Nonphysical Abuse Research Articles

Help-seeking behavior of male victims of intimate partner violence in Japan.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is becoming a serious public health issue worldwide. This study sought to analyze factors affecting the help-seeking behavior of male victims of IPV using a web survey. Male IPV victims living in Japan were recruited to participate in a web-based questionnaire survey conducted on February 25 and 26, 2021. A total of 1466 men were divided into two groups: Group 1 (43 men) consisted of victims who sought help and Group 2 consisted of victims (1423 men) who had not sought help. The Domestic Violence Screening Inventory, a 20-item questionnaire regarding IPV exposure, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used, along with the questions regarding help-seeking behaviors for Group 1. Of the 43 victims, 28 victims (65.1%) used exclusively informal supports, eight victims (18.6%) used exclusively formal supports, and seven victims (16.3%) used both. Logistic regression analyses revealed that only physical violence was significantly associated with help-seeking behaviors among types of abuse/violence (odds ratio [OR] = 4.51, confidence interval [CI] = 1.95-10.50, P < .001). Of past experiences, "foregoing divorce to avoid adverse childhood experiences in their offspring" (OR = 3.14, CI = 1.45-6.82, P = .003) was the most significantly associated with help-seeking behaviors. In Japan, male IPV victims tend to seek help following physical violence, but males are less are likely to seek help for nonphysical victimization, highlighting the need for targeted support for victims of nonphysical abuse. To provide comprehensive aid to male IPV victims, consultation centers designed for men will be needed.

Alternative Justice Using Religious Principles in Solving Domestic Violence of Muslim Family in Thailand

The purpose of this research was to find the level of Muslim domestic violence and the pattern of alternative justice corresponding to religious principles to solve the problem of Muslim domestic violence in southern border areas in Thailand. This was qualitative research using in-depth interviews with 52 samples, including victims, close persons, the provincial Islamic council, and Thai-Muslim family role models. The research showed that the level of Muslim domestic violence in studied communities was divided into 3 levels: 1) extreme violence, namely physical abuse 2) conflict, namely a quarrel with non-physical abuse, and 3) the way the family encountered both internal and external problems that might lead to quarrel and domestic violence. For the pattern of alternative justice corresponding to religious principles, reconciliation approaches should be used by focusing on the justice processes of all sectors along with the community. Furthermore, the recommendation of this research was to promote knowledge and skills of family life and educate good values according to Islamic principles.

Pengalaman Penyintas Kekerasan Seksual dalam Komunitas Save Your Mental: Analisis Feminisme Gayatri Spivak

This research explores the experiences of sexual violence survivors within the Save Your Mental (SYM) community, addressing a subject that remains largely underexamined. The study employs Gayatri Spivak’s feminist theory, focusing on subalternity, discrimination, and social construction, which is rarely discussed in this context. Using a qualitative descriptive method with an inductive approach and multimethod framework, the research uncovers several key findings: The first participant endured sexual violence, including harassment and attempted rape by a cousin. A lack of trust and protection from her parents resulted in repeated instances of abuse. The second participant suffered domestic and sexual violence, as well as non-physical abuse, at the hands of her husband and mother-in-law, who restricted her from leaving the house, even for essential personal needs and those of her child. Both participants eventually transcended their subaltern positions, evolving into individuals who are more open and content. These findings highlight the crucial role of community support and the pressing need for societal reforms to safeguard and empower survivors. The study contributes to a broader understanding of how marginalized individuals navigate and resist systemic oppression.

Spoke, liefde en geslagsgebaseerde geweld in "Die bouval op Wilgerdal"

The portrayal of gender-based violence is present in all genres of prose, including the ghost story. There is currently a lack of research regarding gender-based violence portrayed in Afrikaans ghost stories in literature as well as in film and television. Alongside the acknowledged forms of gender-based violence (physical and non-physical abuse), I argue that an additional level of violence, namely psychic violence, is used in the ghost story to amplify the horror and impact of gender-based violence. To illustrate this psychic form of violence, I compare the portrayal of the character Emmie in the classic Afrikaans ghost story "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" (The Wilgerdal Ruins) by C. J. Langenhoven (1924) with her portrayal in the 2019 adaptation of Langenhoven's short story for two episodes of the television series Die Spreeus (The Starlings). Emmie is haunted by both the ghost of her deceased beloved, Petrus, and the ghost of her stalker, Frans, who possessed Petrus's body at the moment of his death. Where Emmie was moved to the background to deal with her trauma in silence and solitude in Langenhoven's short story, she is put front and centre in Die Spreeus when her strange situation is investigated by the police as a case of domestic violence. The depiction of Emmie and this investigation casts a harsh light on the continuous plight of female victims of domestic violence, including revictimization, ongoing physical and emotional violence, victim blaming and gaslighting.

Understanding the experience of emotional abuse: the importance of naming and identifying non-physical violence from the target’s perspective

Emotional abuse and psychological violence refer to patterned maltreatment used to break down the personal integrity and sense of self-worth of the target. In this article, I address the experiences of emotional abuse and psychological violence of women in long-term heterosexual relationships based on my feminist activist research in collaboration with Women’s Line, an anti-violence, women’s rights non-governmental organisation in Finland. The research included co-moderating two online support groups for women and conducting follow-up interviews. In the analysis, I show that non-physical forms of violence are deeply felt and transform a target’s sense of self and their relationships with the world. However, targets may have difficulty recognising that they are subjected to abuse and doubt their own experiences, despite the severe effects of abuse and the risks posed to their safety. Thus, I argue for the need to name and identify non-physical abuse as severe violence in order to raise awareness and to validate the target’s experiences.

Roads, women’s employment, and gender equity: Evidence from Cambodia

Much recent research has focused on the local economic effects of road development but has neglected how investments in infrastructure can affect socio-cultural dynamics. This study uses data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to measure the effects of a road building program in Cambodia on women’s employment, use of contraception, attitudes regarding and experience with domestic violence, and decision making over resources in the household within a spatial differences-in-differences framework. We find that the amount of road built within 15 km of a respondent’s home results in increases in women’s ability to make decisions over their healthcare, household spending decisions, and ability to refuse sex with one’s partner. We also find that exposure to the program results in a decrease in acceptance and experience of spousal abuse, particularly non-physical abuse. This occurs despite finding that the road program had a negative effect on the likelihood that respondents work outside the home. We conclude that road construction has a measurable and large impact on the social and economic position of women and this can be the case even while women become less involved in work outside the home.

Referee Abuse, Intention to Quit, and Well-Being

ABSTRACT There are growing levels of abuse toward match officials in sport as well as general problems of their recruitment and retention. Purpose: This study analyzes the role that physical and nonphysical abuse has on association football referees’ intentions to quit and their personal well-being. Methods: Drawing on pooled survey data of association football referees from the UK and Canada, this paper employs probit, ordinary least squares, and treatment effects regression analyses to explore the casual relationship between the physical and nonphysical abuse faced by referees, their intention to quit and their well-being. Results: Although physical abuse is less common than nonphysical abuse both affect the intention to quit and well-being of officials. Moreover, those that do not contemplate quitting also face reductions in their well-being. Conclusion: The research recommends a zero-tolerance approach to all forms of abuse of officials in sport and identifies that organizations have a duty of care for the well-being of their officials.

Coercive Control: Transforming Partial Defences to Murder in England and Wales

An abused person who kills their abuser remains a conundrum for law and justice. How do we adequately deal with this issue using the current defences to murder? The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 legislated with such situations in mind, but the focus here was on physical abuse. As our understanding of the effects of coercive and controlling behaviour has grown, how fatal reactions to such behaviour might be dealt with by the courts has become an issue of particular interest. This article considers how the current parameters of the criminal law and our increased understanding of intimate partner violence are in conflict, and further legislation will most certainly be necessary to be inclusive of non-physical abuse.

It doesn’t only hurt the body: Legal protection against non-physical domestic violence in Hungary

Psychological abuse is usually the firstmanifestation of violence to appear and it is often atleast as difficultfor victimsto endure and process as physical abuse. In this article, the authors attempt to present the means by which Hungarian law, primarily criminal law, takes up the fight against non-physical abuse as a part of domestic violence and the possible directions of legal development in this respect. In this field, they analyze the independent criminal offense of domestic violence and the related social attitudes and introduce the legal instrument ofthe restraining order. Finally,the authorsformulate proposalsin orderto increase the effectiveness ofthe state’s fight against domestic violence.

Subtle or covert abuse within intimate partner relationships: a scoping review protocol.

The objective of the review is to understand how academic literature on domestic violence has described or defined subtle, non-physical abuse in intimate heterosexual or same-sex relationships. Academic literature frequently refers to subtle or covert abuse in intimate relationships; however, this kind of abuse, while recognized by therapists who work with victims, has not yet been researched. Without understanding how clients experiencing subtle abuse present in therapy, therapists may misunderstand the cause of their distress and do more harm than good. This scoping review aims to understand how the current literature describes or defines subtle or covert abuse to inform future research to enable therapists to recognize subtle abuse in their clients. Academic work that describes or defines subtle or covert abuse in intimate partner relationships based on primary research or discussion papers published in English will be considered for inclusion. Work will be excluded if it only describes physical or overt non-physical abuse. MeSH terms and keywords relating to domestic violence literature found in preliminary searches were used to design the initial search strategies. Search terms based on these were chosen in discussion with a librarian. The following databases will be searched: PsycINFO (EBSCO), MEDLINE Complete (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycArticles (EBSCO), and Scopus. Searches will be conducted for studies published between 1950 and 2021.

HOW DOES ABUSIVE LEADERSHIP CONTAMINATE PERFORMANCE AND CULTURE? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The study focuses on the critical aspect which is evaluation of how much of an impact does the abusive leadership have on the employees’ performance when the hospital culture promotes it, overlooks it, or embraces it. The target sample of 350 was performing multi functions including doctors, nurses, paramedics, and medical staff. For the antecedent of Abusive Leadership, data was collected from 35 hospital supervisors. The study observed nonphysical abuse such as verbal mistreatment, mockery, insulting behavior, emails, and messages. The results show a significant impact of leadership on employee performance and stress that was caused by leadership’s negative behavior; organizational culture also was causing stress toward the employees’ performance. Keywords: Abusive leadership, commitment, productivity, performance, culture

Childhood maltreatment, revictimization, and stay-leave decision-making

Survivors of childhood maltreatment (CM) are at increased risk of revictimization, including intimate partner violence (IPV). While research has established some mediators of this link, less is known about the process of stay-leave decision-making among CM survivors in abusive partnerships and how these decision-making processes may inform the CM-IPV link. Certain populations of revictimized women are understudied, such as low-income African American women, despite the fact that they experience higher rates of CM and IPV than their White counterparts. The present study is an investigation of stay-leave decision-making among a low-income sample of 121 African American women with recent IPV exposure. Severity of CM, by both type of maltreatment and cumulative maltreatment, was examined as related to salience of distinct stay-leave decision-making factors. Stay-leave decision-making factors were then tested as mediators of the relation between CM and severity of IPV. Using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA), experience of physical neglect was found to be especially associated with more consideration of poor social support, while other specific forms of CM were not differently associated with individual stay-leave decision-making factors. Using bootstrapping analyses, associations were found between greater severity of CM and three specific stay-leave factors: concerns related to social embarrassment, poor social support, and financial problems. Further, social embarrassment emerged as the most salient mediator of the relations between CM and three forms of IPV (i.e., physical abuse, nonphysical abuse, and controlling behaviors). The implications of these findings for clinical intervention and future research for this high-risk population are discussed.

‘A life barely half lived’: domestic abuse and sexual violence practitioners’ experiences and perceptions of providing care to survivors of non-physical abuse within intimate partner relationships

Non-physically abusive acts (underpinned by coercive control) are more prevalent than physical or sexual violence within intimate partner relationships. Yet, little is known about survivors’ help-seeking journeys or the efficacy of existing services in addressing this need. We present findings from a survey of UK-based domestic violence and abuse (DVA) and sexual violence (SV) practitioners (n = 279) exploring experiences of providing care to women with histories of non-physical abuse. Our findings suggest that survivors often seek help for non-physical abuse from specialist DVA and SV services, but wider professional agencies often overlook the severity of this experience of abuse in the absence of physical or sexual violence. The impacts of non-physical abuse on survivors’ health and wellbeing are severe and there are multiple barriers to support, particularly within the criminal justice system. Our findings highlight the urgent need to increase public and professional awareness of non-physical abuse and its consequences for training of wider agencies (for example, police, child protection, legal services) and for sustainable funding that increases long-term support options for survivors and their children.

The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Attitudes, Sexual Assertiveness, and Sexual Functioning in Men and Women.

Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. The association between psychosexual (sexual assertiveness, erotophilia, and attitude towards sexual fantasies) and sexual function (sexual desire, sexual excitation, erection, orgasm capacity, and sexual satisfaction), and the experience of physical and non-physical IPV was assessed. Methods: Data from 3394 (1766 women, 1628 men) heterosexual adults completed the Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse, scales measuring psychosexual and sexual function, and demographic characteristics were collected. Results: For men, poorer sexual health was associated with an experience of physical abuse (F = 4.41, p < 0.001) and non-physical abuse (F = 4.35, p < 0.001). For women, poorer sexual health was associated with physical abuse (F = 13.38, p < 0.001) and non-physical abuse (F = 7.83, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The experience of physical or non-physical abuse has a negative association with psychosexual and sexual functioning in both men and women.

Identifying Nonphysical Intimate Partner Violence in Relationships: The Role of Beliefs and Schemas.

While substantial research has been conducted on intimate partner violence (IPV), comparatively little research has examined peoples' perceptions of which behaviors comprise this form of abuse. Early identification of IPV is critical to ending abuse, however, forms of IPV that typically occur earlier in a relationship (e.g., nonphysical abuse) may not be core components of peoples' mental frameworks (schemas) of IPV and may therefore be less commonly identified as abusive. To explore this, in Study 1 participants from an Australian University (N = 86) separately described the relationships with IPV and nonphysical IPV. Analyses identified control, power imbalance, stereotypical gender dynamics (male perpetrator, female victim), physical abuse, and having a low socioeconomic status abuser as common components of participants' IPV schema when not prompted with type of abuse. However, participants largely failed to describe nonphysical IPV behaviors, suggesting limited awareness of the specific behaviors that constitute abuse. To explore this in Study 2, participants from an Australian University (N = 305) were asked to categorize a range of specific behaviors (including physically abusive, nonphysically abusive, and nonabusive behaviors) as definitely, maybe, or never abusive. Drawing on the known positive association between gender and romantic beliefs with the experience of abuse, we also assessed the relationship of identification of IPV behaviors to these beliefs. Moderated multilevel modeling showed that nonphysical IPV behaviors were generally perceived as less abusive than physical IPV behaviors. In addition, stronger endorsement of romantic jealousy was associated with evaluating nonphysical IPV as less abusive. However, romantic jealousy beliefs were not significantly associated with the perceived abusiveness of physical IPV behaviors. Findings support the conclusion that individuals' IPV schemas contribute to a failure to identify nonphysical IPV behaviors as abusive, and this is particularly true for people who more strongly endorse romantic jealousy.

Child Friendly Education: Application of Child Friendly Schools in Creating School Culture in SDN 3 Pasirtamiang

School is a place that should allow a child to learn and feel comfortable. But until now the school has not been able to be a friendly place for children. Although referred to as an educational institution, but violence actually often occurs in schools. Child Friendly Schools are educational units that are able to guarantee, fulfill, respect the rights of children, and protect children from violence, discrimination, and other mistreatment and support children's participation, especially in planning, policy, learning, and complaints mechanisms. Child Friendly Schools aim to protect and provide services that guarantee and protect children from physical and non-physical abuse. This study aims to determine whether schools have implemented Child Friendly Schools as a whole or are still not optimal. Know the school culture that is the result of Child Friendly Schools. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative which will describe how the implementation of Child Friendly Schools in SDN 3 Pasirtamiang. Data collection techniques through observation, documentation, interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis method uses descriptive method. The results of research at SDN 3 Pasirtamiang have referred to the classification standards for child-friendly schools that have been declared by the ministry of education and culture based on the facts contained in the field. With the formation of character as a child-friendly school culture equips students to be able to actualize themselves towards Islamic character. To develop and create child-friendly schools, it is better to be able to integrate existing programs &amp; activities and be able to adjust the situation, conditions, and abilities of the school by optimizing all school resources.

Factors associated with violence against women in a representative sample of the Lebanese population: results of a cross-sectional study.

To evaluate the prevalence of violence against women (VAW) and assess factors associated with VAW among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. This cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December 2018. Participants from all Lebanese governorates were enrolled in this study using a proportionate random sample. The percentages of women who were exposed to physical and non-physical abuse were 37.1% and 49.4% respectively. Factors associated with physical abuse were being divorced, having a partner addicted to substances and alcohol, or with a history of threats, violence, assaults, and crimes, higher stressful life experiences, and abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological). Non-physical abuse was associated with abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological), higher stressful life experiences, and the fact that the partner is addicted to substances and alcohol, or has a history of threats. Our results suggest that being divorced, illiterate, and unemployed, having an addicted partner, and having experienced child abuse are all factors that are associated with more violence against women.

Does Stockholm Syndrome Exist in Lebanon? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study Considering the Factors Associated With Violence Against Women in a Lebanese Representative Sample.

The aim of this study is to validate the Stockholm syndrome scale (SSS) in Arabic, assess the correlation of the Stockholm syndrome in women who are victims of domestic violence, and evaluate the factors that enhance the level of violation among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on Lebanese women between September and December 2018. Participants enrolled in this study were from all of Lebanon's governorates and selected using an equitable representative sample. Being divorced (β = 9.83); with low educational level (β = 5.47); having a partner that takes substance (β = 16.17); addicted to alcohol (β = 8.21); addicted to gambling (β = 11.91); have a history of threats, violence, assaults, and crimes (β = 17.83); higher stressful life experiences (β = 0.75); and higher SSS score (β = 0.04) were significantly associated with higher partner physical and nonphysical abuse scale. For the validation of the SSS, five items (items 3, 20, 30, 38, and 40) were removed because none over-correlated with each other (r >.9), had a low load on the factors (<.3), or a weak commonality (<.3). SSS items converged on a seven-factor solution with Eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for a total of 66.59% of the variance (α = .970). Our study revealed a positive association between the Stockholm syndrome and the violence against women and evaluated many factors that increase this association. Divorced women, with low educational level, having a partner addicted to alcohol, to illegal substance or to gambling, having a history of threats, violence, assaults, and crimes were more prone to experience physical and nonphysical abuse.

SERVICE PROVIDERS' PERSPECTIVES OF UNDERREPORTING ABUSE OF OLDER ADULTS IN ALBERTA, CANADA

Minimal research has investigated disclosure/non-disclosure of abuse of older adults. To address this gap, this exploratory, qualitative study gathered the perspectives on reporting of elder abuse from 10 service providers working with elder abuse survivors across Alberta. Face-to-face and online interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Four major barriers to abuse disclosure for older adults were identified. First, complex parent/adult-child relationships reduce the likelihood of disclosure among older adults who are experiencing abuse perpetrated by a family member; the corollary is that disclosure for non-familial perpetrators results in higher rates of disclosure. Second, older adults residing in rural and remote locations face greater barriers to disclosure compared to those residing in urban/suburban settings. Third, older adults are unlikely to report even if they recognize that they are in a situation of abuse, as a consequence of their internalized ageist beliefs that policing and social services agencies have more pressing needs to address than their well-being. Finally, local policing bodies and legal authorities may inadequately serve older adults facing abuse, particularly in cases of non-physical abuse, due to prioritized client and community needs. This study highlights the need for additional supports and service provision for vulnerable older adults in Alberta, specifically for those residing in rural and remote regions and those dependent on family members. It also points to the critical need for a greater understanding and awareness of violence against older adults among the general public and those tasked with ensuring the safety and well-being of older adults.

SERVICE PROVIDERS' PERSPECTIVES OF UNDERREPORTING ABUSE OF OLDER ADULTS IN ALBERTA, CANADA

Minimal research has investigated disclosure/non-disclosure of abuse of older adults. To address this gap, this exploratory, qualitative study gathered the perspectives on reporting of elder abuse from 10 service providers working with elder abuse survivors across Alberta. Face-to-face and online interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Four major barriers to abuse disclosure for older adults were identified. First, complex parent/adult-child relationships reduce the likelihood of disclosure among older adults who are experiencing abuse perpetrated by a family member; the corollary is that disclosure for non-familial perpetrators results in higher rates of disclosure. Second, older adults residing in rural and remote locations face greater barriers to disclosure compared to those residing in urban/suburban settings. Third, older adults are unlikely to report even if they recognize that they are in a situation of abuse, as a consequence of their internalized ageist beliefs that policing and social services agencies have more pressing needs to address than their well-being. Finally, local policing bodies and legal authorities may inadequately serve older adults facing abuse, particularly in cases of non-physical abuse, due to prioritized client and community needs. This study highlights the need for additional supports and service provision for vulnerable older adults in Alberta, specifically for those residing in rural and remote regions and those dependent on family members. It also points to the critical need for a greater understanding and awareness of violence against older adults among the general public and those tasked with ensuring the safety and well-being of older adults.