Normal Movement Research Articles

Outcomes and prognostic factors in pediatric orbital trapdoor fracture: a multi-center study.

To evaluate clinical presentations, computed tomography (CT) findings, and various prognostic factors affecting the surgical outcomes of trapdoor fractures. This retrospective multi-center study reviewed medical records and orbital CT scans of patients under 21 years old, diagnosed with isolated trapdoor fractures. The study was conducted across multiple medical centers, including emergency and clinical departments in Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran-Iran. The characteristics and outcomes following surgical intervention were assessed. 45 patients with isolated trapdoor fractures were included in the study, with a mean age of 11.67 ± 4.69 years, predominantly male (84.4%). Vehicle accidents was the major cause of fractures (31.1%). 44 patients (97.8%) had orbital floor fracture, and one patient (2.2%) had medial wall involvement. Nausea/vomiting were reported in 41 patients (91.1%). Surgical intervention within 2 days, resulted in 85.0% of patients experiencing no postoperative diplopia. Delayed surgery beyond 2 days showed increased odds of diplopia, although not statistically significant. CT scan findings suggested a lower risk of diplopia in patients with soft tissue entrapment compared to muscle involvement (OR: 0.336, 95% CI: 0.077-1.462, p = 0.146). Shorter time to surgery (within 2 days) was significantly associated with normal postoperative eye movements (p = 0.002). Nausea/vomiting were more prevalent in patients with muscle entrapment (p < 0.05). Surgical intervention within 48h is crucial for improving ocular motility following trapdoor fractures. Extraocular symptoms, including nausea/vomiting, should raise suspicion for trapdoor fractures in cases of orbital trauma associated with ocular movement impairment. Not applicable.

Embryo movement is required for limb tendon maturation

IntroductionFollowing early cell specification and tenocyte differentiation at the sites of future tendons, very little is known about how tendon maturation into robust load-bearing tissue is regulated. Between embryonic day (E)16 and E18 in the chick, there is a rapid change in mechanical properties which is dependent on normal embryo movement. However, the tissue, cellular and molecular changes that contribute to this transition are not well defined.MethodsHere we profiled aspects of late tendon development (collagen fibre alignment, cell organisation and Yap pathway activity), describing changes that coincide with tissue maturation. We compared effects of rigid (constant static loading) and flaccid (no loading) immobilisation to gain insight into developmental steps influenced by mechanical cues.ResultsWe show that YAP signalling is active and responsive to movement in late tendon. Collagen fibre alignment increased over time and under static loading. Cells organise into end-to-end stacked columns with increased distance between adjacent columns, where collagen fibres are deposited; this organisation was lost following both types of immobilisation.DiscussionWe conclude that specific aspects of tendon maturation require controlled levels of dynamic muscle-generated stimulation. Such a developmental approach to understanding how tendons are constructed will inform future work to engineer improved tensile load-bearing tissues.

Seismotectonic Map of The Sinai Triple Junction

The geodynamic evolution of the Sinai Triple Junction, a highly deformed and seismically active area, is controlled by the Red Sea rift, Gulf of Suez and Aqaba-Dead Sea conjunctions. However, the driving forces for the focusing deformation at crustal depths beneath this area are still ambiguous. Here, we provide an updated seismotectonic map of the area relying on updated seismological and geodetic datasets. A homogenized earthquake catalog has been compiled from well-located earthquakes (> Mw 2.0) by the Egyptian Seismic Network and International Seismological Center in the period between 1990 and 2020.We calculated the average b-value along three seismogenic zones including Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez that amount to 1.1, 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. Additionally, we complied and updated a comprehensive P-wave-based database for the fault plane solutions in the area for events with Mw> 3.5 till 2023. Furthermore, a unified velocity field for the region as well as slip-rate and locking-depth at the active fault segments were estimated from a consistent geodetic dataset from peer-reviewed GPS velocities between 1999 and 2018. Results indicate a dominant NNE left-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component along the Gulf of Aqaba. Pure NW-SE to WNW-ESE dip-slip normal faulting, associated with a strike-slip component in some cases, is dominating the northern and central parts of the Gulf of Suez, whereas pure normal dip-slip movement with an NNE–SSW extension in a horizontal direction is observed in the southern part of the gulf. The estimated slip-rate and locking-depths at the Aqaba fault segments falls between 4.8-4.9 mm/yr and 8-12 km, respectively.

Mechanical loading-induced alveolar bone remodeling is suppressed in the diabetic state via the impairment of the specificity protein 1/vascular endothelial growth factor (SP1/VEGF) axis.

Orthodontic treatment involves alveolar bone remodeling in response to mechanical loading, resulting in tooth movement through traction-side bone formation and compression-side bone resorption. However, there are conflicting reports regarding alveolar bone resorption during the orthodontic treatment of patients with diabetes. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old C56BL/6J mice using streptozotocin (STZ). Four weeks after the injection of STZ, a mechanical load was applied between the first and second molars on the right side of the upper jaw using the Waldo method with orthodontic elastics in diabetic (DM) and normal (N) mice tooth movement, gene expression, osteoclast counts, alveolar bone residual volume, and bone beam structure were evaluated. The duration until spontaneous elastic loss was significantly longer in the DM group, suggesting that tooth movement may be inhibited in the diabetic state. The number of osteoclasts at 7 days after mechanical loading and the alveolar bone resorption were both significantly lower in the DM group. The gene expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein related to alveolar bone remodeling, and specificity protein 1 (SP1), a transcription factor of the VEGF gene, were significantly lower in the DM group than in the N group on the compression side of mechanical loading. Mechanical loading-induced alveolar bone remodeling is suppressed in the diabetic state. Our results suggest that VEGF is a key molecule involved in impaired bone remodeling under mechanical loading in the diabetic state.

Identification and Antibacterial Activity Study of a Terrestrial Strain of Brevibacterium aureus 431

This study isolated and purified strain 431 from an animal probiotic product. Through staining and microscopic examination, colony morphology analysis, biochemical reaction tests, and 16S rDNA sequence alignment, the strain was identified and named Brevibacterium aureus 431. The study focused on the production of biosurfactants by strain 431, and antibacterial activity tests were conducted on the strain and its secondary metabolites. The results showed that strain 431 exhibited no resistance to 10 commonly used drugs, and its concentrated secondary metabolites were highly sensitive to the indicator bacterium Escherichia coli. Oral administration of strain 431 to BALB/c mice resulted in normal mental state, diet, and bowel movements, with no signs of illness or death, indicating that strain 431 is highly safe and non-pathogenic to mice. The study suggests that Brevibacterium aureus 431 has significant research value as a new source of actinomycetes and that its secondary metabolites have potential application value in the development of antibacterial drugs.

Numerical study on structural design and mechanical analysis of anti-migration tracheal stent with non-uniform Poisson's ratio

Stent migration is one of the common complications after tracheal stent implantation. The causes of stent migration include size mismatch between the stent and the trachea, physiological movement of the trachea, and so on. In order to solve the above problems, this study designed a non-uniform Poisson ratio tracheal stent by combining the size and structure of the trachea and the physiological movement of the trachea to improve the migration of the stent, meanwhile ensuring the support of the stent. In this study, the stent corresponding to cartilage was constructed with negative Poisson's ratio, and the stent corresponding to the circular connective tissue and muscular membrane was constructed with positive Poisson's ratio. And four kinds of non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stents with different link lengths and negative Poisson's ratio were designed. Then, this paper numerically simulated the expansion and rebound process of the stent after implantation to observe the support of the stent, and further simulated the stretch movement of the trachea to calculate the diameter changes of the stent corresponding to different negative Poisson's ratio structures. The axial migration of the stent was recorded by applying different respiratory pressure to the wall of the tracheal wall to evaluate whether the stent has anti-migration effect. The research results show that the non-uniform Poisson ratio stent with connecting rod length of 3 mm has the largest diameter expansion in the negative Poisson ratio section when the trachea was stretched. Compared with the positive Poisson's ratio structure, the axial migration during vigorous breathing was reduced from 0.024 mm to 0.012 mm. The negative Poisson's ratio structure of the non-uniform Poisson's ratio stent designed in this study did not fail in the tracheal expansion effect. Compared with the traditional stent, the non-uniform Poisson's ratio tracheal stent has an anti-migration effect under the normal movement of the trachea while ensuring the support force of the stent.

Prevalance of Lumbo-Sacral Dysfunction in Multiparous Women

Background: In pregnancy there is progressive anatomical, physiological, psychological and biochemical changes at various trimesters. These alterations might induce low back pain or lower pelvic discomfort during pregnancy or after delivery, restricting normal movement and causing misery. Objective: To identify the prevalence of lumbosacral dysfunction in women who have had two or more pregnancies. Methods: The study was an observational which includes 100 multiparrous women in and around Karad and the female residing in urban and rural areas were taken and the consent form were signed by the participants were explained regarding the test and then it was undertaken. The test performed was Specific lumbar spine torsion test. Result: On the basis of this study 58% women showed dysfunction of lumbosacral joint and 48 % have excellent joint conditions the women of both urban and rural areas were included. According to the number of gravida the women were having issues. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is prevalence of lumbo-sacral joint dysfunction is highly significant in multiparous pregnant women.

Sleep Disturbances in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Prognostic Impact—A Retrospective Study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with sleep disturbance, namely insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing. This study aims to evaluate the overall sleep characteristics of ALS patients, their association with lung function tests, and possible predictive survival factors. We conducted a retrospective observation study among ALS patients monitored during a pulmonology consultation. Type one polysomnography (PSG) and lung function tests were performed once the patients presented with sleep-related symptoms, and the relationship between their parameters was assessed, as well as a survival analysis. We included 35 patients, with an overall diminished sleep efficiency, a partially conserved forced vital capacity (FVC), and low maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). A positive correlation between FVC and REM sleep percentage was observed. A survival analysis showed that a normal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 15/h were independent predictors of survival. We observed a trend for higher sleep quality in patients with conserved lung function. A better sleep quality was associated with a higher survival. Obstructive events (reduced or absence of airflow associated with continued or increased inspiratory effort) did not seem to impact survival.

Spitz-like tail carriage in two domestic cats

Domestic cats use visual cues to communicate with conspecifics and humans. This includes the position and movement of the tail. The tail up signal (i.e. tail held vertically with the tip curled) has been identified as a friendly greeting signal between cats and from cats to humans. We present here a report of two cats unable to display the classic tail up signal due to Spitz-like (curled) tail characteristics, a morphology not previously reported in the scientific literature. The cats, a British Shorthair (Mn, 2 y) and Domestic Longhair (Fn, 8.5 y), belonged to different households and were participants in a study of intraspecific social interactions. Video recordings show the cats displaying normal tail movements (waving, swishing, twitching) and position when the tail was hanging down. However, once the tail was raised to a vertical position, it immediately curled over the back. This Spitz-like tail posture was displayed both when greeting people and other cats. It had reportedly been present since adoption. There was no underlying medical history of injury or pain to indicate this was an acquired state. We suggest this Spitz-like tail is a spontaneously occurring anomaly, that does not seem to noticeably impair the cats’ communicative abilities, as normal affiliative behaviours were observed during interactions with the cohoused cat. We discuss the significance of this finding in relation to the formation of social bonds and the signalling of affiliative intent.

Comparing repeated end range movements and Kinesio taping effects on head and neck movement pattern and discomfort in smartphone users

IntroductionUsing smartphones has increased exponentially, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a relationship between neck flexion angle during working with a smartphone and neck musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study compares the effect of Kinesio taping and Repeated End Range Movements (RERM) on head and neck flexion angles changes during texting and discomfort after texting with a smartphone. MethodTwenty-four smartphone users participated in this cross-over study. All of 24 subjects were experimented with the control, RERM and taping conditions. They filled Numeric Rating Scale questionnaire before and after 30 min of texting. In addition, their head and neck flexion angles were measured during the task by photogrammetry. ResultsIn the RERM group, individuals felt significantly less discomfort than the control group after the task (P = 0.032). Although the slope of average head and neck flexion angles linear regression lines of all the three groups was positive before the break time, it became negative in the taping and control groups after the break time. In addition, the linear regression of average head and neck flexion angles of the RERM group was significantly different (P < 0.001). ConclusionRERM can effectively maintain normal head and neck movement pattern during and reduce neck discomfort after texting on smartphone.

Experimental study on mechanical behavior and countermeasures of mountain tunnels under strike-slip fault movement

In the seismic mountainous regions such as western China, it is usuallly inevitable to construct tunnels near active fault zones. Those fault-crossing tunnel structures can be extremely vulnerable during earthquakes. Extensive experimental studies have been conducted on the response of continuous mountain tunnels under reverse and normal fault movements, limited experimental investigations are available in the literatures on mountain tunnels with special structural measures crossing strike-slip faults. In this study, a new experimental facility for simulating the movement of strike-slip fault was developed, accounting for the spatial deformation characteristics of large active fault zones. Two groups of sandbox experiment were performed on the scaled tunnel models to investigate the evolution of ground deformation and surface rupture subjected to strike-slip fault motion and its impact on a water conveyance tunnel. The nonlinear response and damage mechanism of continuous tunnels and tunnels incorporated with specially designed articulated system were examined. The test results show that most of slip between stationary block and moving block occurred within the fault core, and significant surface ruptures are observed along the fault strike direction at the fault damage zone. The continuous tunnel undergoes significant shrinkage deformation and diagonal-shear failure near the slip surface and resulted in localized collapse of tunnel lining. The segments of articulated system tunnel suffer a significant horizontal deflection of about 5°, which results in opening and misalignment at the flexible joint. The width of the damaged zone of the articulated system tunnel is about 0.44 to 0.57 times that of the continuous tunnel. Compared to continuous tunnels, the articulated design significantly reduces the axial strain response of the tunnel lining, but increases the circumferential tensile strain at the tunnel crown and invert. It is concluded that articulated design provides an effective measure to reduce the extent of damage in mountain tunnel.

Striosomes control dopamine via dual pathways paralleling canonical basal ganglia circuits.

Balanced activity of canonical direct D1 and indirect D2 basal ganglia pathways is considered a core requirement for normal movement, and their imbalance is an etiologic factor in movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. We present evidence for a conceptually equivalent pair of direct D1 and indirect D2 pathways that arise from striatal projection neurons (SPNs) of the striosome compartment rather than from SPNs of the matrix, as do the canonical pathways. These striosomal D1 (S-D1) and D2 (S-D2) pathways target substantia nigra dopamine-containing neurons instead of basal ganglia motor output nuclei. They modulate movement with net effects opposite to those exerted by the canonical pathways: S-D1 is net inhibitory and S-D2 is net excitatory. The S-D1 and S-D2 circuits likely influence motivation for learning and action, complementing and reorienting canonical pathway modulation. A major conceptual reformulation of the classic direct-indirect pathway model of basal ganglia function is needed, as well as reconsideration of the effects of D2-targeting therapeutic drugs.

Disuse atrophy of articular cartilage can be restored by mechanical reloading in mice

BackgroundModerate mechanical stress generated by normal joint loading and movements helps maintain the health of articular cartilage. Despite growing interest in the pathogenesis of cartilage degeneration caused by reduced mechanical stress, its reversibility by mechanical reloading is less understood. This study aimed to investigate the response of articular cartilage exposed to mechanical reloading after unloading in vivo and in vitro.Methods and resultsDisuse atrophy was induced in the knee joint cartilage of adult mice through hindlimb unloading by tail suspension. For in vivo experiments, mice were subjected to reloading with or without daily exercise intervention or surgical destabilization of the knee joint. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analyses were performed on the harvested knee joints. Matrix loss and thinning of articular cartilage due to unloading were fully or partially restored by reloading, and exercise intervention enhanced the restoration. Subchondral bone density decreased by unloading and increased to above-normal levels by reloading. The severity of cartilage damage caused by joint instability was not different even with prior non-weight bearing. For in vitro experiments, articular chondrocytes isolated from the healthy or unloaded joints of the mice were embedded in agarose gel. After dynamic compression loading, the expression levels of anabolic (Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan) and catabolic (Mmp13 and Adamts5) factors of cartilage were analyzed. In chondrocytes isolated from the unloaded joints, similar to those from healthy joints, dynamic compression increased the expression of anabolic factors but suppressed the expression of catabolic factors.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the morphological changes in articular cartilage exposed to mechanical unloading may be restored in response to mechanical reloading by shifting extracellular matrix metabolism in chondrocytes to anabolism.

Dynamic endoscopic progression of gastrointestinal tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A pediatric case report.

Gastrointestinal tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is extremely rare, with limited documentation of endoscopic manifestations. We report a 19-month-old girl who presented with repeated diarrhea and bloody stools, accompanied by recurrent pulmonary infections, anemia, hypoproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly with lymphadenopathy. Initial treatment with antibacterial agents, mesalazine, thalidomide, and prednisone led to temporary improvement; however, the symptoms repeatedly relapsed. She underwent three digestive endoscopies, but until the third endoscopy, a definitive diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosiswas established through biopsy. While upper gastrointestinal tract findings were not significant, notable changes were observed in the colorectal region. A colonoscopy revealed progression from erythema to diffuse hyperemia and edema, with erythema, erosion, and superficial ulcers extending into the distal ileal mucosa. Genetic analysis identified a BRAF-V600E mutation. Following treatment with chemotherapy (vincristine and prednisone) and the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, the patient demonstrated significant clinical improvement within days. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient had normal bowel movements and a weight gain of 2.5 kg. Early gastrointestinal endoscopy with multiple biopsies in suspected children can facilitate early detection. Dabrafenib is a viable treatment option for Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Effects of uncertain anomalous information on traffic flow of automated vehicles with V2V communication

Automated vehicles (AVs) equipped with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication can operate by sensing real-time status information through onboard sensors and wireless connections. Nevertheless, under the influence of multifarious random factors in real traffic, this critical information that support the normal movement of such vehicles may be anomalous, raising concerns on their mobility and traffic security. Due to the lack of appropriate analytical model, previous studies have not comprehensively uncovered the effects of uncertain anomalous information on traffic flow of AVs with V2V communication. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this critical gap. Firstly, by introducing a probabilistic parameter (i.e., information anomaly probability), we propose a general model that integrates the normal and compromised models, thereby capturing the longitudinal dynamics of AVs featuring V2V communication in the presence of uncertain anomalous information. To enable the detailed theoretical and experimental analyses, we specify it through the cooperative adaptive cruise control model calibrated with real-car data. Subsequently, we define the concept of pseudo string stability and parameterize the stability condition based on the characteristic equation method, so as to demonstrate the relationship between traffic flow stability and the parameters and probability of information anomaly. Finally, we refine the proposed probabilistic model and conduct extensive numerical experiments. The findings show that uncertain anomalous information could result in sudden or even frequent acceleration and deceleration of AVs, causing traffic oscillation, reduced traffic efficiency, and even collision accidents. In particular, the greater the information anomaly probability, the larger the disturbances experienced by traffic flow. Meanwhile, at the same level of anomaly, the combined impacts of various anomalous information could lead to more severe consequences than the singular impact of any individual anomalous information. Furthermore, the duration of anomalous information directly affects the time it takes for traffic flow to return to normal.

Association between bowel movement disorders and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to explore the association between bowel movement disorders and depression in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2010. Depression, constipation, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence were self-reported via questionnaires. Weighted logistic regression and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the association between bowel movement disorders and the risk of depression. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was also conducted to investigate the association between bowel movements disorder and depression. A total of 13,820 participants were collected. Compared to the participants with normal bowel movements, the full-adjusted depression model ORs for constipation and diarrhea were 2.28 (95%CI,1.78-2.92), 1.75 (95%CI,1.31-2.31), respectively. Any kind of bowel leakage were associated with depression. The RCS showed the possible nonlinear association between bowel movement frequency/stool shape and depression. Constipation, diarrhea, and bowel leakage are associated with an increased risk of depression.

Application of Artificial Neuromolecular System in Robotic Arm Control to Assist Progressive Rehabilitation for Upper Extremity Stroke Patients

Freedom of movement of the hands is the most desired hope of stroke patients. However, stroke recovery is a long, long road for many patients. If artificial intelligence can assist human arm movement, the possibility of stroke patients returning to normal hand movement might be significantly increased. This study uses the artificial neuromolecular system (ANM system) developed in our laboratory as the core of motion control, in an attempt to learn to control the mechanical arm to produce actions similar to human rehabilitation training and the transition between different activities. This research adopts two methods. The first is hypothetical exploration, the so-called “artificial world” simulation method. The detailed approach uses the V-REP (Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform) to conduct different experimental runs to capture relevant data. Our policy is to establish an action database systematically to a certain extent. From these data, we use the ANM system with self-organization and learning capabilities to develop the relationship between these actions and establish the possibility of conversion between different activities. The second method of this study is to use the data from a hospital in Toronto, Canada. Our experimental results show that the ANM system can continuously learn for problem-solving. In addition, our three experimental results of adaptive learning, transfer learning, and cross-task learning further confirm that the ANM system can use previously learned systems to complete the delivered tasks through autonomous learning (instead of learning from scratch).

The relationship between nutritional status and the eruption of lower permanent incisors in 6-7-year-old students at Candijati 01 elementary school in Arjasa, Jember, Indonesia

Tooth eruption is a normal movement of tooth to the oral cavity from its growth position in alveolar bone. This process is influenced by various factors, one of which is nutritional status. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the eruption of permanent mandibular incisors. This descriptive analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 43 students aged 6-7 years from Candijati 01 Elementary School, Arjasa, Jember. The nutritional status was assessed using the Body Mass Index (BMI) according to age, The subjects were categorized into three nutritional status groups: underweight, normal, and overweight. Results is analyzed using the Spearman statistical test, indicated a significant relationship between nutritional status and the eruption of permanent mandibular incisors (p&lt;0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between nutritional status and the eruption status of perma-nent mandibular incisors in children aged 6-7 years.

Corrigendum to Visual protest repertoires and protesters’ health identity: a battlefield of the anti-new normal movement

Corrigendum to Visual protest repertoires and protesters’ health identity: a battlefield of the anti-new normal movement

Utilizing deep learning models in an intelligent spiral drawing classification system for Parkinson's disease classification.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative illness that impairs normal human movement. The primary cause of PD is the deficiency of dopamine in the human brain. PD also leads to several other challenges, including insomnia, eating disturbances, excessive sleepiness, fluctuations in blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, and other issues. The suggested system is an extremely promising technological strategy that may help medical professionals provide accurate and unbiased disease diagnoses. This is accomplished by utilizing significant and unique traits taken from spiral drawings connected to Parkinson's disease. While PD cannot be cured, early administration of drugs may significantly improve the condition of a patient with PD. An expeditious and accurate clinical classification of PD ensures that efficacious therapeutic interventions can commence promptly, potentially impeding the advancement of the disease and enhancing the quality of life for both patients and their caregivers. Transfer learning models have been applied to diagnose PD by analyzing important and distinctive characteristics extracted from hand-drawn spirals. The studies were carried out in conjunction with a comparison analysis employing 102 spiral drawings. This work enhances current research by analyzing the effectiveness of transfer learning models, including VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet50v2, and DenseNet169, for identifying PD using hand-drawn spirals. Transfer machine learning models demonstrate highly encouraging outcomes in providing a precise and reliable classification of PD. Actual results demonstrate that the InceptionV3 model achieved a high accuracy of 89% when learning from spiral drawing images and had a superior receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value of 95%. The comparison results suggest that PD identification using these models is currently at the forefront of PD research. The dataset will be enlarged, transfer learning strategies will be investigated, and the system's integration into a comprehensive Parkinson's monitoring and evaluation platform will be looked into as future research areas. The results of this study could lead to a better quality of life for Parkinson's sufferers, individualized treatment, and an early classification.