Non-standard Test Research Articles

Mechanical properties of aramid and UHMWPE thermoplastic composites: numerical and experimental trials

The out-of-plane behaviour of 8 different composites exposed to very high deformation rates and non-standard conditions was investigated in our previous studies. The mechanical properties of these composites have been evaluated through tests conducted at deformation rates comparable to those experienced during explosions. Based on the relevant test results, this study conducted a numerical analysis of 3 best-performing Aramid UD GS3000, Artec Aramid/Woven Aramid CT736, and H62 UD-UHMWPE-reinforced composites. In this regard, LS-DYNA's MAT54 model was compared with other failure mechanics-based models and preferred because it requires less experimental data and can simulate damage progression in dynamic failures. Since the samples used in the study were non-standard, quasi-static tensile and shear tests were performed based on the loads to which the composites would be exposed to create an accurate numerical analysis. Both tensile and shear strength values of the Artec Aramid/Woven Aramid CT736 composite are higher than those of the Aramid UD GS3000 and H62 UD-UHMWPE composites. When the numerical analysis results were compared with the tensile test data, compliance rates of 99.84% for Aramid UD GS3000 reinforced composite, 99.34% for Artec Aramid/Woven Aramid CT736 reinforced composite, and 96.42% for H62 UD-UHMWPE reinforced composite were determined. The analysis showed that the shear stress-strain curves provided 100% agreement at the maximum stress value.

Modular soft pneumatic actuator mimics elephant trunk locomotion

Robots support and facilitate tasks in all life fields. Soft robots specifically have the advantages of inherent compliance, safe interaction and flexible deformability. Soft pneumatic network (Pneu-Net) is a soft pneumatic actuator (SPA) composed of network of chambers that is actuated by pneumatic power. Soft Pneu-Net fits the human interface applications perfectly. In this paper, a bio-inspired modular based design for Pneu-Net actuator is developed. The actuator mimics the elephant trunk curling to be employed for rehabilitation of human hand fingers. The actuator is an integrated four Pneu-Net modules actuator which is attached to hand’s finger. The main introduced advantages in the new developed actuator are: providing four degrees of freedom (DoF) essential for finger’s motion by single compound actuator and developing a methodology for a modular soft Pneu-Net actuator that is efficiently reproducible. The actuator’s design is developed using computer aided design (CAD) software SOLIDWORKS. The design is simulated using finite element modeling (FEM) software ABAQUS. Fabrication process uses 3D printed molds. Soft material is molded in the 3D printed molds, forming actuator’s modules. Actuator’s modules are integrated by adhesion using the soft material. A proposed non-standard hyper-elastic material biaxial tension test is introduced as a quick material properties identification method that can produce a test table used for material identification in the FEM. Enhanced version for the actuator uses reinforcement fibers. Results show advances for the reinforced actuator, as it limits the unwanted actuator’s strain and deformation. The reinforced actuator shows improved energy efficiency reaches to 46%.

Insertion loss of pipe clamps: Quantity for prediction or manufacturer's advertising?

The noise emitted by water conveying pipes as part of sanitary installations is, in most cases, dominated by structure-borne sound transmission. The water flowing through the pipe causes a vibration of the pipe system that is transmitted to the installation wall through pipe clamps. A common mitigation measure is an elastic inlay inside the pipe clamps. Some manufacturers of these clamps advertise the insertion losses determined by non-standardized tests. Recent studies show a high dependency of the insertion loss on the mounting conditions, e.g. how tight are pipes fastened in the clamp. This contribution aims to answer the question of whether and how the mounting condition affects the insertion loss of the pipe clamps and thus how representative the specified values can be for the building situation. The investigations are carried out in-situ on the reception plate and in a building like test stand with an excitation by flowing water as well as with impact hammer excitation. This study is part of a research project with the overall aim to provide source data for the prediction of the sound transmission in buildings using EN 12354-5.

SAP 2000 Validates Deflection in Multilayer Test

Multilayer testing is one of the non-standard testing methods that has the potential to be developed in the future, so it requires special validation of its results. In this study, validation was carried out using SAP 2000 software, focusing on the calculation of downward curvature that occurs under the concrete layer. The study was conducted on test objects in closed conditions with certain dimensions. The test results showed that there was a difference between the downward curvature values ​​produced from multilayer testing and calculations with SAP 2000. The difference in downward curvature between the two methods was recorded at 15.29%. This difference indicates that more validation is needed to ensure the accuracy of the multilayer testing method in future structural applications.

General Methods for the Analysis of Chemical Properties of Fuels

This article is the third in a series of articles focused on presenting common methods for evaluating conventional and alternative fuels. The first two articles of the series were devoted to the determination of elements and non-hydrocarbon compounds in fuels [1]) and the determination of the physical properties of fuels [2]). This text presents an overview of the chemical properties determined for individual fuels. The chemical properties, acidity and alkalinity of fuels, content of unsaturated compounds, aniline point, water content, oxidation stability, and corrosive properties of fuels are presented in this article. The main goal of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of which fuels are monitored, why they are monitored, and what methods are used for this monitoring. The emphasis is mainly on standardized parameters and tests, but in some cases, non-standardized tests are also discussed, or (additional) determinations not required by standards. For conventional and alternative fuels, several physical chemical, or other properties are used to evaluate the quality of these fuels. In this article, we present an overview of the chemical properties that are monitored for liquid and gaseous conventional and alternative fuels. These are acidity and alkalinity, content of unsaturated compounds, aniline point, water content, oxidation stability, and corrosive effects of fuels. In the article, we present the testing methods that are used to monitor these properties. Furthermore, we also present the reasons why these properties are monitored for individual fuels. Emphasis is placed on standardized parameters and tests, i.e., those prescribed by the relevant standards for individual fuels. However, parameters and alternative methods are also discussed, which are not prescribed by any standard for the respective fuels, but are supplementary determinations. The determination of elements and hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds in fuels potentially falls within the scope of this article. However, since two separate articles [1] were devoted to these parameters, they will not be discussed here

Comparative Analysis of Knowledge Control and Evaluation Methods in Higher Education

The article analyses knowledge control and evaluation methods in higher education, focusing on both standardized and non-standardized testing. It explores fundamental quality criteria and the perspectives of lecturers and students on the roles of these methods in assessing knowledge. The study evaluates attitudes towards both testing types, considering factors such as efficiency, usability, reliability, objectivity, accuracy, and content relevance. The findings suggest that combining standardized and non-standardized tests with problem-solving tasks significantly enhances knowledge assessment in technical disciplines, demonstrating the methods’ interdependence and complementarity. Data shows that both testing types achieve high scores, with standardized tests receiving an integral index of 0.72 and non-standardized tests scoring 0.69. Respondents positively evaluate the effectiveness and convenience of standardized tests, attributing their reliability, objectivity, accuracy, and practical orientation. Although there is a clear preference for standardized tests among participants, the benefits of non-standardized tests are also acknowledged. The study thus recommends a balanced approach, incorporating both methods to ensure an effective and high-quality assessment and knowledge control strategy in higher education.

MTB-MLE Curriculum: An Evaluative Study on Language Transitioning Design for Basic Education

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to elicit teachers' lived experiences of teaching Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in the primary grades. It sought to evaluate the MTB-MLE program in Dawis Elementary School in Digos City, Philippines particularly in its effects in the curriculum, instruction, and assessment, the effect of the transition from mother tongue to English language, and how teachers address the challenges they encountered in the implementation of MTB-MLE. In-depth interview (IDI) was conducted to the participants who handled learners from diverse tribes. Eight (8) significant themes emerged from the effects of MTB-MLE in terms of Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment divided into two categories: success and struggles. For the success: Easy Understanding of Concepts and Enhancement of Students’ Engagement surfaced as themes. For the struggles: Linguistic Problems, Transition Challenges, Construction of non-standardized test, Inadequate Instructional Materials, Teacher Training Difficulty, and No Codified Dialects cropped up. Four (4) significant themes emerged in the transition from Mother Tongue to English Language to the learners: lexical problems, lack of instructional materials, translation difficulties, and comprehension difficulties. Five (5) themes in terms of the strategies that teachers address during the transition from Mother Tongue to English language appeared: Translation of target language to mother tongue, Utilization of Multilingual Resources, Utilization of technological aids, Use of scaffolding and bridging in instruction, and enhancing and optimizing the learning experience of students. The study's findings shed light for evaluating the MTB-MLE curriculum. School administrators may find this study to be helpful in providing insights for enhancing the MTB-MLE curriculum. Likewise, results of the study may provide incisive contributions to the ongoing discourse on MTB-MLE.

The Effect of Intumescent Coating Containing Expandable Graphite onto Spruce Wood

Wood, one of the materials predominantly employed in construction, possesses various advantageous properties alongside certain drawbacks, such as susceptibility to thermal degradation. To enhance wood fire resistance, one approach involves the application of flame retardants. This study compared the fire-retardant effectiveness of expandable graphite, bonded with water glass, as a coating for spruce wood against commercially available fire-retardant treatments. Spruce wood samples (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) underwent treatment with three distinct retardants: expandable graphite in combination with water glass, Bochemit Antiflash, and Bochemit Pyro. The fire-technical characteristics of the samples were examined by a non-standard test method—a test with a radiant heat source. The experiment evaluated the fire-retardant properties by recording changes in sample mass, burning rate, and temperature difference. The best results among all flame retardants were achieved by expandable graphite in combination with water glass, in all evaluation criteria. Among all the flame retardants used, expandable graphite in combination with water glass achieved the best results in all evaluation criteria.

Early detection of celiac disease through its common symptoms using machine learning algorithms

Celiac disease is a common systemic immune-mediated disease caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten proteins, a protein found in grains such as wheat, barley, and rye. The only effective treatment for celiac disease is a lifelong gluten-free diet. This disease has spread worldwide, and its prevalence in the general population is estimated at 1% worldwide. Celiac disease is highly heritable, and its pathogenesis involves gluten antigens presented on the surface of HLA complexes, mainly haplotypes DQ2 and DQ8. However, even if the genetic predisposition shown by these haplotypes is known to be obligatory for celiac disease, it is not sufficient to explain the overall predisposition to the disease. The first step to diagnosing the disease is usually based on serological tests and small bowel biopsy, but due to non-standard serological tests and inappropriate biopsies, the diagnosis of celiac disease is difficult. In addition, the onset of celiac disease includes a wide range of symptoms, which makes early diagnosis of celiac disease very important and vital to prevent long-term complications of these annoying symptoms. For this reason, considering the importance of early diagnosis of this disease, our goal in this study was to apply several machine learning algorithms to train several models and test their performance in predicting celiac disease based on common features and symptoms. This study was conducted on 50 suspected celiac disease samples with an average age of 32 years. 70% of the samples were positive for the disease, and the remaining 30% were negative. The 10-fold cross-validation method was used for training the model. Finally, by using a metaclassifier and the majority vote of all 5 models, including K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest, we were able to achieve an accuracy of 0.8, recall of 0.88, precision of 1, and f-measure of 0.88. The most important features were identified to optimize the prediction performance. The 5 most important features were age, gluten sensitivity, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and lactose intolerance.

Progress towards the standardization of test parameters and protocols for evaluating densified fuel products

Densification technologies used in managing biomass and coal fines to produce fuel briquettes or pellets are gaining rapid acceptance and application due to the widespread uptake of renewable energy. This has resulted in the mushrooming of many standard and non-standard evaluation tests for densified solid fuels in this industry. These tests are sometimes inconsistently applied especially if the available options for evaluation, underlying assumptions and principles of the test methods chosen are misunderstood. A critical review of the fuel briquettes evaluation tests to understand their relevance, strengths and limitations is necessary to advance public and research knowledge. This study investigated current methods of standardization to identify best practices, inconsistencies, trends and gaps in the application of fuel briquettes testing protocols. Procedures for evaluating combustion or thermal properties include calorific value, burn rate, open air combustion test and water boiling test; ignition time; after-glow test; specific fuel combustion or thermal efficiency were discussed. Physical and chemical property evaluations involved densities and related ratios, proximate and ultimate analyses. Equally important are mechanical parameters frequently informed by tensile/compressive strength, impact resistance, friability and water resistance. As renewable densified fuels gain more global popularity, it is critical to have a uniform standard of evaluating their quality.

Assessing Environmental Risks during the Drug Development Process for Parasitic Vector-Borne Diseases: A Critical Reflection.

Parasitic vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent nearly 20% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Moreover, the spread of VBDs is enhanced by global travel, urbanization, and climate change. Treatment of VBDs faces challenges due to limitations of existing drugs, as the potential for side effects in nontarget species raises significant environmental concerns. Consequently, considering environmental risks early in drug development processes is critically important. Here, we examine the environmental risk assessment process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and identify major gaps in the ecotoxicity data of these drugs. By highlighting the scarcity of ecotoxicological data for commonly used antiparasitic drugs, we stress the urgent need for considering the One Health concept. We advocate for employing predictive tools and nonanimal methodologies such as New Approach Methodologies at early stages of antiparasitic drug research and development. Furthermore, adopting progressive approaches to mitigate ecological risks requires the integration of nonstandard tests that account for real-world complexities and use environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Such a strategy is vital for a sustainable drug development process as it adheres to the principles of One Health, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more sustainable world.

Determination of progressive damage modelling parameters and calibration studies of 8-harness satin weave S-2 glass fibre reinforced composites

The aim of this article is to present a progressive damage modelling study of 8-harness satin weave S-2 glass fibre-reinforced SC15 epoxy matrix composites. Extensive mechanical properties of the composite were investigated throughout the study. The material was subjected to low-velocity impact (LVI) loading for investigating progressive damage. MAT162 material model in Ls-Dyna commercial finite element software was chosen for modelling damage that occurred in composite structure at the end of LVI test. MAT162 needs different material properties including elastic and strength properties with additional damage parameters. Different standard and non-standard tests were conducted to obtain these properties. Additionally, numerical simulation studies were run to calibrate these material properties. Finally, a set of calibrated material properties of 8HS-S2G/SC15 composite were obtained.

A digital image colorimetry system based on smart devices for immediate and simultaneous determination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on microplates are frequently utilized for various molecular sensing, disease screening, and nanomedicine applications. Comparing this multi-well plate batched analysis to non-batched or non-standard testing, the diagnosis expenses per patient are drastically reduced. However, the requirement for rather big and pricey readout instruments prevents their application in environments with limited resources, especially in the field. In this work, a handheld cellphone-based colorimetric microplate reader for quick, credible, and novel analysis of digital images of human cancer cell lines at a reasonable price was developed. Using our in-house-developed app, images of the plates are captured and sent to our servers, where they are processed using a machine learning algorithm to produce diagnostic results. Using FDA-approved human epididymis protein of ovary IgG (HE4), prostate cancer cell line (PC3), and bladder cancer cell line (5637) ELISA tests, we successfully examined this mobile platform. The accuracies for the HE4, PC3, and 5637 tests were 93%, 97.5%, and 97.2%, respectively. By contrasting the findings with the measurements made using optical absorption EPOCH microplate readers and optical absorption Tecan microplate readers, this approach was found to be accurate and effective. As a result, digital image colorimetry on smart devices offered a practical, user-friendly, affordable, precise, and effective method for quickly identifying human cancer cell lines. Thus, healthcare providers might use this portable device to carry out high-throughput illness screening, epidemiological investigations or monitor vaccination campaigns.

Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization of Rice Husks from the Tolima Region of Colombia

The under-utilization of rice husk, a milling by-product, demands attention due to its widespread disposal and limited usage. This research aims to assess the physical properties and mechanical behavior of three rice husk varieties (F 2000, Orizyca, and Panorama 394), to determine their strength capacities and potential applications. Mechanical properties are evaluated through a non-standardized tension test using a universal machine. Subsequent analyses include measuring the moisture content following ASTM D1348, determining the particle size distribution through ASAE Standard S319, and establishing the bulk density using ASAE Standard S269 Method 4. Mechanical resistance in the rice husk varieties ranged from 60 MPa to 130 MPa, with a particle density exceeding 300 kg/m3 and an average apparent density of 140 kg/m3. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the husk structures, identifying epidermis, hypodermis, and sub-hypodermis layers. The mechanical stress of the Orizyca variety was 1.89 times higher than that of F 2000, and 1.18 times higher than that of Panorama 394. Potential applications include brick manufacturing and thermoformed materials for Orizyca and Panorama 394, while F 2000 could be utilized for producing fuel briquettes or cardboard, among other possibilities.

Obsahová analýza testov školskej pripravenosti žiaka na výučbu písania

The level of a pupil's readiness for writing can be determined at a young age through the analysis of their drawings, which reflect their actual graphomotor activity. This is why drawing is often used as a diagnostic tool to assess students before they enter primary school, using either standardized or non-standardized tests. The aim of this study is to analyze school readiness tests for students, focusing on the graphomotor indicators of their readiness. The content of this study will consist of a theoretical analysis of four selected tests: the Orientation Test of School Maturity, the Orientation Test of Readiness for School, the Drawing Test of School Aptitude, and the HETz test (a manual handwritten test). The theoretical part of this study will also outline the requirements for writing, which must be understood before the actual testing of pupils. In conclusion, we will evaluate the consistency and differences between the individual tests, which will affect the placement of pupils in terms of their writing abilities.

Science Process Skills and Level of Knowledge of Primary Education Pupils

The research deals with the influence of inquiry-based science education (IBSE) implementation into science instruction in the 3rd grade of elementary school on the levels of pupils’ knowledge and science process skills. The research sample consisted of 395 pupils and 170 primary education teachers. The main research method was a pedagogical experiment. Other research methods were non-standardized didactic tests, observation and a questionnaire. The obtained results showed that the pupils’ science process skills increased in the experimental group due to the influence of IBSE. The research results may contribute to the effective implementation of this educational concept in the instruction of natural sciences at elementary schools, with the assumption of increasing pupils’ scientific literacy in international measurements.

Healthcare Risk Management and Countermeasures of Clinical Medical Laboratory Testing

Clinical laboratory test-data report is not only an important basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also an important medical evidence. However, at present, in clinical practice, there is a general situation that the medical test-data report have no pay necessary attention in medicine evidence. As a result, in cases of medical malpractise disputes, the medical test-data report often becomes the evidence of litigation against the hospital. This study aims to analyze the healthcare risks in clinical medical laboratory testing and propose effective risk management strategies. The article first identifies key risk points in clinical medical laboratory testing, including risks before, during, and after testing, as well as other related risks. It then discusses existing issues in healthcare risk management, such as non-standardized testing processes, inadequate risk warning mechanisms, and insufficient credibility of test results. Based on these analyses, the article puts forward targeted management strategies, including standardizing testing processes, improving warning mechanisms, and enhancing the credibility of test results. The purpose of this study is to enhance the safety and accuracy of clinical medical laboratory testing, reduce healthcare risks, and ensure patient safety.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН І РЕЗУЛЬТАТ ПРОФЕСІЙНО-МЕТОДИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ВЧИТЕЛІВ ФРАНЦУЗЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ У ЗАКЛАДІ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article is devoted to the study of the current state and results of professional and methodological training of the pre-service French teachers. The pre-service French teachers get a higher education according to the educational program “Foreign languages and literatures, methods of teaching foreign languages and foreign literature (French and a second Western European language)” in the specialty 014 Secondary education, specialization 014.023 French language and literature for the first (bachelor) level of higher education. To achieve the goal of the research, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative methods included an anonymous survey of students in order to find out their attitude to the organization of the educational process, to demonstrate how the students evaluate the acquired methodical knowledge and skills in the process of French teacher’s professional and methodical activity in general secondary education institutions, to show students’ attitude towards the organization of pedagogical practice in the French language in institutions of general secondary education, as well as the assessment by students of the level of acquired methodical skills for carrying out the professional and methodical activity of a French teacher and the assessment by the teacher according to established criteria. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of reliability was used as a quantitative method to process the obtained results in order to determine the results of professional and methodological training and the professional and methodical competence formation of the pre-service French teachers. In the research, it was found that the professional and methodological training of the pre-service teachers of French as a foreign language lasts for four semesters. The professional and methodological training is carried out within the mandatory (curricular discipline “Methodology of teaching French in institutions of general secondary education” and practical training, which is implemented in two types of pedagogical practice) and optional disciplines. In order to expand the content of targeted training (in the period of 2021-2022 academic year), the preservice French teachers chose the following optional disciplines: “Testing in French language learning” and “Methodology for the formation of French-speaking linguistic and sociocultural competence”). Within the academic disciplines, the pre-service French teachers mastered methodical knowledge and skills of planning lessons by developing plans of the lessons’ parts and the whole French language lessons. They used various teaching aids, independently developed non-standardized tests for the formative assessment of the foreign language competence, and integrated linguistic and sociocultural competences. The preservice French teachers apply their knowledge and skills in the proposed conditions – training (during the educational pedagogical practice “Educational Studies (methodical aspect)”) and real (during the production pedagogical practice in an institution of general secondary education). In the process of professional and methodical training, current and summative types of assessment are applied. The criteria for control were established by the teacher. The results of the professional and methodological training of the pre-service French teachers during the educational process as well as the results of the exam and the results of their performance of tasks of various types of pedagogical practice were analyzed. The results were higher than 0.7 according to Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of reliability. This proves the sufficient level of formation of the professional and methodological competence of the pre-service French teachers under the specified educational program. On the basis of the conducted research, recommendations were formulated to increase the effectiveness of the professional and methodological training of the preservice French teachers: 1) widely use self-assessment and peer-assessment; 2) compare the students’ assessment with teachers; 3) analyze and interpret the obtained results; 4) systematically involve students in reflection, in particular methodical; 5) to involve the students in different types of pedagogical practice. It is promising to study the impact of the content and scope of professional and methodological training on the achievement of program learning outcomes within educational programs in the specialty 014 Secondary education for the training of the pre-service French teachers.

Non-standard employment and COVID-19 testing in South Korean workers

ObjectivesSARS-CoV-2 testing has been critical in monitoring and containing the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is a dearth of studies on how individuals’ adherence to testing varies according to their working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the association between the type of employment contract and COVID-19 testing among wage workers in South Korea. Study designWe used a nationally representative sample of employees aged 20–65 years collected from March 24 to 31, 2022. To focus on individual responses when the test was recommended, our sample consisted of 1266 participants who had experienced symptoms of COVID-19 or had been exposed to a confirmed case in the household. MethodsWe used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between the odds of receiving a PCR test and the type of employment contract while controlling for other potential covariates. ResultsThe percentage of participants who had a SARS-CoV-2 PCR test was 77.8%. After adjusting for all potential covariates, daily workers (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.70, P = 0.003) and part-time workers (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.86, P = 0.007) had significantly lower odds of being tested relative to standard workers. Other temporary or atypical workers showed no significant differences from standard workers. ConclusionOur findings suggested that individuals in the most vulnerable job positions, with less job security and working hours, exhibited a decreased inclination to undergo COVID-19 testing. More effective job retention and income support policies are required to improve compliance.

Mechanical Behavior of Seamless Pipes Using Ring Expansion Technique and Novel Hoop Stress Correlation Factor (K)

This study investigated the stress–strain behavior of seamless pipes in the hoop direction using the ring expansion test, which is a non-standardized mechanical testing technique used for evaluating the mechanical properties of round tubes. However, this technique has limitations, such as unidentified specimen geometry, strain measurement, and the estimation of friction coefficients. The study employed experimental, numerical, and analytical methodologies to address these limitations and throughout the study, a novel hoop stress correlation factor (K) was identified to be multiplied by the hoop stress derived equation for reduced section ring specimens. The experimental strain was measured using a newly derived analytical equation, and a mathematical predictive model was developed to estimate the K-factor using the Design of Experiment (DoE) and Design-Expert statistical software. The study concluded that the ring expansion test is a promising technique for evaluating the mechanical properties of seamless pipes similar to the unified axial tensile stress–strain behavior. However, future research is needed to estimate the hoop stress correlation value (K) for all ring geometries. The study's finding of the novel hoop stress correlation factor (K) in the case of a reduced section ring specimen is particularly noteworthy, as it addresses a significant research gap in the field.