Detection Of Non-polio Enteroviruses Research Articles

Human FcRn Is a Two-in-One Attachment-Uncoating Receptor for Echovirus 18.

ABSTRACTVirus-receptor interactions determine viral host range and tissue tropism. CD55 and human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) were found to be the binding and uncoating receptors for some of the echovirus-related enterovirus species B serotypes in our previous study. Echovirus 18 (E18), as a member of enterovirus species B, is a significant causative agent of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. However, it does not use CD55 as a critical host factor. We conducted CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening to determine the receptors and entry mechanisms and identified FcRn working as a dual-function receptor for E18. Knockout of FCGRT and B2M, which encode the two subunits of FcRn, prevented infection by E18 and other echoviruses in the same physiological cluster. We then elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism of receptor recognition by E18 using cryogenic electron microscopy. The binding of the FCGRT subunit to the canyon region rotates the residues around the pocket, triggering the release of the pocket factor as observed for other enterovirus species B members.

Using Nonpolio Enterovirus Detection to Assess the Integrity of Stool Specimens Collected From Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Somalia During 2014-2017.

Despite insecurity challenges in Somalia, key indicators for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance have met recommended targets. However, recent outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses have raised concerns about possible gaps. We analyzed nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) and Sabin poliovirus isolation rates to investigate whether comparing these rates can inform about the integrity of stool specimens from inaccessible areas and the likelihood of detecting circulating polioviruses. Using logistic regression, we analyzed case-based AFP surveillance data for 1348 cases with onset during 2014-2017. We assessed the adjusted impacts of variables including age, accessibility, and Sabin-like virus isolation on NPEV detection. NPEVs were more likely to be isolated from AFP case patients reported from inaccessible areas than accessible areas (23% vs 15%; P = .01). In a multivariable model, inaccessibility and detection of Sabin-like virus were positively associated with NPEV detection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-2.65; and AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07-2.90; respectively), while being aged ≥5 years was negatively associated (AOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20-0.85). Rates of NPEV and Sabin poliovirus detection in inaccessible areas suggest that the integrity of fecal specimens tested for AFP surveillance in Somalia can generate useful AFP data, but uncertainties remain about surveillance system quality.

Isolation and Detection of Echoviruses in Acute Flaccid Paralysis among children under 15 years old in different Iraqi Provinces

Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid onset of weakness, affecting the muscles then progressing to maximum severity within several days to weeks and sometimes may lead to death. The objective of this study was the isolation and detection of Non-Polio Enteroviruses, The ECHO virus from three hundred stool specimens obtained from children aged less than 15 years old showing symptoms of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from different Iraqi provinces and characterization the different serotypes of these viruses using both tissue culture (using RD cells) and neutralization-assay methods. This was done according to protocols applied by reference laboratories recommended by World Health Organization. The common diagnostic approach in a suspected Enteroviruses infection is the isolation of the virus (stool samples) in susceptible cell cultures such as RD cell line this cells appearance cytopathic effect (CPE ) for polio viruses and NPEVs . Virus isolation is then followed by the use of a neutralization-type assay to identify the serotype of the isolated Enterovirus, a process commonly known as serotyping. The current study, which covered in different Iraqi provinces shows that echoviruses (ECHO) had the highest prevalence affecting 79 cases (26.33%) out of 101 NPEVs. The present study showed that the maximum frequency of ECHO virus isolation was reported in Baghdad 31 (51.67%) and Basrah 21 (52.5%).

Non-polio Enteroviruses in Karnataka, India: Virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases (July 1997–2013)

Background and Objectives: Since 1997 National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit involved in WHO’s Acute flaccid paralysis paediatric cases surveillance programme to isolate and detect polioviruses. Stool samples yielded not only polioviruses but also Non-Polio enteroviruses. This report is an overview of non-polio Enterovirus (NPEV) epidemiology in Karnataka state, India for the period of 16-years and 6 months from July 1997–2013. Methods: A total of 19,410 clinical samples were processed for virus isolation as a part of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for Global Polio Eradication Programme in India at National Polio Laboratory, at Bengaluru. NPEV detection was performed by virus isolation on cell culture according to World Health Organisation recommended protocols. Results: A total of 4152 NPEV isolates were obtained. The NPEV isolation rate varied from year to year but with a total NPEV rate of 21.39%. Conclusion: A seasonal variation was noted with high transmission period between April and October with peaks in June–July. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2. The isolation of NPEV decreased significantly with the increase in age. Epidemiology of NPEVs from AFP cases in Karnataka is described.

Detection of Nonpolio Enteroviruses among children with acute flaccid paralysis from institutions and from migrants’ families

Detection of Nonpolio Enteroviruses among children with acute flaccid paralysis from institutions and from migrants’ families

Detection of non-polio enteroviruses in Hungary 2000–2008 and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16, and echovirus 30

Human enteroviruses are associated with various clinical syndromes from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions like aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis. Between June 2000 and August 2008 echovirus (E) type 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25, 30, coxsackievirus (CV) -A16, -A19, -B5, and enterovirus 71 (EV71) were reported in Hungary. In this study, 29 previously enterovirus positive samples from 28 patients diagnosed with hand, foot and mouth disease, meningitis and encephalitis, were molecularly typed. The genetic relationships of identified serotypes CV-A16, EV71, and E30 were assessed by direct sequencing of genomic region encoding the capsid protein VP1. The sequences were compared to each other and sequences from other geographical regions possessed in Genbank. The phylogenetic analysis of CV-A16 revealed that the viruses were mostly of Far-Eastern or Asia-Pacific origin. Typing of EV71 showed that one virus from 2000 belonged to genotype C1 and five viruses observed in 2004 and 2005 were identified as genotype C4. The 11 echovirus 30 strains showed homology with those of neighbor European countries. The molecular examination of E30 revealed that three separate lineages circulated in 2000, 2001, and 2004-2006 in Hungary.