Normal Stiffness Research Articles

Contact Stiffness Identification Method for Joint Surface and the Effect of Contact Stiffness on the Dynamic Response of the Cable Bracket

The cable bracket is one of the crucial components of high-speed Electric Multiple Units (EMUs), which is fixed to the axle box by bolts to support the cable. As an important parameter of the joint surface, contact stiffness significantly affects the dynamic response and service life of the cable bracket. However, it is difficult to directly measure the contact stiffness of the joint surface. As a result, an identification method is proposed in this investigation to identify the contact stiffness. A finite element model incorporating both normal and tangential stiffness parameters is developed. According to the finite element model and modal testing results, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to identify the contact stiffness of the joint surface. The effect of the contact stiffness on the vibrations of the cable bracket is investigated. The findings indicate that pre-tightening torque significantly influences the contact stiffness of the cable bracket. The contact stiffness has a great effect on the vibrations of the cable bracket. Optimal contact stiffness notably reduces vibrations of the cable bracket, thereby extending its service life.

Discrete element modelling and mechanical properties and cutting experiments of Caragana korshinskii Kom. stems

The forage crop Caragana korshinskii Kom. is of high quality, and the biomechanical properties of its plant system are of great significance for the development of harvesting equipment and the comprehensive utilisation of crop resources. However, the extant research on the biomechanical properties of Caragana korshinskii Kom. is inadequate to enhance and refine the theoretical techniques for mechanised harvesting. In this study, we established a discrete element model of CKS based on the Hertz-Mindlin bonding contact model. By combining physical experiments and numerical simulations, we calibrated and validated the intrinsic and contact parameters. The Plackett-Burman design test was employed to identify the significant factors influencing bending force, and the optimal parameter combination for these factors was determined through response surface analysis. When the shear stiffness per unit area was 3.56×109 Pa, the bonded disk scale was 0.93 mm, the normal stiffness per unit area was 9.68×109 Pa, the normal strength was 5.62×107 Pa, the shear strength was 4.27×107 Pa, the discrete element numerical simulation results for three-point bending, radial compression, axial tension, and shear fracture exhibited a maximum failure force error of 3.32%, 4.37%, 4.87% and 3.74% in comparison to the physical experiments. In the cutting experiments, a smaller radial angle between the tool edge and the stem resulted in less damage to the cutting section, which was beneficial for the smoothness of the stubble after harvesting and the subsequent growth of the stem. The discrepancy in cutting force between the physical and numerical simulations was 3.89%, and the F-x (force versus displacement) trend was consistent. The multi-angle experimental validation demonstrated that the discrete element model of CKS is an accurate representation of the real biomechanical properties of CKS. The findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying crop-machine interactions.

A Novel Normal Contact Stiffness Model of Bi-Fractal Surface Joints

The contact stiffness of the mechanical joint usually becomes the weakest part of the stiffness for the whole machinery equipment, which is one of the important parameters affecting the dynamic characteristics of the engineering machinery. Based on the three-dimensional Weierstrass–Mandelbrot (WM) function, the novel normal contact stiffness model of the joint with the bi-fractal surface is proposed, which comprehensively considers the effects of elastoplastic deformation of asperity and friction factor. The effect of various parameters (fractal dimension, scaling parameter, material parameter, friction factor) on the normal contact stiffness of the joint is analyzed by numerical simulation. The normal contact stiffness of the joint increases with an increase in the fractal dimension, normal load, and material properties and decreases with an increase in the scaling parameter. Meanwhile, the fractal parameters of the equivalent rough surface of the joint are calculated by the structural function method. The experimental results show that when the load is between 14 and 38 N∙m, the error of the model is within 20%. The normal contact stiffness model of the bi-fractal surface joint can provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the whole machine at the design stage.

Modeling and chewing parameters calibration of Euryale ferox based on discrete element method.

Euryale ferox was chosen for this study to examine its mechanical properties during chewing. Experiments and the discrete element method were used to conduct the study. Initially, the intrinsic and contact parameters of E. ferox were established through physical tests. The maximum compressive force of breakage and chewing mechanical properties (hardness, springiness, and chewiness) were measured using a texture profile analyzer (TPA). A Hertz-Mindlin with bonding model of the E. ferox was constructed. Optimal values for significant factors, including the normal stiffness per unit area, shear stiffness per unit area, and bonding radius, were obtained through single-factor, Plackett-Burman, steepest ascent, and Box-Behnken response surface tests, with the maximum compressive force as the index. Under optimal parameter combination conditions, the relative error between the simulated and experimental values of the maximum compressive force was 0.79%, and the relative errors between the simulated and TPA test values of all indicators were less than 5.65%. This study provides a valuable reference for simulating the textural characteristics of agricultural products.

Shear-wave elastography of canine patellar tendons in healthy dogs and the influence of stifle joint angle.

Elastography is a sonographic modality that measures tissue stiffness, a mechanical property of tissues, and a biomarker for disease. Canine musculoskeletal application to the patellar tendon has been limited to semiqualitative strain elastography. This prospective study aimed to quantitatively evaluate patellar tendon stiffness using shear-wave elastography with a color map superimposed over the tendon, a propagation map for quality control, and measurements at specific regions of interest in 16 clinically normal sedated dogs weighing 25kg or greater. Tendon stiffness using shear-wave elastography (SWE) was assessed at different stifle angles and in three regions to determine if angle and location affected stiffness. All dogs were screened with general and orthopedic exams, lateral stifle radiographs, and patellar tendon 2D ultrasound. Shear-wave elastography was performed from a long axis at various stifle angles at the proximal, middle, and distal tendon segments. Quality diagnostic SWE results varied significantly with stifle angle, and 150° of extension was the only angle found to be clinically useful based on the ease of obtaining measurable results and a quality control propagation wave. Patellar tendons were primarily stiff with a red color elastogram. The proximal and middle segments, measured at various angles, had a mean SWE velocity of 7.32±0.90m/s. Tendon stiffness did not differ along tendon length when measured in greater extension. However, stiffness decreased in the middle segment of the tendon at 150° when compared with 120°. This study establishes a quantitative baseline of normal patellar tendon stiffness to compare with pathologic states.

A Kriging-based method for calibrating the bonded-particle model parameters of iron ore

In order to successfully simulate the crushing process of iron ore in a gyratory crusher, it is crucial to precisely model the iron ore based on the bonded-particle model, this requires reasonably calibrated micromechanical parameters in the model. In this study, a calibration method for iron ore BPM bonding parameters was proposed. Firstly the combination of the design of experimental method and discrete element simulation tests was used to investigate the effects of normal stiffness per unit area, shear stiffness per unit area, critical normal stress, and critical shear stress on the compressive strength and critical strain properties of the BPM. Furthermore, a fitted mathematical model between micro-mechanical parameters and macro-mechanical property parameters of iron ore was established. According to this, a bonding parameter calibration method based on Kriging surrogate model for the iron ore bonded-particle model is proposed. Finally, the micromechanical parameters of the calibrated actual iron ore bonded-particle model were verified by simulation test, which confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method and provided a new idea for the subsequent related research.

Discrete element parameter calibration during cottonseed crushing process

In order to address the current deficit in research on discrete elements within the context of the cotton seed pressing process, a combination of physical tests and simulation experiments were conducted on Xinluzao 84 cottonseed. The Plackett-Burman experimental design was employed to identify the parameters that had a significant impact on the accumulation angle. Subsequently, the Box-Behnken design was employed to establish a second-order regression model for the accumulation angle and the significant parameters. This resulted in the optimal parameter combination for the maximum friction coefficient, minimum sliding friction coefficient and critical shear stress being 0.207, 0.388, and 5×10⁶ Pa, respectively. In order to calibrate the cottonseed bonding parameters, a Box-Behnken test was designed based on the results of the cottonseed particle crushing test. The optimal parameter combinations of normal stiffness, tangential stiffness, and bond radius were obtained as 1.25×10⁹ N/m², 7.57×10⁸ N/m², and 0.727 mm, respectively. The obtained parameters were verified by the simulation of stacking angle and the crushing test simulation. The relative error was 0.84% and 0.46%, respectively. This serves to validate the cottonseed bonding model and simulation parameters, thereby providing a foundation for optimising the core structural parameters of the cottonseed shelling machine.

Normal contact stiffness modeling and contact characteristic research of scraped surfaces considering the truncated cone high points

In order to study the normal contact characteristics of scraped surface, a normal contact stiffness model of scraped surface was proposed considering truncated cone high points, where scraped surface was equivalent as tandemly connected truncated cone high points with asperity. The high points parameters such as the percentage of high points (POP) and the height of high points (HOP) were obtained by lapping-image processing and high points height histogram, respectively. Through high points elastic deformation formula and fractal asperity elastic-plastic deformation formula, the normal contact stiffness model of scraped surface is established. Results show that increasing fractal dimension and reducing contact gap by lapping, while decreasing HOP and increasing POP by scraping can improve the contact characteristics of scraped surface.

Effect of displacement loading rate on dynamic mechanical characteristics of fault stick-slip under constant normal stiffness conditions

The role of the displacement loading rate in fault activation and evolution is of utmost importance, yet most existing studies have primarily focused on its effect under constant normal load (CNL) conditions. However, in reality, the rock mass surrounding the earthquake source at the deep part of the fault provides normal stiffness conditions. Therefore, the influence of the displacement loading rate on the dynamic mechanical characteristics of fault stick-slip under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions remains uncertain. To bridge this research gap, we conducted an experimental investigation on simulated faults in granite under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. Our analysis focused on the influence of the displacement loading rate on the spatial and temporal evolution of local stresses along the fault and the size of the fault nucleation zone. The findings revealed the following: Under the CNS condition, the equivalent shear stress is larger compared to the CNL condition, while the shear stress drop is smaller. The recovery of normal stress under CNS conditions depends more on the displacement loading rate. The nucleation location of the fault is influenced by the normal boundary conditions, with a larger nucleation zone observed in the CNS condition than in the CNL condition. In the early stage of friction, the local stress and stress drop of the fault exhibit a positive correlation with the displacement loading rate, whereas in the later stage, they display a negative correlation. Moreover, at the same location, the order of local stress drop rates for the fault is v3 > v1 > v2, where v1 represents the local normal stress drop rate, v2 represents the local shear stress drop rate and v3 represents the local friction coefficient drop rate. These research results contribute to a further understanding of the deep fault-slip mechanical behavior.

Derivation of Splenic Stiffness in Subjects with Normal Liver Stiffness and No Vascular Liver Disease Using Transient Elastography with a Spleen-Dedicated Module: A Large Cross Sectional Study.

Liver and splenic stiffness measurements (LSM and SSM) are useful to predict varices and clinical decompensation in cirrhosis. SSM values are highly variable and overlapping and no guidelines exists on what constitutes normal SSM, that might limit interpretation of results. Consecutive subjects with LSM < 6 kPa and reliable SSM (FibroScan630 Expert device with spleen-dedicated module) and no vascular liver disease were analysed for significant correlations of SSM values with age, sex, BMI, portal and splenic vein diameter, splenic diameter, liver fat and diabetes. Based on timeline of SSM, subjects were randomly assigned in 70:30 ratio into derivation [n = 502] and validation subset [n = 214]. Of 7200 subjects with simultaneous reliable LSM and SSM, 715 fulfilled the selection criteria (mean age: 43.8 ± 12.8years, 67.2% male, mean BMI-26.4 ± 4.5kg/m2). The mean SSM was 22.6 ± 5.8kPa (c10-c90 percentile range: 15.2-31.3kPa) and followed the normal distribution curve. In the derivation subset, mean SSM for males was higher than female (23.06 ± 6.2vs. 21.78 ± 5.93kPa; p = 0.028). SSM value correlated with LSM (r = 0.454, p = 0.001). Mean SSM in subjects with LSM 3-4, 4.1-5 and 5.1-6kPa were 21.7 ± 5.8, 22.27 ± 5.67and 23.76 ± 5.88kPa (p value = 0.001). There was no difference in SSM based on age, BMI, diabetes and liver fat on ultrasound. Above results hold true for subjects in validation subset. SSM range in subjects with normal LSM and no vascular liver disease using spleen-dedicated module varies from 15.2 to 31.3kPa, values being higher in male and not affected by Age, BMI, spleen size, liver fat and diabetes. Our results may serve as reference point in evaluation of SSM in compensated advanced liver disease patients.

Vibration Friction Investigation on the NCS of Joints of the CNC Machine Tools Considering Friction Factor

Machine tool vibrations play a significant role in hindering productivity during machining. The growing vibrations accelerate tool wear and chipping, cause a poor wave surface finish, and may damage the spindle bearing. Some research showed that tribological properties such as friction factors can have obvious influences on the topography of rough surfaces and the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of machine tool systems. Therefore, studying the vibration friction dynamic characteristics on the normal contact stiffness (NCS) of joints of CNC machine tools is absolutely necessary for improving the machining accuracy and precision of the whole system. The study results of NCS of joints of the CNC and the friction coefficient are discussed in this paper. The model of NCS based on fractal parameters was obtained. The models of deformations of the rough surfaces and contact surfaces were deduced. The results showed that the NCS based on the calculation method considering the elastic–plastic deformation of the asperity is much higher in precision than the methods considering only elastic or plastic deformation separately. The observations this paper described suggest that in the CNC machine tools system, higher D and G and higher friction coefficients lead to higher normal contact stresses (NCSs).

Weight-specific normal liver stiffness values in children.

Two-dimensional (2-D) shear wave elastography is a commonly used sonographic elastography method for the noninvasive measurement of liver stiffness. There is little liver stiffness data available in the pediatric population and its association with the child's weight is scarce. The principal aim of our study was to determine weight-specific reference liver stiffness values in a pediatric population free of liver disease. In this retrospective single-center study, 2-D shear wave elastography values were recorded in children with no history of liver disease and with a clinically indicated ultrasound examination, between April 2021 and July 2022. Examinations were performed using an Aplio i800 and two Aplio a450 (Canon Medical Systems), with a convex probe (i8CX1 or 8C1 transducers). This population was divided into ten weight groups. We evaluated the relation between weight and liver elasticity values and compared right and left lobe measurements. During the period of the study, 235 children were included. We then excluded 64 patients (weight not available = 13, interquartile range to median ratio (IQR/M) greater than 30% = 51). On the final sample (171 patients, median age 6.5years [0-18], median weight 22.6kg [2.5-80]), stiffness values showed a global significant trend to increase with weight. In each group, there was no significant difference between right and left liver stiffness values. The mean normal liver stiffness value including all children was 5.3 ± 1.1kPa. Liver stiffness in our pediatric sample with no history of liver disease increases with weight. These data may help to distinguish normal from pathological elastography values.

True triaxial shear creep behaviors of sandstone under constant normal load and constant normal stiffness conditions

The long-term stability of rocks is crucial for ensuring safety in deep engineering, where the prolonged influence of shear loading is a key factor in delayed engineering disasters. Despite its significance, research on time-dependent shear failures under true triaxial stress to reflect in situ stress conditions remains limited. This study presents laboratory shear creep measurements on intact sandstone samples under constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, which are typical of shallow and deep engineering cases, respectively. Our investigation focuses on the effects of various lateral stresses and boundary conditions on the mechanical behaviors and failure modes of the rock samples. Results indicate that lateral stress significantly reduces shear creep deformation and decreases creep rates. Without lateral stress constraints, the samples are prone to lateral tensile fractures leading to macroscopic spalling, likely due to "shear-induced tensile" stress. This failure behavior is mitigated under lateral stress constraints. Additionally, compared to CNL condition, samples under CNS condition demonstrate enhanced long-term shear resistance, reduced shear creep rates, and rougher shear failure surfaces. These findings suggest the need to improve our understanding of rock mass stability and to develop effective disaster prevention and mitigation strategies in engineering applications.

Effects of joint persistence and testing conditions on cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon joints under CNS conditions

Cyclic shear tests on rock joints serve as a practical strategy for understanding the shear behavior of jointed rock masses under seismic conditions. We explored the cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon and how joint persistence and test conditions (initial normal stress, normal stiffness, shear velocity, and cyclic distance) influence it through cyclic shear tests under CNS conditions. The results revealed a through-going shear zone induced by cyclic loads, characterized by abrasive rupture surfaces and brecciated material. Key findings included that increased joint persistence enlarged and smoothened the shear zone, while increased initial normal stress and cyclic distance, and decreased normal stiffness and shear velocity, diminished and roughened the brecciated material. Shear strength decreased across shear cycles, with the most significant reduction in the initial shear cycle. After ten cycles, the shear strength damage factor D varied from 0.785 to 0.909. Shear strength degradation was particularly sensitive to normal stiffness and cyclic distance. Low joint persistence, high initial normal stress, high normal stiffness, slow shear velocity, and large cyclic distance were the most destabilizing combinations. Cyclic loads significantly compressed en-echelon joints, with compressibility highly dependent on normal stress and stiffness. The frictional coefficient initially declined and then increased under a rising cycle number. This work provides crucial insights for understanding and predicting the mechanical response of en-echelon joints under seismic conditions.

Experimental study on the shear characteristics of frozen soil‐concrete interface under the constant normal stiffness

AbstractThe interaction between the structure and soil is a crucial factor in infrastructure stabilization in cold region engineering, both transversely and vertically. During interface deformation, the transverse action is reflected in the change of constraints, including normal stiffness, normal stress, and normal volume, while the vertical action is reflected in the change of shear properties. However, the study of different transverse constraints is not systematic, especially considering the normal stiffness and shear properties at different hydrothermal states. This study investigated the shear behavior of the interface between concrete and frozen soil under different normal stiffness, temperature, and water content using the interface direct shear test under temperature‐controlled conditions. The results show that with the increase in temperature and water content, the initial shear stiffness of the interface shear stress‐shear displacement curve gradually increases, and the interface shear strength gradually increases. Different normal stiffnesses have a small effect on the morphology of the interfacial shear stress‐shear displacement curve but significantly affect the peak shear strength. The peak shear strength increases significantly with the increase of normal stiffness, and this trend is more obvious with the decrease in temperature. The corresponding interfacial cohesion and friction angle also increases with the increase in normal stiffness.

Impacts of the mechanical connectors on seismic performance of the restored masonry Plaka Bridge using experimental and numerical studies

The use of clamp and dowel materials in the arch of the masonry bridges holds pivotal significance in enhancing the seismic resilience of these structures, as these elements contribute crucially to the structural integrity and dynamic response of these venerable structures. For this reason, the seismic performance of the restored historic Plaka Bridge, originally constructed in 1866 in Arta, Greece, and later restored in 2015 after flooding, was investigated considering the dowels and clamps in the arch section of this study. A combination of experimental and numerical analyses was conducted and verified to understand the in-situ interface behavior of the arch stones. In the first phase of the study, the mechanical properties of the dowels and clamps were characterized by the experimental tests. Compression and tension tests were conducted on the stone samples containing dowel bars and clamps respectively to determine the mechanical properties, The experimental outcomes were subsequently validated through Three-Dimensional (3D) Finite Difference Models (FDM). It was obtained that the dowels and clamps represent the bi-linear material model at the interfaces. Finally, the idealized interface behavior was constructed with normal and tangential spring stiffness properties in 3D-FD Models. These springs successfully simulate the interface delamination failure of the stones in all directions. In the final phase of the study, a 3D-FD model of the Plaka Bridge was constructed employing the previously validated normal and tangential stiffness elements in the arch of the bridge. A free-field non-reflecting boundary condition was imposed on the base and lateral boundaries of the bridge model. Seismic analyses were conducted utilizing the significant seismic events including 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The results revealed significant alterations in the structural behavior of the bridge under considered earthquakes. Furthermore, the displacements, principal stresses and tensile-compressive damages in the main arch significantly reduced with the adopted stiffness values. This study proposes the undeniably realistic and efficient implementation of interface material modeling for the mechanical connections as opposed to the traditionally assumed mortar properties in literature. Furthermore, the combined behavior of the dowel, clamp, and Khorasan mortar proposes non-linear interface material model to the existing literature by invalidating commonly assumed linear interface behavior in masonry structures.

Calibration and Validation of Simulation Parameters for Maize Straw Based on Discrete Element Method and Genetic Algorithm-Backpropagation.

There is a significant difference between the simulation effect and the actual effect in the design process of maize straw-breaking equipment due to the lack of accurate simulation model parameters in the breaking and processing of maize straw. This article used a combination of physical experiments, virtual simulation, and machine learning to calibrate the simulation parameters of maize straw. A bimodal-distribution discrete element model of maize straw was established based on the intrinsic and contact parameters measured via physical experiments. The significance analysis of the simulation parameters was conducted via the Plackett-Burman experiment. The Poisson ratio, shear modulus, and normal stiffness of the maize straw significantly impacted the peak compression force of the maize straw and steel plate. The steepest-climb test was carried out for the significance parameter, and the relative error between the peak compression force in the simulation test and the peak compression force in the physical test was used as the evaluation index. It was found that the optimal range intervals for the Poisson ratio, shear modulus, and normal stiffness of the maize straw were 0.32-0.36, 1.24 × 108-1.72 × 108 Pa, and 5.9 × 106-6.7 × 106 N/m3, respectively. Using the experimental data of the central composite design as the dataset, a GA-BP neural network prediction model for the peak compression force of maize straw was established, analyzed, and evaluated. The GA-BP prediction model's accuracy was verified via experiments. It was found that the ideal combination of parameters was a Poisson ratio of 0.357, a shear modulus of 1.511 × 108 Pa, and a normal stiffness of 6.285 × 106 N/m3 for the maize straw. The results provide a basis for analyzing the damage mechanism of maize straw during the grinding process.

Thermo-mechanical behavior of sandstone joints: Findings from direct shear tests

Rock masses typically contain joints and defects affecting their safety and stability under compression, shear, or tension. The shear strength of these discontinuities, influenced by environmental factors like temperature, is critical in deep rock engineering. This study conducted direct shear tests on sandstone joints at room temperature (RT) and after thermal treatment at 250 °C and 500 °C. The behavior under compressive and shear forces was investigated by using the direct shear test. The results showed that compressive and shear properties improved at 250 °C but deteriorated following thermal treatment at 500 °C. Peak shear strength before and after thermal treatment closely followed Patton's bilinear failure criterion. As intact asperities were sheared under normal stress of 0.75MPa, the residual shear strength was less affected by temperature than peak shear strength. The shear strength of intact asperities increased by 8.8% following thermal treatment at 250 °C and decreased by 4.3% at 500 °C. The joint closure, normal stress, and stiffness were consistent with a modified Bandis et al. (1983) criterion. Increasing the thermal treatment temperature from RT to 250 °C and 500 °C changed maximum joint closure from 0.201 to 0.125and 0.301 mm, and subsequently, the initial normal stiffness from 8 to 19.6 and 6.62MPa/mm, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights into the temperature-dependent behavior of sandstone joints, aiding the design and maintenance of deep underground structures. This research is particularly relevant to engineering geology, where understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of rock joints is essential for projects such as geothermal energy extraction and the storage of nuclear waste. The results can improve the safety and efficiency of geological engineering practices in thermally active environments.

Variation of segment joint opening of underwater shield tunnel during long operational period

Segment joint is the main water leakage channel in underwater shield tunnels, and joint deformation influences tunnel waterproof capacity greatly. Real-time structure health monitoring is a great way to investigate the joint opening and to offer early warnings for abnormality, such as data outlier and joint properties degradation. This study investigated the variation of joint opening, provided early warning indexes and evaluated the joint mechanical properties degradation using the field monitoring data of an underwater shield tunnel over 10 years, which is rarely seen in the literature. Study results show that: (1) Field monitoring data reveals that the distribution of joint opening increments obeys a heavy-tailed distribution rather than the normal distribution. The exponential distribution model and the log normal distribution model can fit the longitudinal joint increments and circumferential joint increments much better. (2) The early warning index is determined based on the statistic theory and 0.999 quantile is set as the warning value. The obtained warning values of the studied underwater tunnel are 0.005 mm and 0.08 mm for the longitudinal and circumferential joint respectively. The small warning value means that small abnormality can be identified and the early warning would be more efficient. (3) A mechanical model is proposed to evaluate the joint mechanical properties degradation based on monitoring data. Results show that normal stiffness of circumferential joint decreases from 18.3 GPa/m to 14.7 GPa/m. Results of this study provides valuable reference for early-warning and joint degradation evaluation of under water shield tunnel.

Research on the Characterization of Bonding Parameters for Ore Particles Based on Response Surface Methodology

Ore is a crucial component in the process of industrialization, and its crushing is a practice that is inextricably linked to our society. This study aims to simulate the crushing process of minerals in a comminution device using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) by characterizing the bonding parameters of mineral particles. Utilizing the EDEM software (2018) for discrete element simulations, the study investigated the influence of bonding parameters on the compressive strength and other performance indicators of the particle bonding model. The study was executed through the application of a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which facilitated the construction of a second-order response surface regression model. The optimal values for normal stiffness per unit area, shear stiffness per unit area, critical normal stress, and critical shear stress were meticulously determined. The subsequent simulation experiments strongly verify the feasibility of the proposed characterization method for key parameters.