Non-working Women Research Articles

Self Compassion and Emotional Intelligence among Working and Non-working Women

The present study is an attempt to study Emotional Intelligence and Self- Compassion among working and non-working women. In this study, some qualitative analysis was done on the sample by asking them to fill up the questionnaires of Emotional Intelligence and Self-Compassion. The sample consisted of 15 working women and 15 non working women. Statistical method applied on the data was t-test along with analysis of correlation. Emotional Intelligence Scale is developed by Anukool Hyde, Sanjyot Pethe and Upinder Dhar and Self-Compassion scale developed by Kristin Moff. There is a significant difference between working and non working women on both Emotional Intelligence and Self-Compassion which shows that Working women are more self-compassionate and high in emotional intelligence. Non-working women due to limited social contact and not being able to experience financial independence makes them more critical about themselves in some cases which adversely affects their emotional intelligence.

Trends and determinants of clustering for non-communicable disease risk factors in women of reproductive age in Nepal.

Understanding the clustering of two or more risk factors of non-communicable disease, such as smoking, overweight/obesity, and hypertension, among women of reproductive age could facilitate the design and implementation of strategies for prevention and control measures. This study examined the factors associated with smoking, overweight/obesity, and hypertension among Nepalese women of reproductive age (15-49 years). This study used the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2016 (6,079 women for smoking and overweight/obesity, 6076 for hypertension) and 2022 (6,957 women for overweight/obesity and smoking status and 3,749 women for hypertension) for comparison of trends of NCD risk factors among women aged 15-49 years. Additionally, for each participant, risk factors score (range of 0 to 3) was created by summing individual risk factors. We assessed the determinants of risk factor clustering using multivariable Poisson regression models with robust sandwich variance estimator to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios using NDHS 2022. The national prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 22.2% in 2016 to 29.2% in 2022 among women of reproductive age. In 2022, the prevalence for smoking, overweight/obesity, and hypertension were 3.8%, 29.2%, and 9.6%, respectively. More than one in four women (28.7%) had one NCD risk factor, while 6.5% had two such risk factors. Higher aged women (40-49 years) were more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors than those aged 15-29 years (APR: 3.19; 95% CI: 2.68-3.80). Those in the richest wealth quintile (APR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.24-1.85), as well as married (APR: 3.02; 95% CI: 2.43-3.76) and widowed/divorced (APR: 2.85; 95% CI: 2.14-3.80) were more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors. Women from Koshi province (APR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.41-2.15) had more NCD risk factors than those from the Sudurpaschim province. Working women also had a higher prevalence of NCD risk factors compared to non-working women (APR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06-1.43). Additionally, Hill Janajatis (APR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.21-1.72) and Dalits (APR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.15-1.75) women were more likely to have NCD risk factors compared to women of Brahmin hill origin. Clustering of two or more NCD risk factors was higher among women aged ≥30 years, those who are currently married or widowed/divorced/separated, working women, and individuals from the wealthiest socioeconomic groups. A higher burden of risk factors underscores the importance of targeted public health interventions, particularly among women from advantaged socio-economic groups, those of affluent regions, and in the workplace.

Concurrent Particulate Matter and Heat Exposure in Working and Non-Working Women in Rural Guatemala

High temperatures and air pollution exposure are individually known risks to human health, with amplifying adverse health effects during periods of co-exposure. This study compared co-occurring individual-level exposures to particulate matter (PM5, aerodynamic diameter of ≤5 μm) and heat among women in residential and agricultural settings in Guatemala. We measured personal and ambient exposure to PM5, temperature, and humidity among 21 female sugarcane workers in the fields and on their off days. We measured similar exposures among a group of 30 community members not involved in sugarcane work. We collected 171 personal PM5 measurements across 18 sampling days. The median workday personal PM5 concentration was 271 µg/m3, which was 3.6-fold higher than ambient area levels in the fields. The median personal PM5 concentration was 95.8 µg/m3 for off-work days and 83.5 µg/m3 for community days. The average workday individual-level temperature and humidity were 39.4 °C and 82.4%, respectively, with significantly lower temperatures on off-work and community days. The women workers and community members were exposed to high levels of PM5 and heat in both occupational and residential settings. Research needs to consider individual-level exposures at both work and home to help tailor more effective comprehensive prevention efforts to reduce risks.

Women: Autonomous Bodies, Are They? Understanding Autonomy and Well-being

Autonomy for women and their well-being are significant issues to understand because the development of society depends heavily on women’s participation. Autonomy for women is conceptualized as one of the essential components of well-being. The research aimed to explore the meaning of autonomy for women, the changes in their lives through autonomy, and its impact on their well-being. Thirty-eight married women (18 working women and 20 non-working women), whose ages ranged from 28 to 40 years, were selected through purposive sampling. Participants were selected from Allahabad City and belonged to middle-class socio-economic status. Thematic analysis was done to analyze the data. The dialogue between the researcher and the respondents evolved around the themes that emerged from the data extraction. Three main themes, namely the sense of autonomy, the changes in the lives of women through autonomy, and psychological well-being, developed from examining the meaning of autonomy, its impact, and its consequences. A sense of autonomy was found to be understood by women as a sense of liberty and uninterrupted personal and professional life. Changes in life through autonomy were found to include inner satisfaction or gratification and self-identity. At the same time, psychosocial well-being was found to include self-efficacy, self-concept or self-esteem, and social well-being. The themes and subthemes were further discussed in the article.

The influence of income on mental health status of working and non-working women

The influence of income on mental health status of working and non-working women

Comparative analysis of stress levels among working and non-working Indian women in rural Gujarat.

Stress is derived from the Latin word "stringers" manifests as the body's response to various demands and pressures, affecting individuals' health and well-being. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate stress levels in employed and unemployed women, recognizing the differential stress experiences in various life domains. A quantitative non-experimental comparative research design was employed, with data collected through structured questionnaires from 120 women in Visnagar, Gujarat. Results: Non-working women demonstrated lower stress levels compared to working women in pre-test measures. Post-intervention, non-working women experienced a reduction in stress, while working women showed no change. Demographic factors like age, education, and family structure did not significantly influence stress levels, except for monthly income, which correlated with lower stress across both groups. The study underscores significant disparities in stress levels between employed and unemployed women in rural Visnagar. Tailored interventions effectively reduced stress among non-working women but showed limited efficacy for working women. Financial stability emerged as a crucial factor in mitigating stress. Younger working women reported higher stress levels, suggesting the need for targeted interventions addressing career and familial pressures.

Analysis of the Influence of Domestic Violence Severity on the Emotional States of Non-working Women in Sialkot

Violence against women is widely acknowledged as a severe violation of human rights and a significant public health issue with profound physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. The purpose of current research is to assess the impact of domestic violence on the emotional states of non-working women. This study, using a cross-sectional quantitative approach, surveyed 350 non-working females in both rural and urban Sialkot through purposive sampling. The sample size was determined using g-power analysis. Findings revealed a strong positive correlation between domestic violence and emotional states (r=.827, p<.001; r=.771, p<.001), suggesting that increased domestic violence severity leads to greater emotional disturbance. The abusive behavior scale (r=.777, p<.001) indicated that marital abuse exacerbates domestic violence, further disturbing emotional states. In conclusion, abusive behavior moderates the relationship between domestic violence and emotional disturbance. Addressing abusive behavior is recommended to mitigate its impact on non-working women's emotional well-being.

Association of Working Status with Clinical Pregnancy and Miscarriage among Women undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: Single-Centre Cross-Sectional Study.

Middle-aged working women represent most patients attending fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. In this study, we aimed to identify the association of women's working status with clinical pregnancy and miscarriage in the first trimester after IVF treatment. In this single-centre cross-sectional study at a private clinic in Kazakhstan, we reviewed electronic medical records of all IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and fresh embryo transfer (ET) cycles from January 2018 to December 2019 (n=654). 300 cycles in patients with normal ovarian reserve and registered working status of a female partner in the medical records were selected for the analysis. The study's primary outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rates and clinical miscarriage in the first trimester. 204 women were employed, while 96 were not employed before the start of treatment. The mean age of all patients was 32.2 ± 4.8 years, ranging from 23 to 46 years. Two-thirds of working women had office-based occupations employed as doctors, school and university teachers, accountants, clerks, and managers. One-third of the study participants had manual labor jobs, including service positions and plant workers. There was no association between women's working status and clinical pregnancy rate adjusted for age, antral follicle count, history of pelvic adhesiolysis, and embryo development stage at embryo transfer. However, working women had almost five times the risk of the first trimester miscarriage compared to non-working women [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52 to 4.96] adjusted for age and number of retrieved oocytes. Women who work before commencing IVF treatment can be reassured of having equal chances of conception following the treatment compared to non-working women. The observed risk of first trimester miscarriage in working women necessitates further research before drawing any conclusions from medical and public health points.

Working and Non-Working Women: Fashion Involvement in Relation to Buying Behaviour

In the present study an attempt has been made to find out the relationship of fashion involvement with two types of buying behaviour namely, compulsive and impulsive buying in working and non-working married women. Data were collected from married female participants of 25-60 years of age having at least one child. On the basis of monthly earning three groups were formed, namely, high salaried group (WWH), low salaried group (WWL) and housewife group (WWN) with monthly pocket money. Eighty participants were recruited in each group. Results indicate that in each of the three groups both compulsive and impulsive buying behaviours were positively correlated with fashion involvement. Also, participants of the three groups with high fashion involvement (HFI) were found to be significantly higher in compulsive buying as well as in impulsive buying than those with low fashion involvement (LFI).

Comparative Study of Life Satisfaction, Adversity Quotient and Self-concept in Working and Non-working Women

This ex-post facto study examines the relationship between employment status and psychological variables - life satisfaction, adversity quotient, and self-concept - among married women aged 35-45 in semi-urban and urban areas of India. Utilizing purposive sampling with the snowball method, data were collected from 76 working women and 76 non-working women who met specific inclusion criteria. Assessment tools included the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) for life satisfaction, the Adversity Response Profile (ARP) for adversity quotient, and the Mohsin Self-Concept Inventory (MSCI) for self-concept. Analysis involved one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed significant differences in both life satisfaction and self-concept between working and non-working women, with employed individuals reporting higher levels of satisfaction and self-concept. However, no significant difference was observed in adversity quotient between the two groups. These findings suggest that employment status may influence various aspects of psychological well-being differently among women in India. Implications for policy and intervention strategies aimed at enhancing women's overall well-being are discussed.

Factors Influencing the Online Shopping Behavior: Study on Working and Non-Working Women

Factors Influencing the Online Shopping Behavior: Study on Working and Non-Working Women

IJCM_325A: A Study on Relationship of Working Status of Rural Adult Women with Their Mental Health in a Rural Block of West-Bengal

Background: Mental health is a major public health concern worldwide. Studies showed that women are impacted at a higher rate than men. There is definite scarcity of studies in public health domain, which reflect the mental health and its correlates among rural women specially in relation to their working status. Objectives: Present study envisages to assess and compare the mental health status of working and non-working adult rural women and find out the factors associated with the mental health status of the study participants. Methodology: A community based; cross-sectional study was done between August 2023 to November 2023 in a rural area of Hooghly district. The sample consists of 394 women (197 working women and 197 non-working women) were selected using Multistage random sampling from 3 villages. Using the predesigned, pretested interview schedule and self-reporting questionnaire, all relevant information was collected. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 16 version. Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 37 (± 10.09) years. Most of them belonged to socio-economic class IV. Majority of them were currently married. Around 22.33% of working women and 28.40% of non- working women had poor mental health. The factors associated with poor mental health among working women were work place atmosphere (p<0.01), attitude of colleagues (p=0.01), attitude of family members (p=0.01), social support satisfaction (p<0.01) and the factors associated with poor mental health among non-working women were satisfaction status of getting financial aid from family members (p=0.016), domestic violence (p<0.01). Conclusion: Awareness program regarding various aspects of mental health for both working and non-working women at family level, community level as well as at workplace could be a useful strategy in reducing this public health problem.

MENTAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE AMONG PAKISTANI WOMEN SUFFERING FROM POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is associated with multiple mental health issues, however resilience can work as a buffer against mental illnesses. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and resilience and to compare mental health and resilience between working and non-working women suffering from PCOS. Method: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the gynaecological wards of government and private hospitals and clinics from January to June 2023. Two hundred women suffering from PCOS were selected through non-probability sampling. The data was collected through two reliable measures: the Mental Health Inventory 38-Urdu (MHI-38) and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale-Urdu. Data was analyzed on SPSS-26 by means of Cronbach alpha reliability, Pearson correlation, Mean±SD, and t-tests. Results: Psychometric properties showed high reliability of the study scale for MHI 38-U (?=0.87) and for CDRS-U (?=0.82, p<0.001). There was a significantly positive correlation between mental health and resilience (r=0.85, p<0.001). Non-working women experience lower mental health (Mean±SD 85.37±9.91) than working women (Mean±SD 136.50±12.94), (p<0.001). Working women experience higher resilience (Mean±SD 65.06±8.71) than non-working women with PCOS (Mean±SD 47.55±12.17), (p<0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant positive relationship between mental health and resilience. Non-working women reported compromised mental health and low resilience compared to working women suffering from PCOS. Pak J Pysiol 2024;20(1):45-47

A STUDY OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND ANXIETY AMONG THE CHILDREN OF WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of achievement motivation (AM) and anxiety (AN) on the children of working and non-working women. These kids are in high school. A random sample of 10 secondary schools in the city of Ahmedabad was selected for this study. A unit of 250 children was selected for data collection, of which 90 were working children and 160 were non-working women. The resulting analysis showed that the children of working women were more affordable than the children of non-working women. Moreover, there is a significance difference between the anxiety of working and non-working women’s children. After the analysis of anxiety of working and non-working women’s children, girls of working women showed the highest anxiety. These may be associated with some reasons, like girls have to share part of their women responsibility and the girls working women do not get required attention, guidance and care during their formative period.

Factors associated with uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening among Nepalese women: Evidence from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

Breast cancer screening (BCS) and cervical cancer screening (CCS) are integral parts of initiatives to reduce the burden associated with these diseases. In this context, we aimed to determine factors associated with BCS and CCS uptake among Nepalese women aged 30 to 49 years using data from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2022. We performed a weighted analysis to account complex survey design of the NDHS 2022. We employed univariable and multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with the uptake of BCS and CCS and results were presented as crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) along with 95% confidence interval (CI). The uptake of BCS and CCS among Nepalese women aged 30 to 49 years were 6.5% and 11.4% respectively. Women from Terai compared to mountain region (AOR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.93) and those engaged in agriculture compared to non-working (AOR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.42, 0.82) women had lower odds of BCS uptake. Conversely, Dalit women compared to Brahmin/Chhetri (AOR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.37, 3.16), and women with basic (AOR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.13), secondary (AOR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.33, 2.88), and higher education (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.51, 5.19) compared to those with no education had higher odds of BCS uptake. Women from rural areas (AOR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.61, 0.96), and those living in Bagmati (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.44, 3.23) and Gandaki (AOR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.40, 3.14) provinces had higher odds of CCS uptake compared to their urban counterparts and those living in Koshi province, respectively. The odds of CCS increased with age (AOR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.08). Women with secondary education (AOR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.06, 2.04) had higher odds of CCS uptake compared to those without education. Similarly, married women (AOR = 8.24, 95%CI: 1.03, 66.21), and those with health insurance (AOR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.83) had higher odds of CCS. In conclusion, the uptake of both BCS and CCS was relatively poor among Nepalese women indicating a need for targeted and tailored intervention to increase BCS and CCS uptake.

Walking Beyond Crisis: Kerala Women’s Psychological Health During the Pandemic Era

The covid 19 pandemic has created a significant impact on the lives of people’s psychological health, and women have experienced particular difficulty because of the many roles and responsibilities that they take up in Kerala households. This is an effort to explore the psychological health of working and non-working women in Kerala. A random sampling method was used to collect the data from people working in different organizations, and the results were obtained. The finding suggests that working women were able to have more psychological well-being in specific dimensions like self-acceptance and purpose of life than non-working women. So, the study implies that we need to plan tailor-made interventions for women in Kerala, especially those limiting themselves to household work since their psychological well-being is affected.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING BETWEEN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN OF MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT IN BIHAR

The objectives of this study are to understand the present level of psychological well-being and to examine the difference in psychological well-being and its six dimensions between working and non-working women of Muzaffarpur district of Bihar. Data is collected from 50 working and 50 non-working women using well-designed questionnaire. Convenient sampling technique is used for data collection. Hypothesis testing research design is in this study. Data analysis is done with SPSS 21. One sample t-test is used for present level and results reported that psychological well-being and it five dimensions – Autonomy, Environmental mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations and Self-acceptance; are significantly above average among women of Muzaffarpur district of Bihar while significant above average is not reported in case of Purpose in life between working and non-working women of Muzaffarpur district in Bihar. Independent sample t-test is used for analyzing difference in psychological well-being and its dimensions and results reported that psychological well-being, personal growth, positive relations and self-acceptance are higher in working women while autonomy, environmental mastery and purpose in life are higher in non-working women of Muzaffarpur district in Bihar.

Study of Stress, Well-Being and Satisfaction Level among in Women

The main aim of the present study was to examine the life satisfaction and stress among women. A sample of 200 women was drawn randomly from the population. Life Satisfaction Scale) and stress scale were used for data collection. Mean, standard deviations t- test and correlation were the statistics calculated. The results indicated that there was significant difference regarding life satisfaction and stress between working and non-working women. Results revealed that working and non-working women differed significantly on their satisfaction (t=5.52).Working women were more satisfied with their life, on stress scale non-working women have higher level stress as compared to working women. A significant negative relationship was found between life satisfaction and stress

Women’s Participation in Financial Decisions in Rural and Urban Haryana

Women the silent architects of society, weave the fabric of families and communities. Their influence extends far beyond the confines of their homes, shaping the very essence of progress. In the intricate dance of life; women’s decisions resonate powerfully in the realm of financial activities. By empowering women to actively participate in economic matters, we bridge long standing gaps and pave the way for collective growth. India, a tapestry of diversity, thrives when its women thrive. Their financial literacy becomes the compass guiding us toward prosperity and the investment not only in their well-being but also in their knowledge, is required. Keeping this in view, the study was carried out on a sample size of 256 respondents in the districts of Hisar and Kaithal during 2023. The study was on the working and non-working women of Haryana. The results showed that working and non-working women of rural area had less involvement in financial matters as compared to urban women. Among the non-working women, more than one third of the respondents took decisions independently related to purchase of clothes, purchase of daily food articles and purchase of utensils.

Variability in Reproductive Choices: A Comprehensive Analysis of Women's Working Status and Fertility Behavior in Pakistan.

The relationship between women's working status and fertility behavior has been a topic of interest for researchers and policymakers. The societal shifts over time, particularly the increasing participation of women in the workforce, have transformed traditional roles. Women, once primarily perceived as caregivers, are now assuming roles of economic independence. This transformation prompts a re-evaluation of the traditional association between women's working status and fertility behavior. This study aims to investigate the impact of women's working status on fertility behavior using a multistage stratified sampling design. A total of 408 women aged 15 to 49 years were recruited from 2 strata: working and non-working women. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and generalized additive models were used for in-depth analysis of the dataset. An examination of fertility patterns indicates that, on average, working women bear 2.90 live children, while their non-working counterparts have an average of 3.52 children. Stillbirth was reported in 13% of housewives and 15.1% of working women. However, further analysis revealed that the relationship between women's employment status and fertility behavior varied depending on Social and Cultural Norms, Reproductive Rights, Workplace Policies, Economic Independence, Age, and Life Stage. Our findings suggest that promoting access to family-friendly policies and services, as well as challenging gender norms and cultural values, could help address the impact of women's employment on fertility behavior.