Nontrauma Centers Research Articles

Failure Mode Effects Analysis of Re-triage of Injured Patients to Receiving High-Level Illinois Trauma Centers.

This study identified failures in emergency inter-hospital transfer, or re-triage, at high-level trauma centers receiving severely injured patients. The re-triage process averages four hours despite the fact timely re-triage within two hours mitigates injury-associated mortality. Non-trauma and low-level trauma centers reported most critical failures were in finding an accepting high-level trauma center. Critical failures at high-level trauma centers have not been assessed. This was an observational cross-sectional study at nine high-level adult trauma centers and three high-level pediatric trauma centers. Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA) of the re-triage process was conducted in four phases. Phase 1 purposively sampled trauma coordinators followed by snowball sampling of clinicians, operations, and leadership to ensure representative participation. Phase 2 mapped each re-triage step. Phase 3 identified failures at each step. Phase 4 scored each failure on impact, frequency, and safeguards for detection. Standardized rubrics were used in Phase 4 to rate each failure's impact (I), frequency (F), and safeguard for detection (S) to calculate their Risk Priority Number (RPN) (I x F x S). Failures were rank ordered for criticality. A total of 64 trauma coordinators, surgeons, emergency medicine physicians, nurses, operations and quality managers across twelve high-level trauma centers participated. There were 178failures identified at adult and pediatric high-level trauma centers. The most critical failures were: Insufficient trained transport staff (RPN=648); Issues transmitting imaging from sending to receiving centers (RPN=400); Incomplete exchange of clinical information(RPN=384). The most critical failures were limited transportation and incomplete exchange of clinical, radiological and arrival timing information. Further investigation of these failures that includes several regions is needed to determine the reproducibility of these findings.

Costs of Transfer From Nontrauma to Trauma Centers Among Patients With Minor Injuries

ImportanceNearly half the patients transferred from nontrauma centers to trauma centers have minor injuries, yet trauma center care is not associated with a difference in morality among patients with minor injuries. Consequently, reducing the frequency of such transfers has been postulated as a method to improve resource allocation. Currently, the economic implications of these transfers are not well understood.ObjectiveTo estimate health care costs associated with the transfer of patients with minor injuries from nontrauma to trauma centers.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective, population-based cohort study was conducted from April 1, 2009, to March 31, 2020, in Ontario, Canada. Participants included individuals aged 16 years or older who were transferred to a trauma center after presenting to a nontrauma center with a minor injury (survival >24 hours, Injury Severity Score [ISS] <16, and absence of an American College of Surgeons–defined critical injury). Statistical analysis was conducted from March 2022 to June 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was total health care costs within 30 days of injury, standardized to 2015 Canadian dollars (CAD$). Propensity scoring was used to match transferred patients with controls admitted to nontrauma centers. Negative binomial models were used to estimate differences in costs between transferred patients and matched controls.ResultsOf the 14 557 patients with minor injuries transferred to a trauma center (mean [SD] age, 48.1 [20.9] years; 5367 female patients [36.9%]; median ISS, 4 [IQR, 2-5]), 12 652 (86.9%) were matched with a control. Thirty days after injury, mean health care costs among transferred patients were CAD$13 540 (95% CI, CAD$13 319-CAD$13 765), a 6.5% (95% CI, 4.4%-8.5%) increase relative to controls (CAD$12 719 [95% CI, CAD$12 582-CAD$12 857]). Half the transferred patients (54.9% [7994 of 14 557]) were admitted, while the remainder were discharged after evaluation in the trauma center emergency department. Among patients admitted to a trauma center, mean 30-day costs were CAD$19 602 (95% CI, CAD$19 294-CAD$19 915), a 54.6% (95% CI, 51.5%-57.8%) increase relative to controls.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study of patients with minor injuries transferred from nontrauma centers to trauma centers found that the transfer of these patients was associated with increased costs to the health care system. Given the high prevalence of such transfers, these findings suggest that the development of systems to support the care of patients with minor injuries at their local hospitals is essential to the sustainability of trauma systems.

Factors influencing secondary overtriage in trauma patients undergoing interhospital transfer: A 10-year multi-center study in Hong Kong

BackgroundWith the development of regionalised trauma networks, interhospital transfer of trauma patients is an inevitable component of the trauma system. However, unnecessary transfer is a common phenomenon, and it is not without risk and cost. A better understanding of secondary overtriage would enable emergency physicians to make better decisions about trauma transfers and allow guidelines to be developed to support this decision making. This study aimed to describe the pattern of secondary overtriage in Hong Kong and identify its associated factors. MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 10-years of prospectively collected multi-center data from two trauma registries in the New Territories of Hong Kong (2013−2022). The primary outcome is secondary overtriage, which was defined as early discharge alive within 48 h, Injury Severity Score (ISS) <15, and no surgical operation done. Patient characteristics, physiology, anatomy and investigation variables were compared against secondary overtriage using univariate and multivariable analyses. ResultsDuring the study period, 3852 patients underwent interhospital transfer from a non-trauma center to a trauma center, and 809 (21 %) of the transfers were considered secondary overtriage. The secondary overtriage rate was higher in pediatric age groups at 34.8 % (97/279). Logistic regression analysis showed secondary overtriage to be associated with blunt trauma and an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of <3 for head or neck, thorax, abdomen and extremities. ConclusionInterhospital transfer is an essential component of the trauma system. However, over one-fifth of the transfers were considered unnecessary in Hong Kong, and this could be considered to be an inefficient use of resources as well as cause inconvenience to patients and their families. We have identified related factors including blunt trauma, AIS <3 scores for head or neck, thorax, abdomen and extremities, and opportunities to establish and improve on transfer protocols. Further research should be aimed to safely reduce interhospital transfers in the future to improve the efficiency of the Hong Kong trauma system.

Geography of the Underserved: The Contribution of Rural Non-Trauma Hospitals to Trauma Care.

To determine the proportion and characteristics of injured rural residents treated at urban trauma centers (TCs), urban non-trauma centers (NTCs), rural TCs, and rural NTCs. Timely treatment at a designated trauma center improves outcomes for patients with serious injuries, but rural residents have limited access to designated trauma centers. Rural non-trauma centers may constitute an underrecognized source of trauma care. We used the National Emergency Department Sample to conduct a retrospective, pooled cross-sectional study of ED visits among rural residents with injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 9 (indicating at least moderate injury). Hospitals were designated as a trauma (TC) or non-trauma center (NTC) and as rural or urban. We compared management, disposition, and outcomes among hospital types. Of 748,587 injured rural residents from 2016-2020, 384,113 (51.3%) were treated in rural NTCs, 232,845 (31.1%) in urban TCs, 116,493 (15.6%) in urban NTCs, and 15,137 (2.0%) in rural TCs. Injuries treated at rural NTCs were moderate in severity (ISS 9-15) in 76.6% of visits, severe (ISS 16-25) in 15.7%, and very severe (ISS > 25) in 1.1%. Urban TCs saw the highest proportion of very severe injuries (17.3%). Rural NTCs managed 77.5% of visits definitively, discharging 72.8%. They transferred 21.9% of patients. Length of stay was longest and hospital charges highest for patients treated in urban TCs, which also performed the most procedures. Rural NTCs had the shortest length of stay and lowest mean charges. Rural non-trauma centers provided initial care for more than half of injured rural residents, including 2 in 5 of those with the most severe injuries, and managed more than 3 in 4 definitively. These hospitals may be an under-recognized component of the US trauma system.

ThP7.7 - Investigating Trauma Patient Undertriage in Riyadh's Prehospital System

Abstract Aims This study aims to analyze the extent of prehospital undertriage by assessing the transfer rates of critically ill trauma patients to non-trauma centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods We analyzed 102,895 incident reports from 50 prehospital dispatch centers in Riyadh using data from the Saudi Red Crescent Authority between January 2021 and March 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised all adult trauma cases classified under red criteria. We mapped regional distribution and delineated trauma center service areas reachable within specific timeframes using QGIS. Dispatch centers were grouped based on these service areas to evaluate undertriage. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26 and R statistics. Results Approximately a third of the red criteria cases (n=5105/17983, 28.8%) were undertriaged to a non-trauma center primarily involving blunt traumatic injuries (n=3316, 65%) and, to a lesser degree, penetrating injuries (n=1604, 31.4%). Undertriage rates were higher in the 45- and 60-minute service areas (n=930/2917, 31.9% and n=20/45, 44.4%, respectively), particularly in the east (n=2013/5105, 39.4%) and north (n=1522/5105, 29.8%). Nearly a third of undertriaged cases (n=1601/5105, 31.4%) experienced delays, ranging from 4.5% to 66.8% across dispatch centers. The highest undertriage rates were observed in specific dispatch centers, such as Alkharj and Alamana, located in the 30- and 45-minute service areas, respectively. Conclusions The study reveals higher undertriage rates in areas farther from trauma centers, indicating a greater likelihood of non-trauma center transfers. To enhance access to trauma care for critically ill patients, there is a need for infrastructure expansion and stricter implementation of triaging protocols. Further research should investigate the impact of non-trauma center transfers on mortality in the region.

SP7.4 - Analyzing Geriatric Trauma Patterns: Prevalence, Injury Types, and Transfer Delays in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Aim To analyze geriatric trauma prevalence, injury pattern, transfer delays to trauma centers, and assess undertriage to non-trauma centers in Riyadh City. Method We conducted a retrospective review of 11,140 incident reports from 50 Red crescent Center in Riyadh City from the official data registry of the Red Crescent of Saudi Arabia from January 2021 to March 2023. Cases meeting "red criteria" (SBP &amp;lt; 110 mmHg or HR &amp;gt; SBP) were identified. Using QGIS, we mapped the regional distribution of dispatch and non-trauma centers. Network service zone analysis delineated level 1 and 2 trauma center service areas reachable within 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minute intervals. Dispatch centers were grouped to assess mistriaging of red criteria cases. Delays were defined as travel time &amp;gt;60 minutes to a non-trauma center. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and R statistics. Results Majority of geriatric trauma patients (65.6%, n=7312/11140) were classified under red criteria. Penetrating injuries were the most common (51.2%, n=5704/11140), followed by fall-related injuries (38%, n=4234/11140), and finally motor vehicle accidents (6%, n=669/11140). Among red criteria cases, majority of the patients (65.6%, n=2360/3419) transferred to level 1 and 2 trauma centers were delayed, most commonly seen in the 15-minute area of south and middle Riyadh and the 45-minute service area of northern and southern Riyadh. Nearly of quarter of the red criteria patients (23.54%, n=1721/7312) were transferred to a non-trauma center. Conclusions Addressing delays in accessing trauma centers and transfers to non-trauma facilities is imperative, warranting focused intervention. Addressing preventable delays and enhancing the capabilities of Red Crescent centers are vital for improving geriatric trauma care in Riyadh.

Are We Imaging Gently in Indiana? A System-Wide Population-Based Study of Chest CT Use in the Pediatric Trauma Population.

Over the past decade, there has been a significant effort to decrease radiation exposure in pediatric trauma patients. The objective of this study was to determine if trauma centers (TCs) and nontrauma centers (non-TCs) are practicing in line with this effort. We hypothesized that TCs would demonstrate a significant decrease in the use of chest computed tomography (CT) during the study period, whereas non-TC would show no change in chest CT use. We queried a state-wide database from 2010 to 2020 for pediatric trauma encounters at TCs and non-TCs within a single large health system. All transfer encounters were excluded. Chest CTs and chest radiographs (CXRs) were performed, and injury diagnosis codes were extracted for each encounter. Chest CT use and incidence of thoracic injuries were compared between TCs and non-TCs. A total of 13,014 encounters were included, of which 85.8% occurred at TCs and 14.2% occurred at non-TCs. There were significant differences between TC and non-TC encounter demographics. During the study period, the percentage of trauma encounters in which chest CT was obtained increased yearly at both TCs and non-TCs. Among encounters where both modalities were performed in the first 24 hours, chest CT was performed before CXR in 0.4% of TC and 0.1% of non-TC encounters (P = 0.086). Among encounters without thoracic injury, chest CT was performed in 5.2% of cases at non-TCs and 4.5% of cases at TCs (P < 0.001). In the trauma encounters studied, chest CT was performed prior to CXR more frequently at TCs compared to non-TCs. These data may reflect regional trauma triage protocols, availability of chest CT, or differences in education between institutions. Whereas TCs may see more severely injured patients more frequently, education regarding conservative CT imaging principles should be reinforced through multidisciplinary efforts.

72103 - Undertriage of severely injured patients at one non-trauma center hospital in Stockholm

72103 - Undertriage of severely injured patients at one non-trauma center hospital in Stockholm

Use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for trauma and its performance in Japan over the past 18 years: a nationwide descriptive study

BackgroundResuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has been used to control massive hemorrhages. Although there is no consensus on the efficacy of REBOA, it remains an option as a bridging therapy in non-trauma centers where trauma surgeons are not available. To better understand the current landscape of REBOA application, we examined changes in its usage, target population, and treatment outcomes in Japan, where immediate hemostasis procedures sometimes cannot be performed.MethodsThis retrospective observational study used the Japan Trauma Data Bank data. All cases in which REBOA was performed between January 2004 and December 2021 were included. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality rate. We analyzed mortality trends over time according to the number of cases, number of centers, severity of injury, and overall and subgroup mortality associated with REBOA usage. We performed a logistic analysis of mortality trends over time, adjusting for probability of survival based on the trauma and injury severity score.ResultsOverall, 2557 patients were treated with REBOA and were deemed eligible for inclusion. The median age of the participants was 55 years, and male patients constituted 65.3% of the study population. Blunt trauma accounted for approximately 93.0% of the cases. The number of cases and facilities that used REBOA increased until 2019. While the injury severity score and revised trauma score did not change throughout the observation period, the hospital mortality rate decreased from 91.3 to 50.9%. The REBOA group without severe head or spine injuries showed greater improvement in mortality than the all-patient group using REBOA and all-trauma patient group. The greatest improvement in mortality was observed in patients with systolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg. The adjusted odds ratios for hospital mortality steadily declined, even after adjusting for the probability of survival.ConclusionsWhile there was no significant change in patient severity, mortality of patients treated with REBOA decreased over time. Further research is required to determine the reasons for these improvements in trauma care.

Intentionally self-injured patients have lower mortality when treated at trauma centers versus non-trauma centers in South Korea

ObjectiveThis study investigated the characteristics and survival rates of patients with intentional severe trauma (self-harm or suicide) who were transported to either a regional trauma center (TC) or a non-TC...

Implementation of the Modified Brain Injury Guidelines Might Be Feasible and Cost-Effective Even in a Nontrauma Hospital

The modified Brain Injury Guideline (mBIG) is a framework to stratify traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients based on clinical and radiographic factors in level 1 and 2 trauma centers. Approximately 75% of all US hospitals do not carry any trauma designation yet may also benefit from these guidelines. This is the first report of applying the mBIG protocol in a community hospital without any trauma designation. All adult patients with a TBI in a single center during the years 2020-2022 were retrospectively classified into mBIG categories. Primary outcomes included neurological deterioration, progression on head CT, and surgical intervention. Additional outcomes included hospital costs incurred by mBIG 1 and mBIG 2 groups. In the 116 included patients, 35 patients (30%) would have stratified into mBIG 1, 23 (20%) into mBIG 2, and 58 (50%) into mBIG 3. No patient in mBIG 1 had a decline in neurological exam, progression on head CT, or required neurosurgical intervention. Three patients in mBIG 2 had radiographic progression and one required surgical decompression. Two patients in mBIG 3 demonstrated a neurological decline and six had radiographic progression. 20/21 patients that received surgical intervention were stratified into mBIG 3. Implementation of the mBIG protocol could have reduced cost by over $250,000 over a two-year period. The mBIG protocol can safely stratify patients in a non-trauma hospital. Since non-trauma centers tend to see more minor TBI patients, implementation may have significant cost savings, reduce unnecessary hospital/ICU resources, and transfer to a tertiary institution.

Trauma Center Hospitals Charged Higher Prices For Some Nontrauma Care Than Non-Trauma Center Hospitals, 2012-18.

Rising prices are a major cause of increased health care spending and health insurance premiums in the US. Hospital prices, specifically-for both inpatient and outpatient care-are the largest driver of rising health care spending in the commercial insurance market. As a result, policy makers and employers are increasingly interested in understanding the determinants of hospital prices. Hospitals serving as trauma centers are often endowed by regulators with monopoly power over trauma services in their geographic areas, and this monopoly power may spill over to nontrauma services. This study focused on the growing number of designated trauma centers and how trauma center status affects hospital prices for other, nontrauma services. We found that hospitals designated as trauma centers charged higher prices for nontrauma inpatient admissions and nontrauma emergency department visits when compared with hospitals that were not designated as trauma centers, even after controlling for potential confounders.

Using a theory-based, customized video game as an educational tool to improve physicians’ trauma triage decisions: study protocol for a randomized cluster trial

Background Transfer of severely injured patients to trauma centers, either directly from the field or after evaluation at non-trauma centers, reduces preventable morbidity and mortality. Failure to transfer these patients appropriately (i.e., under-triage) remains common, and occurs in part because physicians at non-trauma centers make diagnostic errors when evaluating the severity of patients’ injuries. We developed Night Shift, a theory-based adventure video game, to recalibrate physician heuristics (intuitive judgments) in trauma triage and established its efficacy in the laboratory. We plan a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial to determine whether the game changes physician triage decisions in real-life and hypothesize that it will reduce the proportion of patients under-triaged.MethodsWe will recruit 800 physicians who work in the emergency departments (EDs) of non-trauma centers in the US and will randomize them to the game (intervention) or to usual education and training (control). We will ask those in the intervention group to play Night Shift for 2 h within 2 weeks of enrollment and again for 20 min at quarterly intervals. Those in the control group will receive only usual education (i.e., nothing supplemental). We will then assess physicians’ triage practices for older, severely injured adults in the 1-year following enrollment, using Medicare claims, and will compare under-triage (primary outcome), 30-day mortality and re-admissions, functional independence, and over-triage between the two groups. We will evaluate contextual factors influencing reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance with interviews of a subset of trial participants (n = 20) and of other key decision makers (e.g., patients, first responders, administrators [n = 100]).DiscussionThe results of the trial will inform future efforts to improve the implementation of clinical practice guidelines in trauma triage and will provide deeper understanding of effective strategies to reduce diagnostic errors during time-sensitive decision making.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov; NCT06063434. Registered 26 September 2023.

(404) National Trends of Penile Fracture Encounters 2016-2019

Abstract Introduction Penile Fracture (PF) is an acute urological emergency resulting from the rupture of the tunica albuginea and one or both of the corpus cavernosa. Immediate surgical intervention is crucial in avoiding long-term complications, however the epidemiology and treatment patterns remain understudied, especially with the introduction of the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Objective To evaluate national trends of PF encounters as well as predictive factors of inpatient admission from the emergency department (ED). Methods All patients admitted to the ED for PF between 2016-2019 were extracted from the NEDS using the ICD-10 Diagnosis Code S39.840 and its modifiers. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of this inpatient admission. Results Between 2016-2019, there were an estimated 7,091 weighted encounters related to PF in the US with an overall 13% increase in cases (Figure 1). About 20.8% (1,477) of these encounters led to inpatient admission. The average age of a patient presenting with PF was 41 years old. The majority of encounters took place in the South (44.12%) at non-trauma center rural hospitals (63.99%) and involved private insurance holders (44.42%). For those admitted to inpatient service, the average length of stay was 1.44 days, with a maximum of 26 days. The average total charge for patients discharged from the ED was $11,224 USD and those admitted were faced with charges averaging $33,474 USD. Predictors of inpatient admission included an Elixhauser Comorbidity Score &amp;gt; 1, encounters in the Northeast, Midwest, and Western states, and being covered by Medicaid (p &amp;lt; .05). Conclusions Penile fractures have seen a small increase in incidence from 2016-2019. Although inpatient admissions are less common, they carry significantly higher costs. Further studies of treatments and regional analysis may be warranted to decrease the amount of inpatient admissions. Disclosure No.

Upper Extremity Fractures in the Emergency Department: A Database Analysis of National Trends in the United States.

Upper extremity (UE) fractures are a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits, but recent data on their epidemiology are lacking. This study aimed to describe the incidence, demographics, patient characteristics, and associated health care factors of UE fractures, hypothesizing that they would remain prevalent in the ED setting. Using the Nationwide ED Sample database, patients presenting to the ED with UE fractures in 2016 were identified, and population estimates were used to calculate incidence rates. Data on insurance status, trauma designation, cost, and teaching status were analyzed. The study identified 2 118 568 patients with UE fractures, representing 1.5% of all ED visits in 2016. Men accounted for 54.2% of UE fractures, with phalangeal fractures being most common. Distal radius and/or ulna fractures were most common in women (30.4%). The greatest proportion of UE fractures (23.2%) occurred in patients aged 5 to 14 years (1195.5 per 100 000). Nontrauma centers were the most common treating institutions (50.4%), followed by level I (19.5%), II (15.3%), and III (12.8%) centers. The greatest proportion of fractures (38.3%) occurred in the southern United States. Emergency department cost of treatment was almost 2-fold in patients with open UE fractures compared with closed. This study provides important epidemiological information on UE fractures in 2016. The incidence rate of UE fractures in the ED has remained high, with most occurring in the distal radius, phalanges, and clavicle. In addition, UE fractures were most common in younger patients, men, and those in the southern United States during the summer. These findings can be useful for health care providers and policymakers when evaluating and treating patients with UE fractures.

Unsupervised clustering analysis of trauma/non-trauma centers using hospital features including surgical care.

Injuries are a leading cause of death in the United States. Trauma systems aim to ensure all injured patients receive appropriate care. Hospitals that participate in a trauma system, trauma centers (TCs), are designated with different levels according to guidelines that dictate access to medical and research resources but not specific surgical care. This study aimed to identify patterns of injury care that distinguish different TCs and hospitals without trauma designation, non-trauma centers (non-TCs). We extracted hospital-level features from the state inpatient hospital discharge data in Washington state, including all TCs and non-TCs, in 2016. We provided summary statistics and tested the differences of each feature across the TC/non-TC levels. We then conducted 3 sets of unsupervised clustering analyses using the Partition Around Medoids method to determine which hospitals had similar features. Set 1 and 2 included hospital surgical care (volume or distribution) features and other features (e.g., the average age of patients, payer mix, etc.). Set 3 explored surgical care without additional features. The clusters only partially aligned with the TC designations. Set 1 found the volume and variation of surgical care distinguished the hospitals, while in Set 2 orthopedic procedures and other features such as age, social vulnerability indices, and payer types drove the clusters. Set 3 results showed that procedure volume rather than the relative proportions of procedures aligned more, though not completely, with TC designation. Unsupervised machine learning identified surgical care delivery patterns that explained variation beyond level designation. This research provides insights into how systems leaders could optimize the level allocation for TCs/non-TCs in a mature trauma system by better understanding the distribution of care in the system.

The Observation of Pediatric Skull Fractures Without an Associated Brain Injury in a Non-Trauma Center.

Introduction Young children experiencing head trauma are prone to skull fractures. Pediatric skull fractures are distinct from adults as they have a greater capacity to undergo remodeling. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether children with isolated skull fractures withoutan underlying brain injury and normal neurological exam require a transfer to a tertiary hospital with pediatric neurosurgery service. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to review children under five years old presenting to the emergency department of a non-pediatric trauma center with an isolated skull fracture resulting from head trauma without intracerebral hemorrhage between 2015 and 2021. The inclusion criteria consisted of children who have isolated skull fractures without underlying injuries and normal neurological examination.We reviewed these patients' injury characteristics, disposition, and clinical outcomes. The t-test and chi-square were used for evaluating the groups and evaluating the transfer to a dedicated trauma care facility. Results We identified 26 children who had isolated skull fractures with no underlying brain injury and normal neurological examination. The two most common mechanisms of injury were falls (64%) and motor vehicle collisions (MVC) (11%). The median age of patients was six months old. The location of the skull fractures was as follows: parietal (46%), occipital (19%), temporal (15%), frontal (7.7%), occipital + parietal (7.7%), and parietal + frontal (3.8%). Four fractures were depressed (15%) and the remainder were non-displaced. Eleven children with skull fractures (42%) were transferred to a designated pediatric trauma center and the remaining 58% were hospitalized for observation and monitored at the primary hospital. None of the children with skull fractures required intubation or other advanced interventions. Conclusion In this relatively limited sample, approximately one-third of the children with isolated skull fractures without brain injury were managedsuccessfully in a non-tertiary care center. However, none of them required surgical intervention. Thus, we propose that patients akin to those in this study can be observed at a local hospital without being transferred to a pediatric trauma center.

P077 A five-year review of the management of mandibular fractures in a non-trauma centre

P077 A five-year review of the management of mandibular fractures in a non-trauma centre

Preventable Death Rate of Trauma Patients in a Non-Regional Trauma Center

Purpose: A nationwide study (2012-2017) of preventable trauma death rates (PTDR) showed a 15.3% decrease after Regional Trauma centers were initiated. However, in non-trauma centers with an Emergency Department there is limited data of preventable mortality in trauma patients. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate preventable mortality in trauma patients in a nonregional trauma center and determine the effect of initiating a Trauma Team.Methods: There were 46 deaths of trauma patients recorded in the National Health Insurance service Ilsan Hospital (NHISIH) in South Korea from January 2019 to December 2021. These patients’ preventable deaths were analyzed by an expert panel review considering the implementation of the Trauma Team in April 2020.Results: All deaths were attributable to blunt trauma with an average Injury Severity Score of 26.0 ± 19.2, Revised Trauma Score of 5.05 ± 3.20 and Trauma and Injury Score of 56.6 ± 41.3. The most frequent cause of death was traumatic brain injury followed by respiratory arrest. The most frequent error was delayed transfusion followed by delayed treatment of bleeding. Treatment errors occurred the most in the Emergency Room followed by the Intensive Care Unit. The PTDR of patients before the involvement of a Trauma Team (January 2019 to March 2020) and after the Trauma Team was initiated in April 2020 decreased from 27.27% to 4.27%, respectively (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.021).Conclusion: The introduction of a dedicated Trauma Team in a non-regional trauma center significantly reduced the overall PTDR in trauma patients.

Abstract 372: Age-Dependent Effect of Trauma Center Transport on Survival Outcomes Among Severe Trauma Patients: Nationwide Observational Study

Introduction: Previous studies showed that the prognosis for severe trauma patients is better after transport to trauma centers compared to non-trauma centers. However, the benefit from transport to trauma centers may differ according to age group. This study aimed to evaluate the age-dependent effect of trauma center transport on survival outcomes among severe trauma patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study using the Korean national emergency medical service (EMS) based on Severe Trauma Registry in 2018-2019 was conducted. EMS-treated trauma patients whose injury severity score was above or equal to 16, and who were not out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or death on arrival were included. Patients were classified into 3 groups: pediatrics (age &lt;19), working age (age 19-65), and elderly (age&gt;65). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of trauma center transport on outcome after adjusting age, sex, comorbidity, mechanism of injury, Revised Trauma Score, and Injury Severity Score. All analysis was stratified according to the age group, and subgroup analysis for traumatic brain injury was also conducted. Results: Overall, a total of 10,511 patients were included in the study, and the number of patients in each age group was 488 in pediatrics, 6,812 in working age, and 3,211 in elderly, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of trauma center transport on in-hospital mortality were 0.76 (95% CI, 0.43-1.32) in pediatrics, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.68-0.90) in working age, 0.71(95% CI, 0.60-0.85) in elderly, respectively. In the subgroup analysis of traumatic brain injury, the benefit from trauma center transport was observed only in elderly group. Conclusion: We found the age-dependent effect of trauma center transport in severe trauma patients. There was no beneficial effect of trauma center transport in pediatric group. Further research is warranted to evaluate and develop the response system for pediatric severe trauma patients in Korea.