Anomaly3D: Video anomaly detection based on 3D-normality clusters

Abnormal behavior detection in surveillance videos is necessary for public monitoring and safety. In human-based surveillance systems, it requires continuous human attention and observation, which is a difficult task. The autonomous detection of such events is of essential significance. However, due to the scarcity of labeled data and the low occurrence probability of these events, abnormal event detection is a challenging vision problem. In this paper, we introduce a novel two-stage architecture for detecting anomalous behavior in videos. In the first stage, we propose a 3D Convolutional Autoencoder (3D-CAE) architecture to extract spatio-temporal features from normal event training videos. In 3D-CAE, the encoder and decoder architectures are based on 3D convolutions, which can learn both appearance and the motion features effectively in an unsupervised manner. In the second stage, we group the 3D spatio-temporal features into different normality clusters, and then remove the sparse clusters to represent a stronger pattern of normality. From these clusters, one-class SVM classifier is used to distinguish between normal and abnormal events based on the normality scores. Experimental results on four different benchmark datasets show significant performance improvement compared to state-of-the-art approaches while providing results in real-time.

To analyze the impact of normal sway training using lord’s sway meter on fear of fall, balance confidence and mobility compared to static exercises among elderly adults

To analyze the impact of normal sway training using lord’s sway meter on fear of fall, balance confidence and mobility compared to static exercises among elderly adults

Plasma irisin and its associations with oxidative stress in athletes suffering from overtraining syndrome.

Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine that may be involved in regulating energy metabolism. We determined whether overtraining syndrome (OTS) and its biochemical markers are associated with plasma irisin levels in athletes. Seven severely overtrained athletes (OA) and 10 healthy control athletes (CA) were recruited and examined at the time of diagnosis (baseline) and after 6- and 12-months follow-up. Training volume and intensity were initially restricted but progressively increased in OA as OTS symptoms alleviated; CA continued their normal training routine. A maximal cycle ergometer test was performed with irisin analyzed before and after the test. Before the exercise test, irisin levels tended to be lower in OA than in CA at baseline (154.5 ± 28.5 vs. 171.7 ± 58.7 ng/mL). In both groups, at rest irisin levels changed only marginally during follow-up and were not affected by maximal exercise, nor were they associated with physical performance or body fat percentage. Irisin concentration at rest correlated positively with an oxidative stress marker, malondialdehyde (MDA) and negatively with an antioxidant protection marker, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in response to the exercise test in OA at baseline. Our findings help to clarify the possible contribution of irisin and its association with oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of OTS.

The effect of 4 weeks motor imagery training on simulated BMX race performance

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effectiveness of a BMX specific Motor Imagery (MI) programme on simulated race performance. MI is defined as the visualisation of motor activities in the absence of physical movement and has been demonstrated to be effective for a variety of outcomes. However, to date, the transfer of MI has not been adequately evaluated in cycling specific settings. Therefore, using a crossover study, 13 sub-elite BMX riders (11 male, 2 female; age 19.2 ± 3.5 years, height 1.74 ± 0.06 m) undertook four weeks (80 min / week) MI training, in addition to normal BMX training, with a week washout between conditions. Pre and post MI training, track testing was conducted that included vertical jump and three BMX time-trials. Our data presented no significant improvement in riders’ finish time following MI training in any of the three races (p > .05), but showed a slight improvement trend. Despite this, relative peak power significantly improved following MI practice compared to the baseline and control conditions (p < .01). As a BMX rider’s final placing is often decided by a fraction of a second, coaches and practitioners may benefit from including MI in their training programme to improve riders’ performance; however, more research is needed with different competitive levels to test this hypothesis.

Negative-ResNet: noisy ambulatory electrocardiogram signal classification scheme

With recently successful applications of deep learning in computer vision and general signal processing, deep learning has shown many unique advantages in medical signal processing. However, data labelling quality has become one of the most significant issues for AI applications, especially when it requires domain knowledge (e.g. medical image labelling). Besides, there might be noisy labels in practical datasets, which impairs the training process of neural networks. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised algorithm for training data samples with noisy labels by performing selected positive learning and negative learning. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, we designed a portable ECG patch-RealCare and applied the algorithm on a real-life dataset. Our experimental results show that we can achieve an accuracy of 91.0%, which is 6.2% higher than a normal training process with ResNet. There are 65 patients in our dataset, and we randomly picked 2 patients to perform validation.

Association between Hamstring Flexibility and Sprint Speed after 8 Weeks of Yoga in Male Rugby Players.

Background:A Yoga-asana-based intervention has demonstrated its ability to improve flexibility of individuals, but has not been explored in rugby players. We hypothesized that a structured yoga intervention may have an effect on flexibility and sprint performance in male rugby union players.Methods:It was a controlled trial research design and players were assigned using random sampling to one of the two groups; a yoga group (n = 16) that practised yoga for 1 h 2 times a week for 8 weeks in addition to their normal rugby training and a control group (n = 15) with regular rugby training but no yoga intervention. Yoga intervention included 32 yoga postures to address both the upper and lower extremities of the body. Data were collected during preseason and mid-season on hamstring flexibility (sit and reach test), and sprint performance (measured at 5, 10, and 30 m).Results:One hundred and twenty participants were screened and thirty-one players volunteered for the study. Interactions between groups and differences between pre- and post-intervention scores were analyzed using analysis of variance using SPSS (version 24.0). Significance was set at an alpha level of P = 0.05. The yoga group showed a small nonsignificant decrease (-1.2% ± 21.4%, P = 0.05) in hamstring flexibility compared to the control group which demonstrated a large significant decrease (-14.8% ± 23.7%) (mean % change ± 95% confidence interval [CI], P < 0.05). The yoga group also showed minor nonsignificant improvements in sprint times -3.2% ± 10.4%, -0.7% ± 9.0% for the 5 and 10 m sprints, respectively, (mean % change ± 95% CI) compared to controls -0.4% ± 10.2%, 0.4% ± 7.9%.Conclusions:Findings suggest that completing a structured yoga intervention alongside normal rugby training during the rugby season, yoga helped rugby players maintain their hamstring flexibility but did little to improve sprint performance during the season.

Mandibular Condylar Fracture in a Professional Soccer Goalkeeper: How to Achieve Early Return-to-Play—A Case Report

Sport-related mandibular fracture is a common injury in the field of maxillofacial surgery. However, the treatment of mandibular condylar fractures in professional soccer goalkeepers is rarely reported. A 32-year-old male professional soccer goalkeeper was referred for malocclusion after collision with an opponent player during a game. The patient’s mandible was displaced between the left lower lateral incisor and left lower canine. Computed tomography showed right condylar base fracture with medial displacement and left para-symphysis fracture. Internal fixation using retromandibular anterior trans-parotid approach via 25-mm skin incision immediately below the earlobe and intraoral vestibular approach were performed under general anesthesia 2 days after the injury. The patient was discharged without complications 3 days after surgery, with mandibular protrusion and diduction exercises with limitation of mouth opening. Soft diet and limitation of mouth opening was performed for 4 weeks after surgery. To achieve early return-to-play, rehabilitation based on Fowell and Earls’ return-to-play guidelines following facial fractures was started, with moderate exercise 5 days after surgery, and progressively full exercise without contact 8 days after surgery. He started normal team training with individualized jaw-guard 4 weeks after surgery. His body weight decreased by 2.2 Kg 1 week after surgery, gradually recovered, and became normal 4 weeks after surgery. The patient returned to a game 2 months after surgery. This case report can be a reference case in condylar fractures of professional soccer players, as the available scientific literature is limited with regard to return-to-play after maxillofacial fracture in professional athletes.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Reflexivity&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in Leadership Coaching at a B-school in India

The paper argues that India is no more just a jugaroo nation because of its growth trajectory among the lower middle-income economies. Innovation in India has begun to track above the average of the upper middle-income nations in all innovation indicators. India’s demographic profile of a young population needs to take advantage of this growth by using all the opportunities that the 21st. century has to offer. One such innovation in education is what the paper demonstrates as a doable model of leadership coaching. The author takes into account the significance of conventional leadership coaching and blends it with contemporary psychodynamic theory and organization-development practice. If one purpose of leader coaching is to build personalities beyond normal limitations, then education and training will have to provide non-threatening methods by which embedded dynamics in the inner theater of human personality can be explored. The case-study provides evidence of this education and exploration, drawing on Kolb’s experiential learning model, and offers an advanced leadership training course which unfolds over four modules, in an eight-year experience at a premier b-school in India. Young women and men in the final year of the MBA course become mindful and sensitive of their own influences and assumptions, and develop the ability to connect the internal psychodynamic world with societal and global processes that influence transferences and counter-transferences for effective decision-making as they get ready to take up leadership positions in various organizations. Business-case reviews about the decline and demise of enterprise bring home the dysfunctionalities of toxicity in individuals which, remaining unresolved, spreads to groups and organizations. Film-based discussions on neuro-psychology and neuro-elasticity demonstrate how the human brain messages changed responses to situations of toxicity-induced threats by releasing new and proactive leadership behaviors. Even if 10% of a Class carry forward the learning from this innovative paradigm of leadership coaching into day-to-day decision making, the original idea of young men and women who are aware of their own influences and assumptions in leadership positions will begin to snowball.

Effects of training on bone metabolism in young athletes

PurposeThis study investigated the effects of two types of training on the bone formation marker of osteocalcin and the bone resorption marker of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b (TRAP5b) in young track and field boys and girls.MethodsThe 14-year-old group (10 boys, 10 girls) performed first time an intensive and supervised 8-week plyometric training. In the 17-year-old group (13 athletic boys, 6 control boys, 12 athletic girls, 6 control girls), the normal many-sided track and field training lasted 6 months.ResultsSignificant increases were noticed in osteocalcin (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) both in younger boys and girls. The 20-m sprint performance improved in girls (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) and the countermovement jump height increased in boys (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Significant increases in 17-year-old boys and girls were observed after training in osteocalcin (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01), osteocalcin/TRAP5b ratio (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01 and &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and the standing 5-jump (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05 and&lt;i&gt; p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). Serum TRAP5b decreased both in boys (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) and in girls (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). The boys also improved the standing 5-jump (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) and the 12-minute running test results (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). In the combined group of all subjects, the correlation coefficient between TRAP5b and age was significant (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = –0.63, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 57).ConclusionsIn practice, it is important to add plyometrics and other strength training in the training plans of young athletes, regardless of their events, to increase their bone metabolism and muscle strength.

Feature Selection and Ensemble Learning Techniques in One-Class Classifiers: An Empirical Study of Two-Class Imbalanced Datasets

Class imbalance learning is an important research problem in data mining and machine learning. Most solutions including data levels, algorithm levels, and cost sensitive approaches are derived using multi-class classifiers, depending on the number of classes to be classified. One-class classification (OCC) techniques, in contrast, have been widely used for anomaly or outlier detection where only normal or positive class training data are available. In this study, we treat every two-class imbalanced dataset as an anomaly detection problem, which contains a larger number of data in the majority class, i.e. normal or positive class, and a very small number of data in the minority class. The research objectives of this paper are to understand the performance of OCC classifiers and examine the level of performance improvement when feature selection is considered for pre-processing the training data in the majority class and ensemble learning is employed to combine multiple OCC classifiers. Based on 55 datasets with different ranges of class imbalance ratios and one-class support vector machine, isolation forest, and local outlier factor as the representative OCC classifiers, we found that the OCC classifiers are good at high imbalance ratio datasets, outperforming the C4.5 baseline. In most cases, though, performing feature selection does not improve the performance of the OCC classifiers in most. However, many homogeneous and heterogeneous OCC classifier ensembles do outperform the single OCC classifiers, with some specific combinations of multiple OCC classifiers, both with and without feature selection, performing similar to or better than the baseline combination of SMOTE and C4.5.

Regularizing Deep Networks With Semantic Data Augmentation.

Data augmentation is widely known as a simple yet surprisingly effective technique for regularizing deep networks. Conventional data augmentation schemes, e.g., flipping, translation or rotation, are low-level, data-independent and class-agnostic operations, leading to limited diversity for augmented samples. To this end, we propose a novel semantic data augmentation algorithm to complement traditional approaches. The proposed method is inspired by the intriguing property that deep networks are effective in learning linearized features, i.e., certain directions in the deep feature space correspond to meaningful semantic transformations, e.g., changing the background or view angle of an object. Based on this observation, translating training samples along many such directions in the feature space can effectively augment the dataset for more diversity. To implement this idea, we first introduce a sampling based method to obtain semantically meaningful directions efficiently. Then, an upper bound of the expected cross-entropy (CE) loss on the augmented training set is derived by assuming the number of augmented samples goes to infinity, yielding a highly efficient algorithm. In fact, we show that the proposed implicit semantic data augmentation (ISDA) algorithm amounts to minimizing a novel robust CE loss, which adds minimal extra computational cost to a normal training procedure. In addition to supervised learning, ISDA can be applied to semi-supervised learning tasks under the consistency regularization framework, where ISDA amounts to minimizing the upper bound of the expected KL-divergence between the augmented features and the original features. Although being simple, ISDA consistently improves the generalization performance of popular deep models (e.g., ResNets and DenseNets) on a variety of datasets, i.e., CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, ImageNet, and Cityscapes. Code for reproducing our results is available at https://github.com/blackfeather-wang/ISDA-for-Deep-Networks.

EFFECT OF CORE TRAINING PROGRAM ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION AND INSPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH IN SWIMMERS

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of core training program on respiratory functions and inspiratory muscle strength in swimmers. 22 male swimmers between the ages of 18 and 22, who do regular swimming training, participated in the study voluntarily. The subjects were divided into experimental (n: 11) and control (n: 11) groups. A core training program was applied to the experimental group 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Both groups continued their normal swimming training. Before and after core training, the subjects' maximal inspiratory muscle strength (MIP), vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced expiration rate (FEV1 / FVC) were measured. The respiratory functions of the subjects were determined by using a Spirometer and the respiratory muscle strengths were determined by using the MicroRPM pressure gauge device. The obtained data were analyzed by the SPSS 22.0 program. The paired Samples T tests were used for within-group comparison and Independent Samples T tests were used for the group comparison. As a result of the statistical analysis, a statistically significant difference was found in the respiratory parameters and inspiratory muscle strength values of the experimental group (p Article visualizations:

EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM ON SPEED AND DYNAMIC BALANCE PERFORMANCES IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of plyometric training program on speed and dynamic balance performance of volleyball players. Twenty male volleyball players aged 18-23, who do regular volleyball training, participated in the study voluntarily. The subjects were randomly divided into two different groups as the experimental group (n = 10, age: 20.54 ± 2.14) and the control group (n = 10, age: 21.62 ± 2.17). The experimental group performed a plyometric training program 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Both groups continued their normal volleyball training. Exercises known as drop jump, box jump, squat jump, split squat jump, overhead slam and plyometric push-ups were applied to the experimental group. Speed (30 m) and dynamic balance measurements were made before and after the training started. Biodex Balance SD Isokinetic Balance Test was applied for dynamic balance measurement. Paired Sample t test was used for in-group comparisons for statistical analysis of the data, and Independent Sample t test was used for intergroup comparisons. The level of significance was set at p 0.05). When the pre-test and post-test measurements of the groups were compared, a significance was observed in the right leg and left leg general dynamic balance scores in favor of the experimental group (p Article visualizations:

Errorless Psychomotor Training Modulates Visuomotor Behaviors Among Older Adults

Abstract. This study investigated whether errorless psychomotor training with psychological manipulation could modify visuomotor behaviors in an everyday reaching motor task for older adults, and whether its benefits could be transferrable. A group of 36 older adults (mean age = 71.06, SD = 5.29) were trained on a reaching motor task (lifting a handled mug to a target) utilizing errorless, errorful, or normal psychomotor training. Results indicated that errorless psychomotor training decreased the reaching distance away from the target and the jerkiness of acceleration during the reaching task and transfer test. Errorless psychomotor training also reduced the duration of gaze fixation as well as horizontal and vertical eye activity. Our findings implicated that errorless psychomotor training could improve movement accuracy and alleviate movement variability during reaching by older adults.

Supramaximal Eccentric Training for Alpine Ski Racing—Strength Training with the Lifter

Eccentric muscular work plays a large role in alpine ski racing. Training with supramaximal eccentric loads (SME) is highly effective to improve eccentric strength but potentially dangerous. Most SME training devices do not allow the athlete to move a barbell freely as they would when performing conventional barbell training. The Intelligent Motion Lifter (IML) allows for safe SME training with a free barbell and no spotters. The IML can be used for free barbell training: a spotter for normal training, eccentric only, concentric only, and squat jumps. It is also a training and testing device for isokinetic and isometric exercise. This commentary addresses the necessity of eccentric training for elite alpine ski racers, the development of the IML and its use in training.