History Of Non-suicidal Self-injury Research Articles

Structured clinical interview for diagnosing obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.

BackgroundThere are several established structured diagnostic interviews that cover common mental disorders seen in general psychiatry clinics. The administration of more focused diagnostic interviews may be useful in specialty clinics, such as OCD clinics. A semi-structured clinician-administered interview for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (SCID-OCSD) was developed and adapted for DSM-5/ICD-11 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders as well as other putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions. ObjectiveTo introduce a semi-structured diagnostic interview for in-depth assessment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs), and to report on its implementation in adults with primary OCD attending an OCD-specialized unit. MethodsPatients with primary OCD were interviewed using the SCID-OCSD. The SCID-OCSD assesses disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share some core features of obsessive-compulsive phenomenology and that are often comorbid in OCD (e.g., obsessive-compulsive related disorders, impulse-control disorders, and a spectrum of compulsive-impulsive conditions such as tics, eating disorders, non-suicidal self-injury, and behavioral addictions. Participants had to be at least moderately symptomatic on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity scale (YBOCS, i.e., a total score ≥ 14) to be included in the current study. ResultsOne hundred and one adult patients with current OCD (n = 101, 37 men and 64 women), took part in the study. Forty-two participants (n = 42) had OCD and one or more current or past comorbid OCSDs, with excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (n = 16) and body dysmorphic disorder (n = 14) being the most common. Nine (n = 9) participants reported a history of non-suicidal self-injury, and 6 participants reported a history of comorbid tics. ConclusionsIn OCD clinics, the SCID-OCSD may help diagnose the full range of putative OCSDs, and so facilitate treatment planning and research on these conditions.

Does self-compassion protect adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury from developing borderline features? A two-wave longitudinal study

Background: Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental stage for the onset of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and borderline features, which are related psychological phenomena. Self-compassion reflects a sensitivity to own suffering and a motivation to relieve it, consisting of a more positive and beneficial self-to-self relationship. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of self-compassion between borderline features at baseline and six months with a sample of adolescents with a history of NSSI. Methods: At assessment wave one, participants were 139 Portuguese adolescents with an NSSI history (mean age = 15.52 years, SD = 0.87). Of these, 87 were re-assessed six months later (mean age = 15.46 years, SD = 0.86). Data were analysed through SPSS and PROCESS Macro. Results: The moderation model explained 56% of borderline features six months later, and the interaction between initial borderline features and the low and medium levels of self-compassion was significant. Youth with lower initial borderline features presented higher borderline features six months later if they had low self-compassion. Conclusions: These findings suggest that among adolescents with a history of NSSI, those with lower levels of self-compassion tend to exhibit higher borderline features in six-month when compared to their peers with higher levels of self-compassion. This observation emphasises the potential beneficial effect of self-compassion within this population.

Non-suicidal self-injury at a Canadian paediatric emergency department.

Our primary objective was to determine agreement between non-suicidal self-injury recorded at triage and during subsequent mental health assessment. The secondary objective was to describe patients who reported non-suicidal self-injury. This is a health records review of patients aged 12-18years who had an Emergency Mental Health Triage form on their health record from an ED visit June 1, 2017-May 31, 2018. We excluded patients with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia. We abstracted data from the Mental Health Triage form, Emergency Mental Health and Addictions Service Assessment forms and Assessment of Suicide and Risk Inventory. We calculated Cohen's Kappa coefficient, sensitivity, and negative predictive value to describe the extent to which the forms agreed and the performance of triage for identifying non-suicidal self-injury. We compared the cohort who reported non-suicidal self-injury with those who did not, using t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and chi-square tests. We screened 955 ED visits and included 914 ED visits where 558 (58.4%) reported a history of non-suicidal self-injury. There were significantly more females in the group reporting non-suicidal self-injury (82.1%, n = 458) compared to the group not reporting non-suicidal self-injury (45.8%, n = 163). Patients reporting non-suicidal self-injury did so in triage and detailed Mental Health Assessment 64.7% of the time (Cohen's Kappa Coefficient 0.6); triage had sensitivity of 71.5% (95% CI 67.3-75.4) and negative predictive value of 71.2% (95% CI 68.2-74.0). Cutting was the most common method of non-suicidal self-injury (80.3%). Screening at triage was moderately effective in identifying non-suicidal self-injury compared to a detailed assessment by a specialised mental health team. More than half of children and adolescents with a mental health-related concern in our ED reported a history of non-suicidal self-injury, most of which were female. This symptom is important for delineating patients' coping strategies.

The Effectivity of a School-Based Early Intervention Targeting Psychological Complaints and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents.

Background: Recent research suggests a concerning trend of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behaviors emerging at younger ages (as early as age 12). Early onset of NSSI is linked to more severe outcomes. While universal school-based prevention programs have shown promise in addressing suicidal behaviors, there is limited research on their effectiveness in preventing NSSI onset among adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a universal prevention program in schools for NSSI and mental complaints while enhancing resilience and mental health in 11-14-year-old adolescents. Methods: In total, 329 Flemish secondary school students (55.6% female), aged 11 to 14 years, participated in a 4 h classroom universal prevention, with a focus on emotion regulation, mental health, and specific strategies to prevent NSSI and reduce stigma. For both the intervention and control group (N = 124), a pre-, post-, and one-month follow-up questionnaire was administered, containing reliable and valid measures for NSSI and suicidality, emotion regulation, help-seeking behaviors, well-being, and psychological distress. Results: The prevention program effectively reduced NSSI and psychological distress, particularly for adolescents with a history of NSSI. Conclusions: These findings support previous research on the effectiveness of school-based programs in reducing mental complaints and suggest promising outcomes for NSSI prevention.

Negative self-perceptions and severity of NSSI: Testing the benefits and barriers model.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is theorized to be caused by negative associations with the self, including low self-esteem, but the mechanisms explaining why low self-esteem is related to more severe NSSI are unclear. The current study aimed to address this limitation by evaluating a mediation model, proposing that low self-esteem would relate to more severe NSSI through increasing self-punishment motivations. Data came from 468 undergraduate students with a history of NSSI who completed an online survey measuring NSSI characteristics and functions, self-esteem, and self-punishment motivations for NSSI. Mediation was tested using a structural equation model using bootstrapped 95% percentile-corrected confidence intervals in which NSSI severity was modeled as a latent variable composed of NSSI frequency, recency, and versatility of methods. The total model was significant and the indirect effect of self-esteem on NSSI severity through self-punishment motives was significant. Self-esteem also retained significant direct effects on NSSI severity, indicating partial mediation. These results provide support for the benefits and barriers model of NSSI, suggesting that negative self-views increase risk for more severe NSSI through self-punishment motivations. Clinical interventions that emphasize self-compassion and focus on modifying self-punishment motivations may help reduce NSSI behavior.

Sounds boring: the causal effect of boredom on self-administration of aversive stimuli in the presence of a positive alternative

Previous studies demonstrated that boredom leads to increased self-administration of painful electric stimulation, a proxy for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, in these experimental studies, participants had no behavioral alternatives besides electric stimulation to break the monotony. A first aim in the current experimental study was to examine whether boredom still leads to self-administering aversive stimuli when positive behavioral alternatives are present. This boredom effect was furthermore compared to an anger induction. The second aim was to examine whether history of NSSI and negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to engage in impulsive action in response to negative emotions) positively moderate the link between boredom and self-administered aversive stimuli. In a between-subjects design using college students (N = 129), participants were randomly assigned to one of three emotion induction writing tasks (i.e., boredom, anger, neutral), during which frequency of self-administered positive (chirping birds) and aversive (screaming pig) sounds was measured. The latter was used as a proxy for NSSI behavior. Results showed that boredom led to increased selection of aversive sounds compared to the neutral and anger conditions, despite the presence of a positive alternative (i.e., positive sounds). No difference in frequency of selecting the aversive sounds was observed between the anger and neutral condition. Neither history of NSSI nor negative urgency moderated the effect of condition on self-administered aversive stimuli. The current results tentatively support a causal and specific link between boredom and NSSI, and warrant further examination of the role of boredom in maladaptive behaviors such as NSSI.

Characteristics and Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury That Inform Suicide Risk

Objective Although non-suicidal self-injury (i.e., NSSI) has been suggested as a robust risk factor of suicide, NSSI related information that is most related to suicide risk remains unclear. Commonly studied NSSI characteristics are its frequency and the number of methods endorsed. However, it may not be merely how frequent or how many different methods that matters, but “why,” which alludes to the importance of NSSI functions (or why individuals engage in NSSI). Thus, this study examined how the interactions between NSSI characteristics and functions are associated with suicide risk. Methods Undergraduate students (n = 820) with a lifetime history of NSSI, filled out self-report measures on NSSI and suicide risk. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderation effects between four 2-way interactions (i.e., method X intrapersonal; method X interpersonal; frequency X intrapersonal; frequency X interpersonal) on suicide risk. Results Main effects of all four independent variables were statistically significant. In terms of interactions, the intrapersonal function moderated both the effects of NSSI frequency and methods on suicide risk, whereas the interpersonal function moderated the effects of NSSI frequency on suicide risk. Conclusion Our results highlight that some NSSI related information than others are more indicative of suicide risk. In particular, the combination of NSSI functions, along with its frequency and number of methods, holds promise when assessing for current and lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Development and Validation of the Korean Version of the Multidimensional Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Scale.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) scars are common in individuals with NSSI experiences. However, little is known about NSSI scars because related tools are limited. This study aimed to develop and validate the Korean version of the multidimensional Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Scale (K-NSSI-ScarS), consisting of three components: NSSI scar measurement, NSSI scar cognition, and NSSI scar concealment. A total of 333 Korean adults with at least one NSSI scar and history of NSSI within the last 5 years (age: 18 to 39 years) completed the online survey. We conducted exploratory (n=133) and confirmatory (n=200) factor analyses of NSSI scar cognition. To measure the internal consistency of each subfactor of the scar cognition and scar concealment components, we used Cronbach's α. Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to measure the test-retest reliability of the entire scale. We also assessed the convergent and construct validity of the K-NSSI-ScarS. Factor analyses showed a 5-factor structure consisting of 23 items. Internal consistencies and test-retest reliability were excellent. The moderate correlation between the five subfactors of NSSI scar cognition and related concepts (e.g., acquired capability of suicide) confirmed the convergent validity. Lastly, moderate correlations were found between NSSI scar concealment, self-concealment, NSSI scar measurement information, and the five subfactors of NSSI scar cognition. The results verify the psychometric properties and support the necessity of a multidimensional NSSI scar scale.

Intensive Exposure Therapy for an Individual With History of Self-Harm and Suicidality

Practitioners may hesitate to treat patients with a history of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) using exposure therapy due to concerns that exposures will increase these risk-related behaviors. However, when NSSI/STBs are exacerbated by distress associated with anxiety disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lack of treatment can worsen disability. This case report describes the treatment of a 14-year-old gender-fluid individual with symptoms of multiple anxiety disorders, OCD, and borderline personality disorder (including emotion dysregulation, chronic suicidality, and NSSI). Treatment involved dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) for “stage one” of treatment, including maintaining behavioral control over self-harm and suicidal behaviors, followed by intensive exposure and response prevention (ERP) during “stage two” of treatment. Upon discharge, the client had maintained an absence of NSSI/STBs, demonstrated reductions in anxiety and OC symptoms, observed further decreased familial accommodation, and improved daily functioning. In addition, the client’s parents exhibited an improved capacity to regulate their own emotions (before responding to the client), more validating responses, and reduction in familial accommodation. This case report supports the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of exposure therapy for individuals in “stage two” of DBT and highlights the role of exposure as an important emotion regulation strategy to reduce OCD and anxiety symptoms in patients with a history of self-harm and suicidality. Challenges, successes, and future directions are discussed.

DSM-5 non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample: comparing NSSI engagement, recency and severity among emerging adults.

Up to one in five emerging adults engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Providing a better understanding of factors that differentiate between who engages in lifetime NSSI and who is more likely to engage in recent and clinically severe NSSI can provide meaningful information for prevention and intervention of NSSI. The present study (n = 669) considered NSSI lifetime engagement (no prior history of NSSI vs. lifetime NSSI), recency [past NSSI (>12 months ago) vs. recent (≤12-month) NSSI], and clinical severity among those with recent NSSI (subthreshold vs. DSM-5 NSSI disorder). The prevalence of NSSI disorder was 8.4% in emerging adults aged 18 to 26 years old. Higher anxiety levels were related to NSSI engagement, but only depressive symptoms and NSSI versatility were consistently associated with more recent NSSI and NSSI disorder. A stepped-care approach may be required in addressing NSSI among emerging adults.

Surprise and delight: Response to informal versus formal mindfulness among university students with self-injury.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the deliberate destruction of one's bodily tissue without suicidal intent. Mindfulness practice is commonly incorporated into universities' stress management programming and may benefit students with a history of NSSI. However, recent findings suggest that these students may respond differentially to specific types of mindfulness practice (i.e., formal vs. informal practice). The present study qualitatively explored the acceptability of different types of mindfulness practice among university students with a history of NSSI. University students with a recent history of NSSI (n = 36) completed a semistructured interview following a brief mindfulness practice (i.e., either a formal body scan, formal sitting meditation, or informal practice). Reflexive thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed five key themes. First, there appeared to be general misconceptions regarding what constitutes mindfulness practice (Theme 1). Nevertheless, within the present study, all mindfulness practices were carried out with relative ease (Theme 2). Notably, favorable physical and psychological experiences were predominant in response to informal practice (Theme 3). Preferences regarding level of guidance were more mixed in response to formal versus informal practice (Theme 4). Finally, only informal practice inspired feelings of delight and surprise following practice (Theme 5). Informal mindfulness practice is deemed highly acceptable by university students with a history of NSSI and clinicians should strongly consider emphasizing it in mindfulness-based interventions offered to these students, to provide them with the best opportunity to build a regular mindfulness practice and develop their emotion regulation abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Early maladaptive schemas and the risk of nonsuicidal self-injury in college students: A retrospective study.

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) may be closely related to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study aimed to discuss the relationship between EMS and a personal history of NSSI. This was a retrospective study. A total of 1339 Chinese college students between 16 and 29 years old were asked to complete a questionnaire survey regarding their personal history of NSSI and EMSs. 116 college students reported a history of NSSI (NSSI group), who differed significantly in terms of all EMS-related scores than non-NSSI group(n = 1223). Logistic regression analysis showed that the scores in the disconnection/rejection schema domain exhibited by subjects who were the only child in their family could help differentiate between college students with or without NSSI. The emotional deprivation schema was significantly associated with the lifetime frequency of NSSI behaviors; the vulnerability to harm or illness schema was significantly associated with the internal emotion regulation function and pain associated with NSSI; and the enmeshment/underdeveloped self schema was significantly associated with the addictive features of NSSI. The self-sacrifice schema was significantly associated with the external emotion regulation function of NSSI; the enmeshment/underdeveloped self schema was positively related with the sensation-seeking function of NSSI; and the abandonment/instability schema was negatively related the sensation-seeking function of NSSI. The disconnection/rejection schema domain was highly related with NSSI behaviors. EMS is significantly associated with the history, functions, addictive features, and severity of NSSI. Every EMS is worthy of further investigation and discussion with patients in the context of NSSI behaviors during clinical therapy.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Preadolescents.

There is a dearth of literature on the prevalence and predictors of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) history and onset among preadolescent youth. This gap in the literature is significant given evidence suggesting that NSSI is a robust predictor of negative mental health outcomes, and that early onset NSSI may be associated with a more severe course of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric disorders, and suicidal ideation (SI) in relation to NSSI onset and history in preadolescents. Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which recruited a diverse sample of 11 875 youth aged 9 to 10 years. The primary outcome measures were lifetime history and recent onset of NSSI. Measures included sociodemographics and the K-SADS diagnostic interview assessing psychopathology and SI. Female sex and identifying as Black were associated with lower odds of lifetime NSSI. Identifying as a sexual minority, having unmarried parents, and a low family income were associated with higher odds of lifetime NSSI. Although depression was most predictive of NSSI history and onset, a range of internalizing and externalizing disorders, greater comorbidity, and SI also were predictive. Given that NSSI was associated with a range of mental health disorders and comorbidity, it may be best conceptualized as a transdiagnostic phenomenon. Findings highlight key sociodemographic and diagnostic factors that may help to direct screening efforts in preadolescents, particularly sexual minority status and depression.

Pain before, during, and after nonsuicidal self-injury: Findings from a large web study.

Competing models suggest that physical pain may play an important role in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) via pain onset or pain offset, or that pain may be absent (analgesia). Few studies have tested these models in the same sample or examined factors that could explain differences in NSSI pain experience. We assessed 1,630 individuals with NSSI histories in an online survey. We descriptively examined pain during NSSI and tested preregistered hypotheses that NSSI frequency, NSSI severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, emotional pain, and dissociation during NSSI are associated with experiencing less NSSI pain. Exploratorily, we also tested whether self-punishment motives were associated with less NSSI pain. Almost all participants reported recent and frequent NSSI. Participants were heterogenous in their report of NSSI pain. We found minimal support for analgesia (reported by only 4.3% of participants). More participants reported pain onset than offset, but offset was associated with reductions in emotional pain. Emotional pain was elevated prior to NSSI and decreased significantly during and after NSSI. We found that higher dissociation during NSSI was associated with less NSSI pain. Contrary to hypotheses, NSSI severity, emotional pain prior to NSSI, and self-punishment motives were associated with greater NSSI pain. NSSI frequency and BPD features were not associated with NSSI pain. BPD features interacted with dissociation and emotional pain prior to NSSI. Findings contrast with laboratory pain induction work, suggesting that, though people who self-harm may have heightened pain tolerance, they may seek to self-injure in a manner that results in pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A preliminary investigation into cortical structural alterations in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury

The structural neural correlates underlying youth nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) warrant further exploration. Few studies have explored the association between NSSI and brain structure in adolescence, and no studies have investigated differences in the relation between age and brain structure in youth with NSSI. This preliminary investigation examined associations between NSSI history, age, and cortical structure using magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent girls (N = 100, Mage = 13.4 years) at increased risk for psychopathology. We conducted whole-brain analyses to investigate the associations between age and cortical structure, NSSI history and cortical structure, and NSSI history as a moderator of the association between age and cortical structure. Results suggested that age was associated with less cortical thickness and surface area in the left and right prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. NSSI history was associated with less left insula and left inferior parietal cortex cortical surface area. Among adolescents with NSSI history, older age predicted greater left inferior parietal cortex surface area and was not associated with left precentral cortex surface area. Among adolescents without NSSI history, older age predicted smaller surface areas as expected with the typical trajectory of neurodevelopment. Overall, our results suggest differences in cortical surface area development in adolescents with NSSI history.

Prevalence rate trends of borderline personality disorder symptoms and self-injurious behaviors in college students from 2017 to 2021

The current study examines the prevalence rates of borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors amongst college students over a five-year period, including pre- and during the COVID pandemic. Online prescreener surveys were completed by undergraduate students (n = 12,756) attending a large Southern Plains University every semester from Spring of 2017 to Spring of 2021. The percentage of students with NSSI history and significant BPD symptoms were visualized by semester to examine trends over time. A series of logistic regressions and negative binomial regressions were conducted on NSSI history and BPD symptoms to examine whether the endorsement rates have been increasing over time and to compare before and during COVID pandemic. There was an increasing trend of NSSI rates and significant BPD symptoms over time for all sexes. Furthermore, there was a steeper increase in BPD symptoms specifically in female students over the last five years. Additionally, there was a significant increase in odds of elevated BPD symptoms and NSSI behaviors in the college students enrolled during the COVID pandemic compared with pre-COVID. Overall, there has been an increasing trend in BPD symptoms and NSSI rates over the last few years, including during the COVID pandemic.

Non-suicidal Self-injury and Quantified Electroencephalogram in Adolescents and Young Adults with Depression.

: This study investigated the association between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and quantified electroencephalogram (QEEG) in patients with depression. We aimed to identify clinical features of NSSI and differences in QEEG findings. : This retrospective study used the medical records of 52 inpatients with major depressive episodes, aged from 15 to 30. The patients were categorized according to their history of NSSI. Their main diagnosis and sex were also considered. To evaluate clinical symptoms, self-reported scales were used. The absolute power and the Z-scores of various waves were included. : NSSI was associated with suicidal ideations (p = 0.001) and trauma history (p = 0.014). In the binary logistic regression analysis, the Z-score of absolute alpha power was higher on the FP2 node (p = 0.029), lower on the F4 node (p = 0.029) in the NSSI group. The absolute high beta power in the NSSI group was higher on the FP2 and the F3 node, but lower on the F7 and F8 node. Patients with NSSI showed higher Z-score of the absolute delta power at the FP2 node (p = 0.044). The absolute gamma power was higher on the FP2 (p = 0.012) and the F3 node (0.043), lower on the FP1 (p = 0.019) and the F7 node (0.018) in the NSSI group. The absolute high gamma power at the FP2 (p = 0.017) and F8 nodes (p = 0.045) were higher in the NSSI group. : Patients with NSSI may have clinical features distinct from those of patients without NSSI. QEEG results have shown some differences, although it is less applicable due to some limitations.

Factors associated with suicide attempt risk in adolescent inpatient psychiatric care: toward a practical model.

Suicide is an important social and medical problem, particularly among children and adolescents. The aim of the study was to determine the association of the psychiatric diagnosis and selected psychosocial factors with the risk of suicide attempts among patients of an adolescent psychiatric unit. A retrospective analysis was performed on a database of consecutive N = 1311 patients aged 13-18years of the adolescent psychiatric ward. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of the main psychiatric diagnosis, for factors selected from the database to determine their influence on the relative risk of a suicide attempt. Primary diagnoses of mood disorders and emotional and behavioral disorders were associated with an increased risk of a current admission after a suicidal attempt, a history of past suicidal attempts and non-suicidal self-harm (NSSI). History of NSSI was associated with a fourfold increase probability of a suicide attempt. Truancy, sexual abuse, heartbreak and frequent conflicts were related to a rise in suicidal attempt risk. Learning difficulties were found to be linked to increased probability of suicidal attempt, but only among women. The current study confirms that the primary diagnosis, NSSI and well-recognized psychosocial factors (including family- and school-related factors) may prove useful in the assessment of suicidal risk among adolescents admitted to a psychiatric ward.

A Comparison of Affective-Cognitive States in Daily Life Between Emerging Adults With and Without Past-Year Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Although the literature suggests trait-like differences in affective and cognitive vulnerabilities between individuals with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), little is known about how these dispositional differences are experienced in the natural environment. The present study compares the intensity, inertia, interaction, and variability of affective (negative and positive affect) and cognitive states (rumination, self-criticism) in the everyday lives of individuals who do and do not engage in NSSI. Using experience sampling methodology (ESM), 60 emerging adults (ages = 18–22 years) with and without past-year NSSI (equally distributed) completed eight questionnaires per day for 12 days (in total, 96 questionnaires per participant), resulting in 4,587 assessments (median compliance = 83.3%; IQR = 71.9–91.7). In a dynamic structural equation modeling framework, dynamic parameters (i.e., mean intensity, carryover effects, spillover effects, and within-person variability) were evaluated using multilevel vector autoregressive models. Emerging adults who engage in NSSI experience higher intensity and greater variability of negative affect, rumination, and self-criticism, whereas those who do not engage in NSSI experience higher intensity and lower variability of positive affect. In addition, past-year NSSI predicted stronger affective-cognitive interactions over time, with stronger spillover effects of negative and positive affect on subsequent rumination and self-criticism in individuals who engage in NSSI. Depressive symptoms and trait levels of emotion dysregulation and self-criticism partially negated these differences. Our findings provide evidence that emerging adults who self-injure experience more negative affective-cognitive states in daily life and point to the potential relevance of boosting positive emotions to buffer negative cognitions.

A text mining approach to characterizing interpersonal stress among individuals with a nonsuicidal self-injury history

A text mining approach to characterizing interpersonal stress among individuals with a nonsuicidal self-injury history