Normal Mammary Epithelial Cell Line Research Articles

Novel Thienopyrimidine-Hydrazinyl Compounds Induce DRP1-Mediated Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Apoptosis induction with taxanes or anthracyclines is the primary therapy for TNBC. Cancer cells can develop resistance to anticancer drugs, causing them to recur and metastasize. Therefore, non-apoptotic cell death inducers could be a potential treatment to circumvent apoptotic drug resistance. In this study, we discovered two novel compounds, TPH104c and TPH104m, which induced non-apoptotic cell death in TNBC cells. These lead compounds were 15- to 30-fold more selective in TNBC cell lines and significantly decreased the proliferation of TNBC cells compared to that of normal mammary epithelial cell lines. TPH104c and TPH104m induced a unique type of non-apoptotic cell death, characterized by the absence of cellular shrinkage and the absence of nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic blebs. Although TPH104c and TPH104m induced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, TPH104c- and TPH104m-induced cell death did not increase the levels of cytochrome c and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation, and cell death was not rescued by incubating cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK). Furthermore, TPH104c and TPH104m significantly downregulated the expression of the mitochondrial fission protein, DRP1, and their levels determined their cytotoxic efficacy. Overall, TPH104c and TPH104m induced non-apoptotic cell death, and further determination of their cell death mechanisms will aid in the development of new potent and efficacious anticancer drugs to treat TNBC.

Overexpression of CDHR2 inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway

To investigate the mechanism by which CDHR2 overexpression inhibits breast cancer cell growth and cell cycle pragression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to investigate CDHR2 expression in breast cancer and its correlation with survival outcomes of the patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine CDHR2 expressions in surgical specimens of tumor and adjacent tissues from 10 patients with breast cancer. CDHR2 expression levels were also detected in 5 breast cancer cell lines and a normal human mammary epithelial cell line using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 with low CDHR2 expression were transfected with a CDHR2-overexpressing plasmid, and the changes in cell proliferation and cell cycle were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, and cell cycle assay; the changes in expressions of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and cell cycle pathway proteins were detected with Western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis showed low CDHR2 expression level in both breast cancer and adjacent tissues without significant difference between them (P > 0.05), but breast cancer patients with a high expression of CDHR2 had a more favorable prognosis. Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the expression of CDHR2 was significantly down-regulated in breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cells (P < 0.01), and its overexpression strongly inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest, and significantly inhibited PI3K and Akt phosphorylation and the expression of cyclin D1. Overexpression of CDHR2 inhibits proliferation and causes cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells possibly by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Inhibitory Effects of Alpha-Connexin Carboxyl-Terminal Peptide on Canine Mammary Epithelial Cells: A Study on Benign and Malignant Phenotypes.

Mammary cancer is highly prevalent in non-castrated female dogs. Cell-to-cell communication is an important mechanism to maintain homeostasis, and connexins are proteins that assemble to form the communicating gap junctions. In many cancers, communication capacity is reduced; several approaches are being tested in order to increase the communication capacity in cancer cells and, therefore, alter their viability. This study analyzed the effects of the alpha-connexin carboxyl-terminal peptide (αCT1) on canine mammary non-neoplastic and neoplastic epithelial cells. Seven canine epithelial mammary cell lines were used. Among these, one was a normal canine epithelial mammary cell line (LOEC-NMG), two canine mammary adenomas (LOEC-MAd1 and LOEC-MAd2), and four canine mammary adenocarcinomas (LOEC-MCA1, LOEC-MCA2, LOEC-MCA3 and CF41). The αCT1 corresponds to a short Cx43 C-terminal sequence linked to an internalization sequence called the antennapedia. After 24 h of incubation, the medium containing different αCT1 peptide concentrations was added to the cells, and only the culture medium was used for control. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to quantify cell viability before treatment and 48, 72, and 96 h after the treatment. Results showed that the normal mammary epithelial cell line (LOEC-NMG) was resistant to treatment with αCT1, which is consistent with a previous study on human mammary cell lines. One of the adenoma cell lines (LOEC-MAd2) was also resistant to treatment with αCT1, although the other (LOEC-MAd1) was susceptible to treatment, mostly at 72 h after treatment. Regarding the four canine adenocarcinoma cell lines, they differ regarding the susceptibility to the treatment with αCT1. Three cell lines, canine mixed adenocarcinoma (LOEC-MCA1), canine complex adenocarcinoma (LOEC-MCA2), and commercial canine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line CF41, were susceptible to treatment with αCT1, while one canine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (LOEC-MCA3) was resistant to treatment. In most αCT1 treated cell lines, Cx43 was strongly detected in cell membranes by immunofluorescence. We propose that αCT1 restored the cell-to-cell communication capacity of neoplastic cells and induced inhibitory effects on cell viability.

Piperlongumine inhibits antioxidant enzymes, increases ROS levels, induces DNA damage and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cell lines

ABSTRACT Piperlongumine (PLN) is a biologically active alkaloid/amide derived from Piper longum, with known promising anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to compare the antiproliferative activity of PLN in human breast MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cell line with effects in HB4a normal mammary epithelial non-tumor cell line. The parameters examined were cell growth, viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA damage, as well as the effects on the modulating targets responsible through regulation of these pathways. PLN increased ROS levels and expression of the SOD1 antioxidant enzyme. PLN inhibited the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, TRx1, and PRx2. The ability of PLN to inhibit antioxidant enzyme expression was associated with the oxidative stress response. PLN induced genotoxicity in both cell lines and upregulated the levels of GADD45A mRNA and p21 protein. The DNA damage response ATR protein was downregulated in both cell lines and contributed to an enhanced PLN genotoxicity. In HB4a cells, Chk1 protein, and mRNA levels were also decreased. In response to elevated ROS levels and DNA damage induction, the cells were arrested at the G2/M phase, probably in an attempt to promote cell survival. Although cell viability was reduced in both cell lines, only HB4a cells underwent apoptotic cell death, whereas other types of cellular death may be involved in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these data provide insight into the anticancer mechanisms attributed to PLN effects, which acts as an inhibitor of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins and antioxidant enzymes.

Sulfated polysaccharides of Laetiporus sulphureus fruiting bodies exhibit anti-breast cancer activity through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibiting cell migration

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLaetiporus sulphureus has long been used as an edible and medicinal mushroom in Asia, America, and Europe. Its fruiting bodies are widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer, gastric diseases, cough, and rheumatism. Polysaccharides are an important bioactive component of mushrooms. In nature, sulfated polysaccharides have never been reported in mushrooms. Furthermore, there is no information on differences in physicochemical properties and anti-breast cancer activities between polysaccharides (PS) and sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) of L. sulphureus. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of PS and SPS isolated from fruiting bodies of L. sulphureus and examine their anti-proliferative effects and mechanism(s) of action on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. MethodsPolysaccharides (PS) were isolated using hot water and ethanol precipitation methods. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) were isolated by the papain-assisted hydrolysis method. Physicochemical properties comprising sugar, protein, uronic acid, and sulfate contents, and molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural conformation were analyzed on PS and SPS. In the anti-cancer study, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (H184B5F5/M10) were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of PS and SPS, and their mechanism(s) of action. ResultsThe results showed that SPS, which had higher sulfate and protein contents and diversified monosaccharide composition, exhibited more potent anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cells than PS. Furthermore, it had a selective cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells but not the normal cells. SPS induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via down-regulating CDK4 and cyclin D1 and up-regulating p21 protein expression. Breast cancer cell apoptosis was not observed until 72 h after SPS treatment. In addition, SPS also markedly inhibited breast cancer cell migration. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that SPS exhibited selective cytotoxicity and was more potent than PS in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. The contents of sulfate and protein, and monosaccharide composition could be the main factors affecting the anti-breast cancer activity of L. sulphureus SPS.

Dependency of Tamoxifen Sensitive and Resistant ER+ Breast Cancer Cells on Semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C) for Growth.

Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BCa) accounts for the highest proportion of breast cancer-related deaths. While endocrine therapy is highly effective for this subpopulation, endocrine resistance remains a major challenge and the identification of novel targets is urgently needed. Previously, we have shown that Semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C) is an autocrine growth factor that drives the growth and treatment resistance of various cancers, but its role in breast cancer progression and endocrine resistance is poorly understood. Here, we report that SEMA3C plays a role in maintaining the growth of ER+ BCa cells and is a novel, tractable therapeutic target for the treatment of ER+ BCa patients. Analyses of publicly available clinical datasets indicate that ER+ BCa patients express significantly higher levels of SEMA3C mRNA than other subtypes. Furthermore, SEMA3C mRNA expression was positively correlated with ESR1 mRNA expression. ER+ BCa cell lines (MCF7 and T47D) expressed higher levels of SEMA3C mRNA and protein than a normal mammary epithelial MCF10A cell line. ER siRNA knockdown was suppressed, while dose-dependent beta-estradiol treatment induced SEMA3C expression in both MCF7 and T47D cells, suggesting that SEMA3C is an ER-regulated gene. The stimulation of ER+ BCa cells with recombinant SEMA3C activated MAPK and AKT signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, SEMA3C silencing inhibited Estrogen Receptor (ER) expression, MAPK and AKT signaling pathways while simultaneously inducing apoptosis, as monitored by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. SEMA3C silencing significantly inhibited the growth of ER+ BCa cells, implicating a growth dependency of ER+ BCa cells on SEMA3C. Moreover, the analysis of tamoxifen resistant (TamR) cell models (TamC3 and TamR3) showed that SEMA3C levels remain high despite treatment with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen-resistant cells remained dependent on SEMA3C for growth and survival. Treatment with B1SP Fc fusion protein, a SEMA3C pathway inhibitor, attenuated SEMA3C-induced signaling and growth across a panel of tamoxifen sensitive and resistant ER+ breast cancer cells. Furthermore, SEMA3C silencing and B1SP treatment were associated with decreased EGFR signaling in TamR cells. Here, our study implicates SEMA3C in a functional role in ER+ breast cancer signaling and growth that suggests ER+ BCa patients may benefit from SEMA3C-targeted therapy.

Expression of LINC00461 in breast cancer cells and its modulatory effect on miR-607/SLCLA3 axis

Purpose: To investigate the role and mechanisms of action of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) (LINC00461) in breast cancer. &#x0D; Methods: Human breast cancer cell lines and normal mammary epithelial cell lines as well as their corresponding negative controls (NC) were cultured and co-transfected with Lipofectamine 3000. Expressions of LINC00461 and miR-607 were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while the SLC1A3 level was evaluated by western blot. The role of LINC00461 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cycle arrest, glycolysis, and chemoresistance was determined by MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, and ELISA assays. &#x0D; Results: The LINC00461 level was overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines (p ˂ 0.05). Knockdown of LINC00461 in MCF-7 cells inhibited cell viability (p ˂ 0.01) and the degree of colony formation (p ˂ 0.001), induced cell apoptosis (p ˂ 0.001) and cycle arrest (p ˂ 0.01), and suppressed glucose consumption (p ˂ 0.001), lactate production (p ˂ 0.001), LDHA activity (p ˂ 0.05) and cisplatin sensitivity (p ˂ 0.05). Overexpression of LINC00461 in MDA-MB-468 cells resulted in reverse outcomes. LINC00461 positively regulated the expression of SLC1A3 via miR-607 in breast cancer cells. It was mechanistically established that LINC00461 is bound to miR-607 and miR-607 bound to SLC1A3, and this was confirmed by luciferase assay. &#x0D; Conclusion: LINC00461 induces cell proliferation, cycle arrest, glycolysis, and chemoresistance by modulating miR-607/SLC1A3 axis in breast cancer. The results lay the theoretical basis for monitoring and therapy of breast cancer.

Regulation of Ras p21 and RalA GTPases activity by quinine in mammary epithelial cells.

Quinine, a bitter compound, can act as an agonist to activate the family of bitter taste G protein-coupled receptor family of proteins. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that quinine causes activation of RalA, a Ras p21-related small G protein. Ral proteins can be activated directly or indirectly through an alternative pathway that requires Ras p21 activation resulting in the recruitment of RalGDS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ral. Using normal mammary epithelial (MCF-10A) and non-invasive mammary epithelial (MCF-7) cell lines, we investigated the effect of quinine in regulating Ras p21 and RalA activity. Results showed that in the presence of quinine, Ras p21 is activated in both MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells; however, RalA was inhibited in MCF-10A cells, and no effect was observed in the case of MCF-7 cells. MAP kinase, a downstream effector for Ras p21, was activated in both MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of RalGDS in MCF-10A cells and MCF-7 cells. The expression of RalGDS was higher in MCF-10A cells in comparison to the MCF-7 cells. Although RalGDS was detected in MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells, it did not result in RalA activation upon Ras p21 activation with quinine suggesting that the Ras p21-RalGDS-RalA pathway is not active in the MCF-10A cells. The inhibition of RalA activity in MCF-10A cells due to quinine could be as a result of a direct effect of this bitter compound on RalA. Protein modeling and ligand docking analysis demonstrated that quinine can interact with RalA through the R79 amino acid, which is located in the switch II region loop of the RalA protein. It is possible that quinine causes a conformational change that results in the inhibition of RalA activation even though RalGDS is present in the cell. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) that regulate Ral activity in mammary epithelial cells.

Design, synthesis, docking and mechanistic studies of new thiazolyl/thiazolidinylpyrimidine-2,4-dione antiproliferative agents

In this article, we display on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of thiazolylpyrimidine 3a-l and thiazolidinylpyrimidine derivatives 5a-e. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by using different spectral techniques including NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy in addition to elemental analyses. The cell viability of the new compounds was assessed against normal human mammary gland epithelial (MCF-10A) cell line. Data revealed that none of the compounds examined exhibited cytotoxic effects, and the cell viability for the compounds examined at 50 µM was greater than 87%. The antiproliferative activity of 3a-l and 5a-e was evaluated against four human cancer cell lines where the compounds showed promising activity. The most potent derivatives were compounds 3a, 3c, 3f, 3i, and 5b with GI50 values ranging from 0.90 µM to 1.70 µM against the four cancer cell lines in comparison to doxorubicin (GI50 = 1.10 µM). Compounds 3a, 3c and 3i showed potent antiproliferative activity with dual inhibitory action against EGFR and BRAFV600E. Compounds 3a, 3c, and 3i demonstrated promising AutoDock scores towards EGFR and BRAFV600E with values of − 9.1 and − 8.6, −9.0 and − 8.5, and − 8.4 and − 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 3a, 3c, and 3i were anticipated, demonstrating their oral bioavailability.

Downregulation of Mucin1 in Cancer Cells is Associated with Modulation of Calcium Signalling Pathways and Alteration in Procoagulant Related Activity

Background Intracellular calcium ions play an essential role in regulating numerous physiological functions by acting as a second messenger in signal transduction pathways. Alterations in calcium signaling are also implicated in several pathological conditions including cancer. Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate whether MUC1, a well-established tumor marker, plays a role in modulating calcium signalling in cancer cells. Methods MUC1 knockdown breast cancer MCF-7 cells were used to investigate whether the overexpression of MUC1 by cancer cells has an influence on calcium signalling pathways, by determining the level of a range of calcium signalling proteins and the dynamics of intracellular calcium mobilization as well as the cellular effects induced by calcium treatment. The investigation was also extended to normal human mammary epithelial, human breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines, which express different levels of MUC1. Result MUC1 downregulation altered the aberrant expression of several calcium transporter proteins in MCF-7 cancer cells. The level of each of these calcium signaling pathways proteins was correlated to MUC1 level in normal human mammary epithelial, human breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Consequently, a number of proteins whose activities are calcium dependent such as p-CaMKII, and pro-coagulant proteins Va, Xa and thrombin were found to be reduced in MUC1 downregulated MCF-7 cells. In addition, the effect of thrombin on calcium mobilization and the cleavage of the thrombin receptors was also reduced in MUC1 downregulated MCF-7 cells. Conclusion The downregulation of MUC1 is capable of modulating calcium cellular effects via alteration in the expression of calcium signalling proteins and by impacting calcium induced initiation of procoagulant activity, which is capable of influencing the effect of thrombin on cancer cells. Such properties contribute to another crucial role for MUC1 within the signalling network associated with tumorigenesis.

EGFR-dependent aerotaxis is a common trait of breast tumour cells

BackgroundAerotaxis, the chemotactism to oxygen, is well documented in prokaryotes. We previously reported for the first time that non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells also display unequivocal directional migration towards oxygen. This process is independent of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)/prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) pathway but controlled by the redox regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient overlapping the oxygen gradient at low oxygen concentration. Since hypoxia is an acknowledged hallmark of cancers, we addressed the putative contribution of aerotaxis to cancer metastasis by studying the directed migration of cancer cells from an hypoxic environment towards nearby oxygen sources, modelling the in vivo migration of cancer cells towards blood capillaries.MethodsWe subjected to the aerotactic test described in our previous papers cells isolated from fresh breast tumours analysed by the Pathology Department of the Saint-Etienne University Hospital (France) over a year. The main selection criterion, aside from patient consent, was the size of the tumour, which had to be large enough to perform the aerotactic tests without compromising routine diagnostic tests. Finally, we compared the aerotactic properties of these primary cells with those of commonly available breast cancer cell lines.ResultsWe show that cells freshly isolated from sixteen human breast tumour biopsies, representative of various histological characteristics and grades, are endowed with strong aerotactic properties similar to normal mammary epithelial cell lines. Strikingly, aerotaxis of these primary cancerous cells is also strongly dependent on both EGFR activation and ROS. In addition, we demonstrate that aerotaxis can trigger directional invasion of tumour cells within the extracellular matrix contrary to normal mammary epithelial cells. This contrasts with results obtained with breast cancer cell lines, in which aerotactic properties were either retained or impaired, and in some cases, even lost during the establishment of these cell lines.ConclusionsAltogether, our results support that aerotaxis may play an important role in breast tumour metastasis. In view of these findings, we discuss the prospects for combating metastatic spread.Trial registrationIRBN1462021/CHUSTE.Graphical abstract: EGFR-dependent aerotaxis of primary breast cancer cells

Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DFT calculation and anti-tumor research of novel-configurational dihydroartemisinin purine hybrids

The diastereomers 10-N-[2-fluoro-6-chloro-9H-9-purinyl]-(9R, 10R)-dihydroartemisinin(A) and10-N-[2-fluoro-6-chloro-9H-9-purinyl]-(9S, 10S)-dihydroartemisinin(B) were obtained via a trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed procedure simultaneously. Their structures were characterized by HRMS, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR(COSY) and IR spectroscopy, and the configurations were further confirmed by X-Ray diffraction and Density functional theory (DFT). Then, the intermolecular interactions were studied mainly through Hershfield surface (HS), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) methods. Finally, preliminary anticancer evaluations of A and B were conducted in human breast tumor cell lines (MDA-MB-436, T47D) and a normal mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). The GI50 of A and B were better or comparable to the positive drug mercaptopurine (6-MP), and both of novel compounds did not display significant cytotoxicity toward MCF-10A.

Glycoprotein hormone α-subunit promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in breast cancer.

The glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (CGA) is implicated in the occurrence and progression of a number of solid tumors. However, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the biological functions and mechanisms of action of CGA in breast cancer. CGA protein expression was evaluated in clinical breast cancer specimens using immunohistochemistry. The association between CGA expression and patient prognosis was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Mantel-Cox test. At the same time, CGA mRNA and protein expression was explored in a normal mammary epithelial cell line and breast cancer cell lines. Breast cancer cell lines overexpressing or deficient in CGA were established, and the effect of CGA on cell proliferation was evaluated in vitro, and in vivo using a mouse xenograft tumor model. Intracellular signaling pathway activities were evaluated using western blotting in CGA-overexpressing or -depleted cells. Increased CGA protein expression was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, while CGA mRNA and protein expression level was negligible in normal mammary epithelial cells, it was elevated in breast cancer cell lines. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CGA overexpression enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and serine/threonine kinase Akt signaling cascades. The present results suggest that CGA is upregulated in breast cancer tissues and that it is associated with a poor prognosis. CGA may serve as a candidate for developing targeted therapies for breast cancer.

Bufalin Induces Programmed Necroptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Drug-Resistant Cell Lines through RIP1/ROS-Mediated Pathway.

To explore the effect and mechanism of action of bufalin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) drug-resistant cell lines. The normal human mammary epithelial cell line, TNBC cell line, TNBC adriamycin-resistant cell line, and TNBC docetaxel-resistant cell line were treated with different doses of bufalin (0-1,000 nmol/L) at different time points (0-72 h). Propidium iodide staining, AV-FITC/PI double staining, Hoechst 33342/PI double staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the death patterns of the cell lines. Bufalin killed the TNBC cell line and its drug-resistant cell lines in a dose/time-dependent manner (all P<0.01). After treatment with bufalin for 24 h, the adriamycin-resistant cell line showed a co-existing pattern of necroptosis and apoptosis. However, at 48 h, necroptosis was the main manifestation. After treatment with bufalin, the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, phospho-tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, phospho-receptor interacting protein 1 and c-caspase 3 increased (all P<0.01), the killing effect of bufalin could be mostly inhibited by NEC-1, and by z-VAD-fmk (both P<0.01). Besides, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased considerably (P<0.01), the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine or Nec-1 could inhibit the increase of ROS level and the killing effect of bufalin (all P<0.01). The adriamycin-resistant cell line exhibited necroptosis characteristic after 48 h of bufalin treatment under TEM. Bufalin could induce necroptosis through RIP1/ROS-mediated pathway to kill the drug-resistant TNBC cell lines. This finding provides critical experimental data and theoretical basis for the clinical application of bufalin to overcome the difficulties in the treatment of TNBC.

In vitro Anticancer Activity of Aponogeton madagascariensis Anthocyanin Extracts

Introduction: Aponogeton madagascariensis (lace plant) is a freshwater aquatic flowering plant belonging to the family Aponogetonaceae that forms leaf perforations via programmed cell death (PCD). The lace plant has emerged as a novel model system for studying PCD in planta due to the predictability and accessibility of this process. Anthocyanins, and the balance between ROS and antioxidants, play a central role in regulating PCD in lace plant leaves. Aponogetonaceae family members have shown medicinal properties, including antioxidant and anticancer activities; however, nothing is known about the lace plant’s potential for medicinal use. Therefore, this study evaluated the anticancer activities of lace plant anthocyanin extracts. Methods: Cell line growth and viability were assessed following exposure to lace plant leaf anthocyanin extracts. This study utilized a triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, two human ovarian epithelial cancer cell lines, OVCAR-8 and SKOV-3, along with a normal mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. Furthermore, crude anthocyanin extracts were fractionated into anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin containing fractions and tested only on MDA-MB-231 cells. Results and Discussion: The crude anthocyanin extracts from lace plant leaves inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231, OVCAR-8, and SKOV-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and had no effect on MCF-10A cells. Lace plant crude anthocyanin extracts appeared to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Interestingly, treatment with anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin fractions decreased the growth of MDA-MB-231, similarly to crude anthocyanin extracts, suggesting the presence of other anticancer compounds in the lace plant extracts. Conclusions: Lace plant crude anthocyanin extracts and corresponding fractions have in vitro anticancer activities.

Formononetin relieves the facilitating effect of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis on progression and chemo-resistance of triple-negative breast cancer.

This investigation attempted to discern whether formononetin restrained progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by blocking lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis. We prepared TNBC cell lines (i.e. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) and normal human mammary epithelial cell line (i.e. MCF-10A) in advance, and the TNBC cell lines were, respectively, transfected by pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, si-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, pcDNA6.2/GW/EmGFP-miR-545 or pcDNA6.2/GW/EmGFP-miR-195. Resistance of TNBC cells in response to 5-Fu, adriamycin, paclitaxel and cisplatin was evaluated through MTT assay, while potentials of TNBC cells in proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed via CCK8 assay and Transwell assay. Consequently, silencing of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 impaired chemo-resistance, proliferation, migration and invasion of TNBC cells (P<0.05), and over-expression of miR-195 and miR-545, which were sponged and down-regulated by lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 (P<0.05), significantly reversed the promoting effect of pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 on proliferation, migration, invasion and chemo-resistance of TNBC cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, CDK4 and Raf-1, essential biomarkers of TNBC progression, were, respectively, subjected to target and down-regulation of miR-545 and miR-195 (P<0.05), and they were promoted by pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 at protein and mRNA levels (P<0.05). Additionally, formononetin significantly decreased expressions of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, CDK4 and Raf-1, while raised miR-195 and miR-545 expressions in TNBC cells (P<0.05), and exposure to it dramatically contained malignant behaviors of TNBC cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, formononetin alleviated TNBC malignancy by suppressing lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis, suggesting that molecular targets combined with traditional Chinese medicine could yield significant clinical benefits in TNBC.

Inhibitory effects of tamoxifen and tanshinone, alone or in combination, on the proliferation of breast cancer cells via activation of p38 MAPK signalling pathway

Purpose: To investigate the effects of tamoxifen and tanshinone administered individually or in combination, on the proliferation of breast cancer (BC) cells, and the underlying mechanism(s) of action.&#x0D; Methods: Human breast cancer cell lines (SNU-306, SNU-334 and SNU-1528), and normal primary mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC) were cultured at 37 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), l glutamine (2 mM), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) in a humidified incubator containing 5 % CO2. Cell proliferation was determined using MTT assay, while real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. The expressions of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) were determined by Western blotting.&#x0D; Results: There were only few viable cells in tamoxifen- and tanshinone-treated wells, and cell viability was concentration-dependently reduced. Treatment of SNU-306 cells with tamoxifen (30 µM) or tanshinone (20 µM) alone significantly reduced the expression of Wip1 after 72 h of incubation, and the level of expression was significantly reduced in SNU-306 cells treated with combination of tamoxifen and tanshinones, relative to those treated with tamoxifen or tanshinone alone (p &lt; 0.05). The extent of apoptosis was significantly higher in SNU-306 cells treated with tamoxifen or tanshinone alone or in combination than in control cells (p &lt; 0.05). Expressions of Bax, caspase 3 and p53 were significantly higher in SNU-306 cells than in control cells, and were significantly higher in SNU-306 cells treated with combination of tamoxifen and tanshinone than in those treated with tamoxifen or tanshinone alone (p &lt; 0.05). The level of expression of MAPK was significantly higher in SNU-306 cells treated with tamoxifen or tanshinone alone, and in combination treatment, than in control cells (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Tamoxifen and tanshinone administered alone or in combination promote apoptosis in BC cells via mechanisms involving the up-regulation and phosphorylation of MAPK.

Aquaporin 1 knockdown inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo.

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) contributes to the progression of several cancer types, but its potential involvement in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of AQP1 in cell proliferation and invasion in TNBC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis and western blotting were used to detect AQP1 expression in different cell lines. A short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting AQP1 was established and transfected into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. To investigate the effects of AQP1 knockdown, breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays. Furthermore, the volume and weight of tumor xenografts in mice were measured to evaluate breast cancer growth ability. The results revealed that the levels of AQP1 were higher in the MDA-MB-231 cell line compared with those in other breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SK-BR-3) and a normal mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). The shRNA targeting AQP1 effectively downregulated AQP1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, and markedly suppressed TNBC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. These results suggested that AQP1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in TNBC.

Circular RNA circTP63 enhances estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer progression and malignant behaviors through the miR-873-3p/FOXM1 axis.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play a functional role in a variety of cancers. However, few studies on circRNAs in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer have been conducted. Here, we investigated the role of circRNA circTP63 in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer progression and malignant behaviors. First, we observed increased expression of circTP63 in MCF7 cells relative to normal human mammary epithelial cell lines, such as DU4475 and MCF-10A, and the changed oncogenicity of MCF7 cells correlated with circTP63 overexpression and downregulation. Interestingly, a series of gain- and loss-of-function assays revealed that a higher level of FOXM1 was closely associated with MCF7 malignant behaviors induced by circTP63 overexpression. Further investigations showed that circTP63 sponged to miR-873-3p, which targeted FOXM1 mRNA and inhibited its expression. Mechanistically, circTP63 binds to miR-873-3p and prevents the targeting of FOXM1, thus inducing the progression and malignant behaviors of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle dysregulation, invasion, migration and even tumor growth. CircTP63 might be a potential biomarker or target to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients in the future.

Effects of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration in Breast Carcinoma Cells.

High telomerase activity in human breast cancer is associated with aggressive tumors resulting in decreased survival. Recent studies have shown that telomerase inhibitors may display anticancer properties in some human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we examined the effects of 4 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), used for the treatment of HIV; Abacavir (AC), Lamivudine (LV), Stavudine (SV), and Tenofovir (TF) on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in the normal human mammary epithelial cell line, hTERT-HME1, and the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Cells were treated with AC, LV, SV, or TF alone or in combination with paclitaxel (PAC), a known drug used to treat breast cancer. Conduct of the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that AC, SV, and TF had stronger cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells than in hTERT-HME1 cells. The combined treatment of RTIs and PAC caused high rates of cell death in MCF-7 and low rates of cell death in HTERT-HME1 by apoptosis. The percentages of apoptotic cells in the treatment of AC and SV in combination with PAC for 48 and 72 hours were higher than PAC. Significantly increased apoptosis and decreased migration levels were found in MCF-7 cells treated with AC and co-treatment of AC+PAC or SV+PAC than HME1 cells. These treatments can also prevent migration capacity more than PAC. Therefore, a combination strategy based on telomerase inhibitors such as AC or SV and anticancer drugs may be more effective in the treatment of certain breast cancers.