Normal Body Length Research Articles

HUBUNGAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS PADA IBU HAMIL DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS RAMBIPUJI KABUPATEN JEMBER

Maternal health and nutritional conditions before and during pregnancy and after delivery such as anemia and chronic energy deficiency (KEK) affect fetal growth and the risk of short birth length. Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) is a nutritional problem that often occurs in pregnant women. This study aims to determine the relationship between chronic energy deficiency in pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in newborns This study was a correlation design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all pregnant women with SEZ in the working area of ​​the Rambi Puji Health Center, Jember Regency, involving as many as 84 participants. The sampling technique used is accidental sampling. Data were collected using a data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using Predictive Analytics SoftWare Version 18 with a chi square test at a significance level of <0.05.The results showed that most of the pregnant women did not experience chronic energy deficiency (84.5%) and most of the newborns did not experience stunting or had normal body length (84.5%). Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that there is a relationship between chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women and the incidence of stunting in newborns (p-value = 0.001 (α<0.05) and X2 = 0.403). Pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency are at risk of giving birth to stunting babies 14 times (OR=14,167).

Silver nanoparticle toxicity on Artemia parthenogenetica nauplii hatched on axenic tryptic soy agar solid medium

The use of gnobiotic brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) for ecotoxicology and bacteria-host interaction studies is common. However, requirements for axenic culture and matrix effects of seawater media can be an obstacle. Thus, we investigated the hatching ability of Artemia cysts on a novel sterile Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) medium. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that Artemia cysts can hatch on a solid medium without liquid, which offers practical advantages. We further optimized the culture conditions for temperature and salinity and assessed this culture system for toxicity screening of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) across multiple biological endpoints. Results revealed that maxima hatching (90%) of embryos occurred at 28 °C and without addition of sodium chloride. When capsulated cysts were cultured on TSA solid medium Artemia were negatively impacted by AgNPs at 30–50 mgL−1 in terms of the embryo hatching ratio (47–51%), umbrella- to nauplii-stage transformation ratio (54–57%), and a reduction in nauplii-stage growth (60–85% of normal body length). At 50–100 mgL−1 AgNPs and higher, evidence of damage to lysosomal storage was recorded. At 500 mgL−1 AgNPs, development of the eye was inhibited and locomotory behavior impeded. Our study reveals that this new hatching method has applications in ecotoxicology studies and provides an efficient means to control axenic requirements to produce gnotobiotic brine shrimp.

Dkk1 Controls Cell-Cell Interaction through Regulation of Non-nuclear β-Catenin Pools.

SummaryDickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secreted Wnt antagonist with a well-established role in head induction during development. Numerous studies have emerged implicating Dkk1 in various malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases through an unknown mechanism. Using zebrafish gastrulation as a model for collective cell migration, we unveil such a mechanism, identifying a role for Dkk1 in control of cell connectivity and polarity in vivo, independent of its known function. We find that Dkk1 localizes to adhesion complexes at the plasma membrane and regions of concentrated actomyosin, suggesting a direct involvement in regulation of local cell adhesion. Our results show that Dkk1 represses cell polarization and integrity of cell-cell adhesion, independently of its impact on β-catenin protein degradation. Concurrently, Dkk1 prevents nuclear localization of β-catenin by restricting its distribution to a discrete submembrane pool. We propose that redistribution of cytosolic β-catenin by Dkk1 concomitantly drives repression of cell adhesion and inhibits β-catenin-dependent transcriptional output.

SAT-181 Characterization of Adult Growth Hormone Receptor Gene-Disrupted Mice

Reduced growth hormone (GH) action can extend life- and health-span. Mice with a disrupted GHR gene since birth are dwarf and obese with low levels of IGF-1 and insulin; high levels of GH; and hold the record for the longest-lived laboratory mouse. They are also somewhat resistant to several age-related diseases including cancer and diabetes. In order to determine if disruption of GHR after birth can also extend lifespan, we previously disrupted the GHR gene at 6 weeks of age and found that females have extended maximal lifespans. In the current study, we wanted to evaluate if disrupting GH action at an adult age (6 months) will lead to the same lifelong benefits seen mice with no GH action since birth, but without dwarfism. In this study, we used the Cre-lox system to ablate the GHR in mice of 6 months (a6mGHRKO mice). Following this, we determined body weights, composition and glucose homeostatic criteria including glucose and insulin tolerance testing. We then dissected the mice 6 months after GHR disruption (1 year of age) to measure circulatory GH, Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), inflammatory factors, as well as the GHR expression levels in different tissues including liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. We found that, the a6mGHRKO mice were not dwarf and have decreased IGF-1 and increased circulating GH levels. We also found that the GHR gene expression was decreased in all the tissues tested, and IGF-1 mRNA levels were reduced in adipose tissue liver and heart, but not in muscle or kidneys when compared to WT mice. Also, circulatory levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were unchanged between a6mGHRKO mice and controls. Moreover, differences in glucose metabolism can be seen in male and female a6mGHRKO mice. While glucose tolerance was not changed between experimental mice and controls, male a6mGHRKO mice showed increased insulin sensitivity, whereas female a6mGHRKO mice showed no difference in insulin sensitivity with respect to littermate controls. Studies that assess the status of age-related mechanisms such as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity and oxidative stress are being performed. Finally, a separate cohort of the a6mGHRKO mice have been generated and are being evaluated for the life span of these mice. In conclusion, mice that have the GHR gene ablated at 6 months of age have a normal body length, improved insulin sensitivity in males and normal inflammatory status when compared to controls. Molecular mechanisms to determine age-related effects of GH including longevity studies are ongoing.

Berat Badan, Panjang Badan dan Faktor Genetik sebagai Prediktor Terjadinya Stunted pada Anak Sekolah

Background: Riskesdas in 2013 showed that Yogyakarta (DIY) had a prevalence of stunted new kid in school is less than the national average, which is 14.9% (MOH, 2013). Stunted or short, is a linear growth retardation has been widely used as an indicator to measure the nutritional status of individuals and community groups. Stunted can be influenced by several factors: birth weight, birth length match and genetic factors.
 Objective: To determine the weight, length of low birth weight and genetic factors as predictors of the occurrence of stunted on elementary school children.
 Methods: The study was a case control analytic. Research sites in SD Muhammadiyah Ngijon 1 Subdistrict Moyudan. The study was conducted in May and June 2015. The subjects were school children grade 1 to grade 5 the number of cases as many as 47 children and 94 control children. With the inclusion criteria of research subjects willing to become respondents, was present at the time of the study, they have a father and mother, and exclusion criteria have no data BB and PB birth, can not stand upright. The research variables are BBL, PBL, genetic factors and TB / U at this time. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and Odd Ratio (OR) calculation. Results: In case group as much as 91.5% of normal birth weight and length of 80.9% of normal birth weight, most of the height of a normal mother and father as many as 85.1%. In the control group as much as 78.7% of normal birth weight and 61.7% were born normal body length, height mostly normal mom and dad that 96.7% of women and 90.4% normal normal father. Statistical test result is no significant correlation between height mothers with stunted incidence in school children, and the results of chi-square test P =
 0.026 with value Odd Ratio (OR) of 3.9 and a range of values from 1.091 to 14.214 Cl95%.
 Conclusion: High maternal body of mothers can be used as predictors of the occurrence of stunted school children and mothers with stunted nutritional status have 3.9 times the risk of having children with stunted nutritional status.

Berat Badan, Panjang Badan dan Faktor Genetik sebagai Prediktor Terjadinya Stunted pada Anak Sekolah

Background: Riskesdas in 2013 showed that Yogyakarta (DIY) had a prevalence of stunted new kid in school is less than the national average, which is 14.9% (MOH, 2013). Stunted or short, is a linear growth retardation has been widely used as an indicator to measure the nutritional status of individuals and community groups. Stunted can be influenced by several factors: birth weight, birth length match and genetic factors.
 Objective: To determine the weight, length of low birth weight and genetic factors as predictors of the occurrence of stunted on elementary school children.
 Methods: The study was a case control analytic. Research sites in SD Muhammadiyah Ngijon 1 Subdistrict Moyudan. The study was conducted in May and June 2015. The subjects were school children grade 1 to grade 5 the number of cases as many as 47 children and 94 control children. With the inclusion criteria of research subjects willing to become respondents, was present at the time of the study, they have a father and mother, and exclusion criteria have no data BB and PB birth, can not stand upright. The research variables are BBL, PBL, genetic factors and TB / U at this time. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and Odd Ratio (OR) calculation. Results: In case group as much as 91.5% of normal birth weight and length of 80.9% of normal birth weight, most of the height of a normal mother and father as many as 85.1%. In the control group as much as 78.7% of normal birth weight and 61.7% were born normal body length, height mostly normal mom and dad that 96.7% of women and 90.4% normal normal father. Statistical test result is no significant correlation between height mothers with stunted incidence in school children, and the results of chi-square test P =
 0.026 with value Odd Ratio (OR) of 3.9 and a range of values from 1.091 to 14.214 Cl95%.
 Conclusion: High maternal body of mothers can be used as predictors of the occurrence of stunted school children and mothers with stunted nutritional status have 3.9 times the risk of having children with stunted nutritional status.
 
 Keywords: BBL, PBL, Stunted, Schoolchildren

особенности физического развития детской популяции г. иркутска

The article describes the assessment of the physical development (PD) of the children attending preschool educational institution kindergarten N148 of Irkutsk. It was established that different types of deviations in development had 42.0% of children from 3 to 7 years. Among deviations in PD of preschool children most frequently we noted high body weight at normal body length (10.1%); also lowered (8.0%) and low body length (9.0%) were established. The results of the examination of Irkutsk preschool children revealed deviations of their PD parameters from normal figures towards reduction of growth and increase in body weight, and also showed that morphometric changes were more characteristic of boys.

The Brain Renin-Angiotensin System Controls Divergent Efferent Mechanisms to Regulate Fluid and Energy Balance

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), in addition to its endocrine functions, plays a role within individual tissues such as the brain. The brain RAS is thought to control blood pressure through effects on fluid intake, vasopressin release, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and may regulate metabolism through mechanisms which remain undefined. We used a double-transgenic mouse model that exhibits brain-specific RAS activity to examine mechanisms contributing to fluid and energy homeostasis. The mice exhibit high fluid turnover through increased adrenal steroids, which is corrected by adrenalectomy and attenuated by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade. They are also hyperphagic but lean because of a marked increase in body temperature and metabolic rate, mediated by increased SNA and suppression of the circulating RAS. β-adrenergic blockade or restoration of circulating angiotensin-II, but not adrenalectomy, normalized metabolic rate. Our data point to contrasting mechanisms by which the brain RAS regulates fluid intake and energy expenditure.

Chromosome 5q subtelomeric deletion syndrome

The pure 3.5 Mb subtelomeric deletion syndrome is very rare but causes a recognizable phenotype characterized by prenatal lymphedema with increased nuchal translucency, pronounced muscular hypotonia in infancy, borderline intelligence, postnatal short stature with delayed bone age due to growth hormone deficiency, and multiple minor anomalies including mildly bell-shaped chest, minor congenital heart defects, and a distinct facial gestalt. Terminal deletions including the adjacent approximately 2 Mb NSD1-locus show a compound phenotype with overlap to Sotos syndrome. Larger terminal deletions including also chromosomal bands 5q35.1 and 5q35.2 cause a more severe phenotype with normal body length, significant congenital heart defect, microcephaly, profound developmental retardation or early death due to respiratory failure. Heart defects in the latter are explained by haploinsufficiency of the NKX2.5 gene at 5q35.1. The deletion breakpoint of the 3.5 Mb subtelomeric microdeletion maps to a low copy repeat which is identical to the distal copy of two highly similar regions flanking the recurrent interstitial NSD1 microdeletion. As meiotic mispairing between these low copy repeats seem to be much more likely than a terminal aberration, these neighborhood may prevent occurrence of the subtelomeric deletion syndrome, which could explain the rareness of the latter.

MULTIWIRE DETECTOR AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR TIME RESOLVED EXPERIMENTS

R6sum6 - Un systsme pour effectuer des mesures cinetiques aux rayons X sur des muscles est decrit, de mzme que le logiciel d'acquisition de donnkes et d'analyse des rksultats. Plusieurs exemples d'application sont donnks. Abstract - A system for making time-resolved X-ray measurements from muscle is described in this paper along with real-time software for data acquisition and software for further analysis. Several examples illustrating the use of the system are also given. The technique of time resolved X-ray diffraction is a powerful tool for studying dynamic processes in structural biology where ordered structures are involved, and has proven of particular value in the study of vertebrate skeletal muscle. The principal ideas behind the technique are relatively simple - one needs to record the X-ray pattern from a contracting muscle in a stroboscopic manner, the data being recorded in such a way that it is possible to distinguish patterns from different phases of muscle contraction. It is possible to calculate the extent of changes in the molecular structure as a function of time from the changes in the X-ray pattern provided one has knowledge of the starting structure 191; partial information is available for vertebrate muscle from a number of techniques, including electron microscopy, biochemistry and conventional X-ray diffraction studies. The basic contractile muscle unit, the sarcomere, shown in Fig 1, consists of two types of inter-digitating protein filaments 181. The 'thick' filaments, consisting mainly of myosin are about 1.6 pm in length and have an array of 'projections' along most of its length arranged in a helical fashion. The thin filaments are about 1 pm in length and consist mainly of actin with smaller quantities of the regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin. The thin filaments are attached to the Z-lines, the distance between two Z-lines being approximately 2.3 pm at normal body length. It is believed that during contraction the projections on the thick filament form cross-bridges with the thin filament and go through a 'conformational' change which produces a relative sliding movement between the two filaments. The polarity of the filaments is reversed half-way along the sarcomere so that opposing forces are generated in the two halves. A large number of sarcomeres generate force in series and in parallel which is transmitted to the skeleton through the tendons to allow external work to be performed.

The zygotic mutant tailless affects the anterior and posterior ectodermal regions of the Drosophila embryo

The recessive zygotic lethal mutation tailless maps to region 100A5,6-B1,2 at the tip of the right arm of chromosome 3, and results in shortened pharyngeal ridges in the head skeleton of the mature embryo and the elimination of the eighth abdominal segment and telson. Although they have a normal body length, tailless embryos have a smaller number of abdominal segments, some of which are larger than normal. The mutant phenotype is seen as early as 8 hr post-fertilization, when tailless embryos are observed to have fewer tracheal pits than wildtype. At 9 hr, tailless embryos appear to be missing segments A8, A9, and A10 and have an abnormal clypeolabrum, optic lobes, and procephalic lobe. Segments A4, A5, A6, and A7 appear larger in tailless embryos than wildtype at this stage. The tailless mutation, although affecting anterior and posterior ectodermal structures in the mature embryo, does not affect the formation of pole cells, the posterior midgut, or the proctodeum, which arise from the most posterior region of the embryo. The mutation does result, however, in the failure of Malpighian tubule formation. Consistent with its effect on ectodermal segments, tailless leads to a reduction in the number of segmented, paired ganglia in the ventral nerve cord as well as to an abrupt alteration in the posterior region of the tracheal system. The role the tailless gene may play in the formation of the most anterior and posterior regions of the embryo's ectodermal body plan is discussed.

Somatostatin content of the median eminence in female rats with lesion-induced disruption of the inhibitory control of growth hormone secretion.

These experiments were designed to determine whether brain lesions which elevate nonstress plasma levels of GH and disrupt stress-induced suppression of GH secretion in female rats affect the median eminence content of somatostatin. Some rats received lesions in the medial or lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA), while others received anterior hypothalamic cuts. Sham-operated and intact rats served as controls. GH and somatostatin were measured by RIA. Medial but not lateral PO-AHA lesions caused elevated nonstress plasma GH levels at 2, 14, 17, and 23 weeks after surgery, but normal levels were obtained at autopsy at 27 weeks. These lesions compromised GH responses to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Rats with anterior hypothalamic cuts showed elevated nonstress GH levels at 17, 23, and 27 weeks after surgery and loss of the GH response to stress at 14 and 23 weeks. Median eminence content of somatostatin was reduced approximately 80% in rats with medial PO-AHA lesions or anterior cuts. Whereas medial PO-AHA lesions were associated with normal body length and weight and evidence of estrogen secretion, anterior hypothalamic cuts produced increased linear growth and body weight and signs of functional castration. These results suggest that the effects of lesions which cause prolonged elevation of nonstress GH levels and disruption of the GH stress response are due to interference with somatostatin neurons located in the medial PO-AHA. Somatostatin content of the median eminence seems to depend largely on connections originating in or traversing the medial PO-AHA.

Growth and skeletal development of the rat during prolonged undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation

Male rats of 150 g body weight were given restricted amounts of their normal diet up to the age of 85 weeks, such that they showed no significant change in body weight. They were then rehabilitated by allowing them unlimited access to the normal diet. During rehabilitation, the experimental rats reached a maximum body weight that was only 70% of that normally attained. Body length, however, exhibited better recovery, the experimental animals achieving 96% of the normal body length. The skeleton continued to grow during the first 7 weeks of undernutrition, but thereafter only the caudal half of the pelvic girdle continued to grow. On rehabilitation all skeletal dimensions increased, and all eventually reached the normal range of mature skeletal dimensions. Although the pelvic girdle returned to a normal size, it still manifested some alterations in shape.

ACTIVATION HEAT IN MUSCLE: METHOD FOR DETERMINATION.

By varying the interval between two stimuli it is possible to measure the activation heat in a skeletal muscle twitch. The method depends upon finding a range of stimulus intervals where complete mechanical fusion exists and where there is a plateau in the heat production. At 0 degrees C, and when muscles are at normal body length, activation heat represents about 40 percent of the heat in an isometric twitch.