Non-toxic Side Effects Research Articles

Exploration of anti-osteoporotic peptides from Moringa oleifera leaf proteins by network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and cellular assay analyses

Moringa oleiferaleaf peptide, which is a plant-derived bioactive peptide, exhibits several advantages, including safety, high efficiency and nontoxic side effects. The goal of this study was to identify representative antiosteoporotic peptides fromMoringa oleiferaleaf proteins and determine their regulatory mechanisms using network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. The following core targets of Moringa oleifera leaf antiosteoporotic peptides were screened by network pharmacology: SRC, MAPK1, JUN and STAT3. Through molecular docking, DPYLGK was identified as a representative active peptide from the Moringa oleifera leaf protein, and SRC was determined to be a potential primary target. Molecular dynamics revealed the intermolecular mechanism of DPYLGK and SRC. Cellular assays showed that DPYLGK promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption. These findings demonstrated that DPYLGK is an anti-osteoporotic peptide with dual regulatory effects and will aid in the development of functional foods to prevent osteoporosis.

The Effect of Different Factors on Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticle Properties and Drug Release Behaviors When Co-Loaded with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) are versatile drug nanocarriers with a wide spectrum of applications owing to their extensive advantages, including biodegradability, non-toxic side effects, and low immunogenicity. Among the numerous nanoparticle preparation methods available for PLGA NPs (the hydrophobic polymer), one of the most extensively utilized preparations is the sonicated-emulsified solvent evaporation method, owing to its simplicity, speed, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, several factors can influence the outcomes, such as the types of concentration of the surfactants and organic solvents, as well as the volume of the aqueous phase. The objective of this article is to explore the influence of these factors on the properties of PLGA NPs and their drug release behavior following encapsulation. Herein, PLGA NPs were fabricated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a surfactant to investigate the impact of influencing factors, including different water-soluble organic solvents such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl acetate (PA), and dichloromethane (DCM). Notably, the size of PLGA NPs was smaller in the EA group compared to that in the DCM group. Moreover, PLGA NPs showed excellent stability, ascribed to the presence of the BSA surfactant. Furthermore, PLGA NPs were co-loaded with varying concentrations of hydrophilic drugs (doxorubicin hydrochloride) and hydrophobic drugs (celecoxib), and exhibited pH-sensitive drug release behavior in PBS with pH 7.4 and pH 5.5.

Meta-Analysis: Effect of Acupuncture Therapy in Lowering Frozen Shoulder Pain

Background: Acupuncture therapy has become a popular non-drug therapy with good curative effects, convenient application, non-toxic side effects, and low cost, and it has been widely used in the treatment of Frozen Shoulder. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of acupuncture therapy on reducing the degree of pain in Frozen shoulders. Subjects and Method: This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis by following PICO, Population: Frozen Shoulder patients. Intervention: acupuncture therapy. Comparison: no acupuncture therapy. Result: reduction in the degree of Frozen shoulder pain. The data used was obtained from scientific research articles from electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Hindawi, BMC, Scopus, and Science Direct Randomized Control Trial (RCT) designs from 2011 to 2022 which report effect sizes with mean and SD. The keywords used in the search for scientific articles are “Acupuncture” AND “Frozen Shoulder” AND “Frozen Shoulder Pain”. The selection of articles was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart. Data were analyzed using Review Manager software version 5.4.1. Results: A total of 9 articles with eligible RCT designs from Asia and Europe were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that patients with Frozen Shoulders who received acupuncture therapy experienced a degree of pain 0.48 units lower than without acupuncture and was statistically significant (SMD= -0.48; 95% CI= -1.14 to -0.18; p=0.15). Conclusion: Acupuncture therapy reduces the degree of Frozen Shoulder pain. Keywords: acupuncture, pain, frozen shoulder. Correspondence: Mehdya Vikia Murti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: mehdyvikiamurti@gmail.com. Mobile: +62895363037033.

Effects of Sihuang Zhili Granules on the Diarrhea Symptoms, Immunity, and Antioxidant Capacity of Poultry Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

A growing interest has been focused on Chinese herbs as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters, which are characterized by non-toxic side effects and drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Sihuang Zhili granule (abbreviated as Sihuang) on diarrhea, immunity, and antioxidation in poultry. Thirty male Leghorn chickens, aged 21 days, were randomly assigned to one of three groups with ten animals each. The control group (CON) received intraperitoneal saline injections, while the LPS-challenged group (LPS) and Sihuang intervention group (SH) received intraperitoneal injections of LPS (0.5 mg/kg of BW) and Sihuang (5 g/kg) at d 31, d 33, d 35, respectively. The control and LPS groups were fed a basal diet, while the SH group was fed a diet supplemented with Sihuang from d 21 to d 35. Analysis of the diarrhea index showed that the addition of Sihuang inhibited the increase in the diarrhea grade and the fecal water content caused by LPS, effectively alleviating poultry diarrhea symptoms. The results of the immune and antioxidant indexes showed that Sihuang significantly reduced the contents of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF- α and IL-1 β, as well as the oxidative stress markers ROS and MDA. Conversely, it increased the contents of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10, along with the activities of antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px and CAT, thereby enhancing the immune and antioxidant abilities of chickens. Furthermore, Sihuang protected the chicken's ileum, liver, and immune organs from LPS invasion and maintained their normal development. In conclusion, this study confirmed the antidiarrheal effect of Sihuang in poultry farming and demonstrated its ability to improve poultry immunity and antioxidant capacity by modulating antioxidant enzyme activity and inflammatory cytokine levels.

Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antianemia activities of Poria cocos polysaccharide iron (III) complex

As a new natural antioxidant with high safety and non-toxic side effects, polysaccharide can also be used as a critical macromolecular carrier to form a stable iron complex with Fe3+. Our previous study has extracted and purified the homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP1C) from Poria cocos. In this study, the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was synthesized by co-thermal synthesis with PCP1C and ferric trichloride. The chelating capacity, iron releasing capacity, and qualitative identification of complex were evaluated. The complex was characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis, particle size distribution, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant and iron supplement effects of the complex were also studied in vitro and in the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) rat model. The results showed that the iron content in the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was 28.14% with no free iron, and the iron release rate was 95.3%. The structure analysis showed that the iron core of the PCP1C-iron (III) complex existed in the form of β-FeOOH and the surface of the complex become smooth and particle size increased, which indicated the high iron content of polysaccharide iron and slow release. Furthermore, we found that the PCP1C iron (III) complex had positive scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, MDA, and hydroxyl radical in vitro study and significantly increased the levels of red blood cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell specific volume (HCT) in IDA rat model. Therefore, our results suggested that the PCP1C-iron (III) complex is expected to develop into a new comprehensive iron supplement and antioxidant.

Miscibility of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) in Supercritical fluids

In a polymer based drug delivery system, the polymer material surrounds the drug and delivers the substance to the desired target. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is the most widely used control-release system for many drugs with a short half-life, low stability, easy decomposition, and non-toxic side effects. Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology can be used to prepare or micronize drug-loaded particles without additional purification or cleaning procedures. In this work, the liquid–liquid phase transition of PLGA in several supercritical fluids, such as dimethyl ether (DME), CO2, chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), and trifluoromethane (HFC-23), has been investigated. PLGA with a higher content of glycolide in the copolymer backbone shows upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type phase behavior. Alternatively, in supercritical HCFC-22, lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase behavior has been observed. The ratio of lactide to glycolide in the PLGA copolymer backbone majorly controls the phase behavior including the pressure–temperature (p-T), temperature-polymer weight fraction (T-w), pressure-density (p-ρ), and temperature-density (T-ρ) isopleths. The phase behaviors of PLGA in SCF CO2 and DME change from UCST- to LCST-type behavior with an increase in the lactide content. In contrast, PLGA in SCF HCFC-22 exhibits LCST-type phase behavior for all PLGA copolymers irrespective of the lactide content. Such phase behaviors are described well by the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) in a wide range of temperature (300–395 K) and pressure (3–310 MPa) with temperature-independent binary interaction parameters. In addition, significant differences have been observed in the solubility of PLGA in different SCFs; CO2 being the poorest solvent, and HCFC-22 being the best solvent.

The application and research progress of bacteriophages in food safety.

The abuse of antibiotics and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria aggravate the problem of food safety. Finding safe and efficient antibiotic substitutes is an inevitable demand for ensuring the safety of animal-derived food. Bacteriophages are a kind of virus that can infect bacteria, fungi or actinomycetes. They have advantages of simple structure, strong specificity and nontoxic side effects for the human body. Bacteriophages can not only differentiate live cells from dead ones but also detect bacteria in a viable but nonculturable state. These characteristics make bacteriophages more and more widely used in the food industry. This paper describes the concept and characteristics of bacteriophages, and introduces the application of bacteriophages in preharvest production, food processing, storage and sales. Several methods of using bacteriophages to detect foodborne pathogens are listed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of bacteriophages in the food industry are summarized, and the application prospect of bacteriophages in the food industry is discussed.

Effects of Sheep Bone Collagen Peptide on Liver Lipid Deposition in Ovariectomized Rats.

Liver can be directly involved in the synthesis and decomposition of fatty acids. Liver lipid deposition is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Estrogen deficiency can cause lipid deposition and energy metabolism disorders in the liver. Sheep bone collagen peptide (SBCP) has been shown to have estrogen-like effects in previous studies. And SBCP has high bioavailability, safety and non-toxic side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SBCP on liver lipid deposition (LLD) caused by estrogen deficiency. Female Wistar rats were treated as follows (n=10): sham group: underwent peri-ovary fat removal operations, ovariectomized rats (model group), ovariectomized rats receiving SBCP treatments: SBCP high dose group (SBCP-H), SBCP medium dose group (SBCP-M) and SBCP low dose group (SBCP-L). After 8 wk, the model group demonstrated severe LLD and liver pathological changes, with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels (p<0.05). Additionally, the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (p<0.05), serum albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio (p<0.05), amount of butyric acid-producing bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content decreased. SBCP intervention could inhibit the occurrence of LLD and alleviate the liver histopathological damage induced by estrogen deficiency by relieving oxidative stress, preventing the loss of butyric acid-producing bacteria, and decreasing the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri in the gut. The results suggested that SBCP could improve the LLD indecued by estrogen deficiency.

Diatomite hemostatic particles with hierarchical porous structure for rapid and effective hemostasis

The development of fast, safe and effective hemostatic materials is crucial for pre-hospital first aid. In this study, diatomite hemostatic granules (Dhp) were developed by rotating granulation method using silica sol as binder. During rotating granulation process, the Pre-Dhp were prepared by rolling snowball effect, in which nano-silica in silica sol uniformly distributed on the surface of diatomite and polymerized through hydrogen bond to produce strong adhesion. After high-temperature calcination, the hydrogen bond transformed to silica oxygen bond and the three-dimensional gel network formed by silica sol was destroyed to exposed the pores of diatomite. Dhp retained the porous structure of diatomite with hierarchical porous structure (from nano to micro scale). Dhp could quickly adsorb the tangible components in the blood, exhibited rapid hemostatic ability (clotting time was shortened by 43 % than that of control group), and good biocompatibility (hemolysis rate < 7 %, no cytotoxicity). Dhp residue was not found in the wound of rat tail amputation model, indicating that the adhesion of silica sol and high-temperature curing treatment enhanced the stability of Dhp and reduced the hidden danger of micro thrombosis caused by residual substances entering blood vessels. Our study proved that Dhp prepared by silica sol bonding and rotary granulation was excellent hemostatic material with non-toxic side effects and rapid coagulation promotion.

Polysaccharides from traditional Asian food source and their antitumor activity

Polysaccharides extracted from Asian traditional food source have been demonstrated to possess different antitumor activities mostly without side effect. In this paper, we reviewed many kinds of polysaccharides from different Asian food source and their antitumor activities. Some are common food such as different mushroom with more research. Some are special e.g., Ginseng,Salvia,Astragalus,Lycium barbarum etc. with relatively fewer research. This review mainly focused on their structure, derivatives, antitumor activities and their mechanism of action in the last decades. It aimed to bridge traditional Asian ingredients with tumor and cancer curation in order to avoid side effect of traditional treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: There are abundant resources of Asian food. And polysaccharides from these resources have been showed good antitumor activities and immunopotentiating activity. This review introduced the advance of the polysaccharides and their antitumor activities, which will promote the development antitumor medicine derived from Asian food source, or their applications as Adjuvant therapy of traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to their multiple antitumor activities, enhancing immunity potential, and non-toxic side-effects, it might be utilized for the treatment of multiple tumors and improve the health and the life quality of patients whether as anti-tumor drugs or as adjuvant therapy method. Furthermore, traditional Asian food source is rich. In the near future, more and more efficient polysaccharides with antitumor activities of Asian food source will be discovered. There will be broad application market for the polysaccharides.

Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum saponin on hyperglycemia, gut microbiota composition and metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes mice

Diabetes is a global disease that endangers human health. As reported, saponins are effective bioactive compounds for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and have nontoxic side effects. This study aimed to examine the hypoglycemic effects of Polygonatum sibiricum saponin (PSS) on T2DM mice. We found that PSS could significantly decrease the levels of insulin secretion and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in T2DM mice. And the level of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the blood was decreased. In contrast, the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to evaluate the changes in the gut microbiota of T2DM mice, and metabolites were analyzed by metabolomic profiling. The results showed that PSS could decrease the abundance of Firmicutes in T2DM mice, increase the abundance of Bacteroidetes. It also increased the abundance of some bacterial genera (Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Intestinimonas). The phenotypes of the gut microbiome also changed accordingly. Metabolomics analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolisms, such as L-alanine and L-glutamic acid, were greatly affected by PSS. In addition, the levels of inositol and chlorogenic acid in metabolites also increased significantly under PSS intervention. In general, PSS could exert its hypoglycemic effect, regulate the gut microbiota and affect the metabolism of T2DM mice.

Research advances on the beneficial effects of plant polyphenols on intestinal health in farm animals

Intestinal diseases cause huge economic losses in farm animals, and the gut health of livestock and poultry is of great significance for livestock and poultry breeding. The traditional treatment of livestock and poultry involved large-scale use of antibiotics and led to antibiotic abuse. The replacement of antibiotics is an industrial demand, and plant polyphenols, as one of the non-toxic side effects and residues of antibiotics, have wide applications in livestock and poultry production and diseases. As a non-traditional nutrient with many advantages, plant polyphenols have great potential and great research value. This article summarizes research advances on the beneficial effects of plant polyphenols on intestinal health in farm animals from three aspects: the application of plant polyphenols as antibiotic substitutes in livestock and poultry production, the protective effects of plant polyphenols on the intestinal tract of livestock and poultry, and the protective mechanism.

Phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity study of Coldenia procumbens and Mukia maderaspatana whole-plant

Usage of drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells both by killing the cancer cells or by stopping them from dividing is known as chemotherapy. Even though so many anticancer drugs are available in the market, there are many side effects of these drugs and therefore, the patient requires secondary palliative care. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. It plays an essential role in the discovery of lead compound for the development of conventional drugs. Plant herbs have non-toxic side effects. The plant and (L) M. possess chemical compounds that show antioxidant and anticancer activity. (L) M. , before its clinical usage, through the toxicological profile, was determined on the crude extracts as well as on isolated compounds to confirm the safety of the drug.

Synthesis and high antiproliferative activity of dehydroabietylamine pyridine derivatives in vitro and in vivo.

Several bioactive dehydroabietylamine Schiff-bases (L1-L4), amides (L5-L11) and complex CuL3(NO3)2, Cu(L5)3, Co(L6)2Cl2 had been synthesized successfully for developing more efficient but lower toxic antiproliferative compounds. Their antiproliferative activities to Hela (cervix), HepG2 (liver), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung) and HUVEC (umbilical vein, normal cell) were investigated in vitro. The toxicity of all compounds was less than dehydroabietylamine (L0). For HepG2 cells, L1, L2 and L3 had higher anti-HepG2 activity, especially L1 (0.52 µM) had highest anti-HepG2 activity but low toxicity. For MCF-7 cells, L1, L2, L3 and L4 had higher anti-MCF-7 activity, especially L3(0.49 µM) had highest anti-MCF-7 activity but low toxicity. For A549 cells, L2 and L3 had higher anti-A549 activity. Furthermore, L1 and L3 may be the great promise antiproliferative drugs with nontoxic side effects, due to the high anti-HepG2 and anti-MCF-7 inhibition rate in vivo, 65% and 61%, respectively. L1, L2 and L3 could induce apoptosis through intercalating into DNA.

Preparation of Alginate Polymer Gel Pellets and its Adsorption on Acid Dyes

A novel calcium alginate (SA/Ca) gel pellet adsorbent was prepared by ion exchange reaction and polymerization between sodium alginate (SA) and Ca2+ in the solution, and characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR and XRD. Taking acid orange II ( AO II) dye as the adsorption object, the influence of some important conditions about preparation and adsorption on SA/Ca properties was discussed in detail. The adsorption kinetics were studied. The results show that SA/Ca adsorbent has good adsorption effect on AO II dye under the conditions of the mass concentration ratio 2 : 5 of SA and CaCl2 solutions and reaction time of 2h at 25°C. When the adsorbent dosage is 4g/L and initial dye concentration of natural pH is 1000 mg/L, the adsorption equilibrium can basically reach in 180 min at 25°C with the adsorption capacity of 225mg/g and more than 90% of removal efficiency. The adsorption kinetics fully fit pseudo-second order model. The characterization results indicate that the SA powder is composed of various irregular particles, while dry SA/Ca solid are all pellets with diameter of about 1mm. The surface of inhomogeneous spheres is stacked with obstacles, and folds and ravines coexist. Ca2+ and most Na+ in SA molecule carried out ion exchange and formed a stable network-structure polymer SA/Ca gel pellets, which can effectively remove acid dyes from wastewater, and are easy to be separated after adsorption. As a biopolymer adsorbent with simple preparation method, environmental friendliness and non-toxic side effects, SA/Ca has good development potential and application prospects.

Synthesis of novel, DNA binding heterocyclic dehydroabietylamine derivatives as potential antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing agents

Several dehydroabietylamine derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties such as thiophene and pyrazine ring were successfully synthesized. The antiproliferative activities of these thiophene-based Schiff-bases, thiophene amides, and pyrazine amides were investigated in vitro against Hela (cervix), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), HepG2 (liver), and HUVEC (umbilical vein) cells by MTT assay. The toxicity of L1 −L10 (IC50 = 5.92− >100 μM) was lower than L0 (1.27 μM) and DOX (4.40 μM) in every case. Compound L1 had higher anti-HepG2 (0.66 μM), anti-MCF-7 (5.33 μM), and anti-A549 (2.11 μM) and compound L3 had higher anti-HepG2 (1.63 μM) and anti-MCF-7 (2.65 μM) activities. Both of these compounds were recognized with high efficiency in apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells and intercalated binding modes with DNA. Moreover, with average IC50 values of 0.66 and 5.98 μM, L1 was nine times more effective at suppressing cultured HepG2 cells viability than normal cells (SI = 9). The relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C) was 38.6%, the tumor inhibition rate was up to 61.2%, which indicated that L1 had no significant toxicity but high anti-HepG2 activity in vivo. Thus, it may be a potential antiproliferation drug with nontoxic side effects.

Anticancer potential of the extract of Melothoria maderaspatana on DMH induced colon cancer in albino rats

Cancers of the large and small intestine are major contributors to worldwide cancer morbidity and mortality. Out of all the cancers, colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world. Every year 1.2 million patients are diagnosed for colon cancer. The rate of colon cancer incidence was low in India but is presently increasing; out of 3.5 million cancer cases, 35,000 have colon cancer. As a part of chemotherapy, lots of anticancer drugs are in the market, but the main problem associated with these drugs is their side effects. Because of chemotherapy treatment side effects, the patient needs secondary palliative care treatment. Plant medicines are well known for their non-toxic side effects, so the objective of the study is to develop a drug from medicinal plant against colon cancer with non-toxic side effects. It plays an important role in the discovery of lead compound for the development of conventional drugs. About 60% of currently used anticancer agents are derived from a natural source. In the present study, Melothoria maderaspatana was used to study the anticancer potential of the extract and to synthesize new anticancer moiety. With the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the plant Melothoria maderaspatana and possess anti-colorectal cancer activity. Before the clinical usage of extract, thorough toxicological profile has to be determined on the crude extracts as well as on isolated compounds to confirm the safety of the drug.

The functions and mechanisms of microecological agents in weaning piglet intestine

The high mortality rate of weaning piglets caused by diarrhea is an important issue that hinders the development of pig industry. Weaning piglets are susceptible to pathogenic bacteria, viruses and other stresses which lead to gastrointestinal dysfunction due to their immature intestinal barrier and immune system. Antibiotics can increase economic efficiency by improving the status of animal husbandry, however, the abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, which seriously injured the human health. As a result, it is urgent to develop safe alternatives to reduce or replace antibiotics. Microecological agents are safe, drug-resistance-free and have non-toxic side effects and positive impact on intestinal health of animals. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of microecological agents in improving intestinal health has important implications for the effective use of them. This review summarizes the cause of diarrhea and the major probiotic functions and mechanisms of microecological agents in weaning piglets.

DNAzymes Dz13 target the c-jun possess antiviral activity against influenza A viruses.

The emergence of anti-influenza A virus drugs resistant strain highlights the need for more effective therapy. Our earlier study demonstrated that c-jun, a downstream molecule of JNK, might be important in viral infections and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we explored the function of DNAzymes Dz13 that target c-jun in influenza A virus infected mice. Dz13 displayed non-toxic side effects on A549 cells and BALB/c mice. Moreover, Dz13-treated mice had enhanced survival after influenza compared with untreated mice. Simultaneously, the pulmonary inflammatory responses and viral burden were decreased in Dz13 treated mice. Furthermore, proliferation levels of infection-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were impaired. These data demonstrated that Dz13 could reduce viral replication and inflammatory response invivo, suggesting that Dz13 may potentially be used to treat influenza A viral infection.

Comparison of ACE inhibitory activity in skimmed goat and cow milk hydrolyzed by alcalase, flavourzyme, neutral protease and proteinase K

Abstract Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides derived from milk proteins have obvious effect of lowering blood pressure, safe and non-toxic side effects. This study compared four commercial proteases, namely alcalase, flavourzyme, neutral protease and proteinase K for their ACE inhibitory activity in skimmed goat and cow milk and identified the best one with higher ACE inhibitory activity. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of alcalase and proteinase K were much higher than flavourzyme, neutral protease for both skimmed goat and cow milk. Alcalase was the best enzyme to produce ACE inhibitory peptides from goat milk, with the ACE inhibitory activity 95.31%, while proteinase K was the optimal protease for hydrolyzing cow milk, with 81.28% ACE inhibitory activity. Furthermore, no correlation was obtained between the ACE inhibitory activity and DH for both goat and cow milk.