Normal Adolescence Research Articles

Brain volume abnormalities and clinical outcomes following paediatric traumatic brain injury.

Long-term outcomes are difficult to predict after paediatric traumatic brain injury. The presence or absence of focal brain injuries often do not explain cognitive, emotional and behavioural disabilities that are common and disabling. In adults, traumatic brain injury produces progressive brain atrophy that can be accurately measured and is associated with cognitive decline. However, the effect of paediatric traumatic brain injury on brain volumes is more challenging to measure because of its interaction with normal brain development. Here we report a robust approach to the individualized estimation of brain volume following paediatric traumatic brain injury and investigate its relationship to clinical outcomes.We first used a large healthy control dataset (n > 1200, age 8–22) to describe the healthy development of white and grey matter regions through adolescence. Individual estimates of grey and white matter regional volume were then generated for a group of moderate/severe traumatic brain injury patients injured in childhood (n = 39, mean age 13.53 ± 1.76, median time since injury = 14 months, range 4–168 months) by comparing brain volumes in patients to age-matched controls. Patients were individually classified as having low or normal brain volume. Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric outcomes were assessed using standardized testing and parent/carer assessments.Relative to head size, grey matter regions decreased in volume during normal adolescence development whereas white matter tracts increased in volume. Traumatic brain injury disrupted healthy brain development, producing reductions in both grey and white matter brain volumes after correcting for age. Of the 39 patients investigated, 11 (28%) had at least one white matter tract with reduced volume and seven (18%) at least one area of grey matter with reduced volume. Those classified as having low brain volume had slower processing speed compared to healthy controls, emotional impairments, higher levels of apathy, increased anger and learning difficulties. In contrast, the presence of focal brain injury and microbleeds were not associated with an increased risk of these clinical impairments.In summary, we show how brain volume abnormalities after paediatric traumatic brain injury can be robustly calculated from individual T1 MRI using a large normative dataset that allows the effects of healthy brain development to be controlled for. Using this approach, we show that volumetric abnormalities are common after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury in both grey and white matter regions, and are associated with higher levels of cognitive, emotional and behavioural abnormalities that are common after paediatric traumatic brain injury.

Konsep Diri Remaja Kristen Yatim Piatu: Studi Fenomenologi

The death of a parent can be a devastating and painful experience for a teenager. Teenagers lose love and parental figures. The correct self-concept is needed by teenagers in living their lives. To develop the correct self-concept, of course, involve other parties, such as orphanages. This study aims to describe the self-concept of adolescents who have orphaned status at the Dorkas Porong Orphanage, Sidoarjo. This study the author uses a qualitative approach with a phenomenological perspective. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews of the five research subjects who were orphans. The results showed that in general, they already had a good self-concept because of the Christian spiritual development at the orphanage. This spiritual guidance guides teenagers to learn to accept and appreciate themselves positively. They show: 1) a life style that is full of enthusiasm in carrying out daily life, 2) has a clear purpose in life, 3) can carry out daily responsibilities at the orphanage with enthusiasm and 4) is able to adapt to the environment. In addition, the formation of their self-concept supported by a family-friendly environment becomes a motivation for self-acceptance of adolescents and helps adolescents to live a normal adolescence, even without the presence of their parents.

Parental experiences of adolescent cancer‐related distress: A qualitative study

Adolescents' cancer-related distress is more complex, severe, and long-lasting than that of children and adults. Parents adopt an active role in supporting their adolescent, reporting that adolescent cancer-related distress is the most problematic symptom parents experience. Research has predominantly focused on exploring adolescents' experiences of cancer-related distress, with little attention to how their parents experience their adolescent's cancer-related distress. Therefore, we aimed to explore parents' experiences of distress within the context of parenting an adolescent with cancer-related distress during or immediately subsequent to active treatment. A total of 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or via telephone, with parents of adolescents aged 12-18years from south-west England. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three themes were generated: "The contagion of distress", "Navigating breaking point" and "Developmental disruption". Parental distress transcended from adolescent cancer-related distress, eliciting uncertainty and challenging parenting limits. Parental distress was perpetuated by feelings that their adolescent had missed out on "normal" adolescence during and just after active treatment. Parental distress reflected the multi-faceted nature of their adolescent's cancer-related distress. Findings advocate the importance of providing a parental voice within adolescent oncology populations. Developing tailored interventions to address parental distress are suggested.

Evidence of the non-linear nature of skeletal maturation

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess longitudinal trajectories of skeletal maturation to determine if children exhibit periods of rapid maturation during normal childhood and adolescence.DesignRetrospective longitudinal study. Patients:...

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Adolescent

The typical PCOS phenotype of anovulation, androgen excess, and polycystic ovarian morphology can overlap with normal adolescence, thus making the diagnosis more difficult. Early recognition of adolescents at a risk for PCOS allows for earlier intervention with the potential for improved cardiovascular and metabolic health. Mental health issues and poor quality of life are frequently associated with PCOS in adolescent women and, therefore, should be identified and addressed. As with many issues confronting the adolescent, peer and family support should be encouraged. Lifestyle changes and weight loss should be thought of as first-line therapy for young women with PCOS. Combined hormonal contraceptives remain the medical therapy of choice for the treatment of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and contraception. Metformin and spironolactone may be considered, with metformin particularly beneficial in young women with metabolic abnormalities. This review contains 2 tables and 50 references. Key Words: antiandrogens, antimüllerian hormone, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularity, obesity, oral contraceptive pills, polycystic ovary

Comparison maladaptive schema and self-image in fat and normal weight female adolescence

comparison maladaptive schema and self-image in fat and normal weight female adolescence

23.4 MAPPING MAJOR MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN CORTEX

BackgroundThe predominant neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia posits that there is a failure of normal synaptic loss believed to occur during normal adolescence. However, the most consistent neuropathology in the cortex of people with schizophrenia is a deficit in the γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneurons, not a reduction in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. Thus, disruption to the normal development of cortical interneurons may lead to interneuron deficiency in schizophrenia. However, to understand if pathological changes in the brain of an adult with schizophrenia would be consistent with aberrant development, the known neuropathology must be placed in the context of normal human cortical development.MethodsWe examined the molecular changes that occur in the synapses, interneurons and the neurotransmitter systems during normal development of the human prefrontal cortex of 68 brains from healthy individuals (1 month - 49 years).ResultsContrary to the prevailing view that synaptic pruning predominates during adolescent brain development, we found presynaptic mRNA and protein levels generally peak between 5–12 years of age and then remain stable through adolescence and into adulthood. Likewise, markers for dendritic spines peak in infancy and while mRNA levels then decline, protein levels are maintained throughout development. The various interneuron markers show three very distinct patterns of expression over development. Parvalbumin and cholecystokinin increase from infancy, whereas somatostatin, calretinin and neuropeptide Y decrease from infancy. Calbindin and vasoactive intestinal peptide peak in the toddlers and then decrease in adults in an inverted U shaped-pattern. Levels of mRNA for the GABA synthesizing enzymes GAD65 (GAD2) and GAD67 (GAD1) peak around 1 year of age and stay consistent through to adulthood. The postsynaptic GABAA receptor α1, β2 and γ subunits increase over the postnatal period to peak in adolescent/young adulthood whereas the α2 subunit shows the inverse pattern and decreases over the postnatal period. The dopamine receptor, D1, increase expression throughout the postnatal period to peak in early adulthood, whereas D2 and D5 show a continual decline throughout life. The NMDA receptors are highest in the first year of life and while subunits GRIN 2B, 2D and 3A all decrease throughout life, GRIN1 remains stable and GRIN 2A decreases after childhood. More recently data supporting the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia has merged with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis and posits that the strongest signal from GWAS studies in schizophrenia is in the C4 gene, which is a component of the complement cascade involved in normal synaptic development. We have initiated an examination of the various components of the complement cascade to determine if/when they are expressed in the human cortex and how they could be impacting the developing circuitry. Preliminary data shows C4 mRNA expressed at very low, but constant levels throughout postnatal life. In contrast, C3 mRNA is expressed at higher levels than C4, peaks in infancy and remains stable into adulthood. MAC protein (CD-59) mRNA which protects cells from complement mediated damage, is expressed at very low levels at birth but then increases significantly with age and is highest in adulthood, suggesting that significant changes in complement may occur after brain maturation is complete.DiscussionTogether these findings show very dynamic and complex patterns of expression from birth to adulthood, with the most active growth phase and dynamic changes occurring in the early years before adolescence. Thus, an insult during these early years could profoundly affect the developmental trajectory.

Is sporadic Alzheimer's disease a developmental disorder?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of higher age that specifically occurs in human. Its clinical phase, characterized by a decline in physiological, psychological, and social functioning, is preceded by a long clinically silent phase of at least several decades that might perhaps even start very early in life. Overall, key functional abilities in AD patients decline in reverse order of the development of these abilities during normal childhood and adolescence. Early symptoms of AD, thus, typically affect mental functions that have been acquired only during very recent hominid evolution and as such are specific to human. Neurofibrillar degeneration, a typical neuropathological lesion of the disease and one of the most robust pathological correlates of cognitive impairment, is rarely seen in non-primate mammals and even non-human primates hardly develop a pathology comparable to those seen in AD patients. Neurofibrillar degeneration is not randomly distributed throughout the AD brain. It preferentially affects brain areas that become increasingly predominant during the evolutionary process of encephalization. During progression of the disease, it affects cortical areas in a stereotypic sequence that inversely recapitulates ontogenetic brain development. The specific distribution of cortical pathology in AD, moreover, appears to be determined by the modular organization of the cerebral cortex which basically is a structural reflection of its ontogeny. Here, we summarize recent evidence that phylogenetic and ontogenetic dimensions of brain structure and function provide the key to our understanding of AD. More recent molecular biological studies of the potential pathogenetic role of a genomic mosaic in the brains of patients with AD might even provide arguments for a developmental origin of AD. This article is part of a series "Beyond Amyloid".

Prevalence rates of borderline symptoms reported by adolescent inpatients with BPD, psychiatrically healthy adolescents and adult inpatients with BPD.

The validity of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents has not been studied in a rigorous manner reflecting the criteria of Robins and Guze first detailed in 1970. This paper and the others in this series address some aspects of this multifaceted validation paradigm, which requires that a disorder has a known clinical presentation, can be delimited from other disorders, 'runs' in families, and something of its aetiology, treatment response and course is known. Three groups of subjects were studied: 104 adolescent inpatients meeting the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-IV criteria for BPD, 60 psychiatrically healthy adolescents and 290 adult inpatients meeting the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD. Adolescents with BPD had significantly higher prevalence rates of 22 of the 24 symptoms studied than psychiatrically healthy adolescents. Only rates of serious treatment regressions and countertransference problems failed to reach the Bonferroni-corrected level of 0.002. Adolescents and adults with BPD had only four symptomatic differences that reached this level of significance, with adolescents with BPD reporting significantly lower levels of quasi-psychotic thought, dependency/masochism, devaluation/manipulation/sadism and countertransference problems than adults with BPD. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that adolescents report BPD as severe as that reported by adults. They also suggest that BPD in adolescents is not a tumultuous phase of normal adolescence. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Asthma in adolescence: Is there any news?

Asthma is a chronic disease that has a significant impact quality of life, which is particularly important in adolescence. We will discuss aspects of epidemiology, the clinical spectrum, diagnostics, and management of asthma in adolescence. In particular, we will highlight the psychological implications of having asthma during this developmental period. Data published in the past 10 years, since we last reviewed the subject, will be the main focus of this paper. The care of the teenager with asthma should take into account the rapid physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that occur during normal adolescence. The diagnostic process may be more difficult since teenagers tend to deny their illness. Thus, both under-diagnosis and under-assessment of asthma severity may lead to under-treatment and potentially avoidable morbidity and even mortality. Conversely, teenagers may be often misdiagnosed as having asthma or their asthma severity may be overestimated leading to inappropriate and sometimes excessive treatment. Educational programs, environmental avoidance measures, proper use of medications along with a skilled approach, and a caring attitude of health providers are all very important for successful management. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:129-138. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Distribution of peripheral arterial stiffness and endothelial function as well as their correlations with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents

To investigate the distribution of peripheral arterial stiffness, endothelial function and their correlations with cardiovascular risk factors in the 7-17 year-olds. Normal weight and obese subjects aged 7-17 years with completed data on questionnaires, anthropometric and blood biochemical tests, were recruited from a cross-sectional population-based study on childhood hypertension in Minhang district of Shanghai. Automatic waveform analyzer (BP-203RPE-I) and Endopat 2000 were used to measure the arterial stiffness. Endothelial function with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) were recorded. BaPWV and RHI were standardized by age. Skewed biochemical variables were log transformed. Linear correlation analysis was performed to observe association between baPWV, RHI and other measured variables. A total of 452 normal-weight and 94 obese subjects were recruited, including 299 males. Data showed that baPWV and RHI increased with age in normal weight subjects(r=0.33, P<0.01; r=0.36, P<0.01). RESULTS from Linear correlation analysis revealed that baPWV was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.13, P=0.002), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=0.20, P<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r=0.27, P<0.01), triglycerides (TG) (r=0.11, P=0.010), insulin (r=0.21, P=0.004) and the HOMA insulin resistance index (r=0.21, P=0.005), but negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.09, P=0.039). RHI was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.10, P=0.018) but negatively correlated with DBP (r=-0.10, P=0.016). Males had higher baPWVs than females (P=0.04). However, RHI did not differ between genders. The fact that baPWV and RHI increased along with age, indicated that the arterial stiffness and endothelial function continued to develop in normal weight childhood and adolescence. Arterial stiffness was correlated with cardiovascular risk-related parameters whereas endothelial function was not. BaPWV might be more sensitive in evaluating the cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents than RHI did.

THE ROLE OF AN IMMIGRANT MOTHER IN HER ADOLESCENT'S IDENTITY FORMATION: "WHO AM I?".

Immigration is a complex bio-psycho-social process and the immigrant mother has a truly complex task in lending her ego strength to her adolescent offspring. The normal adolescence's decathexis of the love object and the consequent search for a new object may not happen smoothly for those adolescents whose mothers are immigrants. The immigration experience may cause the immigrant mother, who lost her motherland, deeper disturbance in self-identity as well as disequilibrium in her psychic structure, which in turn impacts adversely her adolescent's development. The adolescent's inadequate early experience with an immigrant mother may result in a deeper disturbance in his separation-individuation process as well as his identification process. An immigrant mother who has not mourned adequately, with a different sociocultural background has to go through a far more complex development of motherhood. The case of an adolescent boy, Jason, demonstrates the impact of immigrant motherhood on his ego development.

The Way I Used to Be by Amber Smith (review)

Reviewed by: The Way I Used to Be by Amber Smith Deborah Stevenson, Editor Smith, Amber The Way I Used to Be. McElderry, 2016 [384p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-4814-4935-9 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-4814-4937-3 $10.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 9-12 It’s winter break of Edy’s freshman year when her life changes: her older brother’s best friend, Kevin, rapes her in her own bedroom, threatening to kill her if she tells. She keeps it to herself, but the event shapes her, and the book traces its influence on her self-image and her relationships over the next three years. Those relationships include a serious connection with a sweet senior guy, whom she eventually pushes away; a distant platonic friendship with a once-nerdy guy; the party hookups she efficiently finds, beds, and dismisses; and her increasingly strained bond with her best friend, Mara. It’s when she has successfully transformed herself into a hard-edged, bad-reputation senior that she’s thunderstruck by the news: Kevin has been accused of raping a girl at college. This is a poignant advance on the old problem-novel version of the story where secrets are quickly revealed and malefactors punished; “I’ve seen enough TV movies to know you’re supposed to tell,” says Edy miserably, but the reality of accusing a beloved family friend is believably hard to surmount. Edy’s post-victim pattern of changing and armoring herself is credible, and it blends authentically into normal adolescence. Smith manages to create a sympathetic portrait of a girl who’d be an unsympathetic acquaintance, as Edy relentlessly punishes herself and her friends in the place of the person who really deserves it. While Edy does eventually report the truth, it’s no neat salvation, but the experience also demonstrates that her hostility and shame aren’t enough to keep people from caring. Edy’s exploration of the meaning of sexuality and intimacy will be thought provoking for teen readers of various experience levels, and this title is likely to find space alongside Anderson’s Speak (BCCB 10/99) on counseling shelves. A brief author’s note includes a relevant hotline number. [End Page 438] Copyright © 2016 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The maturation of mismatch negativity networks in normal adolescence

ObjectiveWe investigated the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning the generation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its development from adolescence to early adulthood. MethodsWe used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to study connectivity models for healthy adults and adolescents. MMN was elicited with an auditory oddball paradigm in two groups of healthy subjects with mean age 14 (n=52) and 26 (n=26). We tested models with different hierarchical complexities including up to five cortical nodes. ResultsWe showed that the network generating MMN consisted of 5 nodes that could modulate all intra- and internodal connections. The inversion of this model showed that adolescents had reduced backward connection from rIFG to rSTG (p<0.04) together with increased excitatory activity in rSTG (p<0.02). There was a reduced modulation of excitability in rSTG (p<0.02) and of forward connectivity from lA1 to lSTG (p<0.03). ConclusionThe cortical network generating MMN continues to develop in adolescence up to adulthood. Cortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes, involved in auditory processing, mature with increasing fronto-temporal connectivity together with increased sensitivity in the temporal regions for changes in sound stimuli. SignificanceThis study may offer an explanation for the neurobiological maturation of the MMN in adolescence.

Two worlds: Adolescents' strategies for managing life with a parent in hospice.

This study aimed to generate an explanatory model of the coping strategies that adolescents employ to manage the stressors they experience in the final months of their ill parent's life and shortly after their death. The sample included 26 families of adolescents with a parent receiving care in a large hospice program in northeastern Ohio. A semistructured interview was conducted with 14 ill parents, 17 well parents/guardians, and 30 of their adolescent children before the parent's death and, additionally, with 6 of these families after the death. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a grounded-theory approach. The participants described two worlds that constituted the lives of the adolescents: the well world of normal adolescence and the ill world of having a parent near the end of life. The adolescents experienced a common challenge of living in two worlds and responded to the challenge with a process we labeled "managing two worlds." Five stages through which adolescents manage their worlds were identified: keeping the ill world and the well world separate; having the ill world intrude into the well world; moving between the ill world and the well world; being immersed in the ill world; and returning to the well world having been changed by the ill world. The explanatory model of "managing two worlds" outlines a complex and nuanced process that changes over time. The model can be used by health professionals who seek to help adolescents navigate this critical time when their parents are dying or have recently died. These results can also be used to inform the development of interventions that assist families with strategies tailored to an adolescent's specific needs. Future research should investigate associations among the process of "managing two worlds" and outcomes related to adolescent bereavement.

Resource function of conceptual and metacognitive abilities in adolescents with different forms of dysontogenesis

IntroductionAdolescence is a distinct period of psychological development. On one hand, it is a sensitive period of intellectual development as this is time when develops -formal operational thought (Piaget, 1969) or in concepts (Vygotsky, 1934/1982); such leads to a qualitative leap in development of intellectual resources of a child. On other hand, there is a marked slowdown in intellectual development at this time (as compared with its dynamics in previous stages of ontogenesis) because of onset of puberty.In research on childhood dysontogenesis a normative was dominant for many years. In this approach specific signs of psychological activity were seen as standard, and corresponding group of children was labeled as norm; adolescents with development deviant to this norm and delayed intellectual development were described as having deficits. Modern scholars rightly suggest that in case of dysontogenesis one should speak not of developmental deficits but of developmental differences (Akhtar & Jaswal, 2013; Kapp, Gillespie-Lynch, Sherman, & Hutman, 2013; Norbury & Sparks, 2013).Among most common forms of dysontogenesis are cerebral palsy (CP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and delayed intellectual development (DID). Many studies describe detailed features of of children and adolescents with these types of deviant developments (Barkley, 1997; Peneda, Ardila, & Rosselli, 1999; Shipitsyna & Mamaychuk, 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Houlberg, & Hall, 1994; Swanson, Castellanos, Murias, LaHoste, & Kennedy, 1998). The interest of our study is that state of of adolescent children with deviant developments differs greatly. In particular, adolescents with CP are a very diverse group in development of -- they range from having quite good to having various forms of delayed intellectual development, including manifestations of intellectual disability. The range of symptoms of intellectual disorders in adolescents with ADHD also varies widely, up to signs of intellectual giftedness (twice exceptional). There are even broader boundaries of DID syndrome: this form of dysontogenesis covers children with minimal brain dysfunction, children with learning disabilities (educationally disabled), slow learners, and children who have suffered social and cultural deprivation as a result of poor living conditions. The existence of such an amazing variety of levels of under conditions of deviant development is apparently not accidental: it is evidence of existence of complex compensatory mechanisms.However, there is still no clarity as to which intellectual qualities (abilities) can be regarded as a resource basis for intellectual development of atypical child. From our perspective, and metacognitive can act as resource factors in development of in normal adolescence and in adolescence of children with dysontogenesis.Conceptual are intellectual qualities responsible for formation and evolution of semantic connections, use of categories with different grades of generalization, detection and discovery of implicit connections, and generation of new ideas. In different studies, are presented as the ability to do abstract thinking (Sattler, 1988), conceptual intelligence (Li, 1996), thinking (Ward & Sifonis, 1997), in concepts (Vygotsky,Resource function of and metacognitive in adolescents...1934/1982), and semantic, categorial, and generative abilities (Kholodnaya, 2012).Metacognitive are intellectual qualities responsible for involuntary and voluntary regulation of intellectual activity. Their main function is to control information processing. …

Sexuality and Reproductive Health Counseling in Adolescent Renal Transplant Recipients

Normal adolescence marks a period of significant physical, cognitive and psychosocial change. It is characterized by transition from concrete to abstract thought processes and concern for risk taking behaviors. Adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions are at a particular disadvantage and tend to be more vulnerable to risky behavior than their healthy peers. While there currently exists no information on the burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescent renal transplant recipients, they present a particularly worrisome population as they are likely to engage in risk taking behavior when they feel “normal” following transplantation to compensate for poor quality of life endured on dialysis. This is further compounded by adolescents’ false perception that they are unlikely to acquire such infections, and the likely improvement in libido and sexual functioning after transplantation. The potential for acquiring a sexually transmitted infection is concerning given their immunocompromised status, and complex treatment regimens which might have unfavorable interactions with STI treatments. Also, unintentional pregnancy is likely to have a significant impact on their overall medical condition and social functioning thereby impacting their long term allograft outcomes. As the pediatric nephrologist assumes a primary care provider role for these patients following their renal transplant, it becomes increasingly important to be familiar with basic reproductive health counseling techniques and available contraceptive methods on the market. Until consensus guidelines and specific recommendations for reproductive health counseling are developed for adolescent renal transplant recipients, this review provides a brief summary of available knowledge in those areas.

Sexuality and Reproductive Health Counseling in Adolescent Renal Transplant Recipients

Normal adolescence marks a period of significant physical, cognitive and psychosocial change. It is characterized by transition from concrete to abstract thought processes and concern for risk taking behaviors. Adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions are at a particular disadvantage and tend to be more vulnerable to risky behavior than their healthy peers.

OCCURRENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA BETWEEN OVER WEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN UDUPI DISTRICT

Abstract Background: Overweight has become one of the common health concerns. A few studies have noted a possible association between iron-deficiency anemia and overweight. As many as 3crore Indians are overweight, and obesity continues rise, says statistics revealed by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2010), Around 20% of school-going children are overweight. Materials and Methods: In this study survey research approach and comparative descriptive design was adopted. The sample size was 300 adolescents. 300 adolescents were selected by convenient sampling technique, out of which 225 were normal weight adolescents and remaining. Among 225 normal weight adolescents 50 adolescents were selected by simple random sampling technique (lottery method) and out of 75 overweight adolescents, 50 overweight adolescents were selected by convenient sampling technique. Initially BMI identified, Talliquis method was used for identifying the anemia. Peripheral smear test used for identifying the iron deficiency anaemia. Results: The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that out of 300 adolescents75 (25%) of adolescents were overweight. Out of 100 children (50+50) 19(38%) were anemic in adolescents with overweight and seven (14%) were anemic in adolescents with normal weight. Out of the total 26 adolescents with anemia (19 -overweight and 7- normal weight) no occurrence of iron deficiency anemia was found. There is no significant difference in occurrence of anemia between overweight and normal weight adolescence. Interpretation and conclusion: The findings of the study indicates that majority of the overweight adolescents were anemic compare to normal-weight adolescents. There is no association between the occurrence of anemia and demographic variables like age, food habits, physical activity, menstrual problems etc.

P36: The maturation of mismatch negativity networks in late normal adolescence

P36: The maturation of mismatch negativity networks in late normal adolescence