Nonperturbative Pair Production Research Articles

Kinematically boosted pairs from the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler process in small-angle laser collisions

We discuss that a scheme of nonperturbative pair production by high energy photons (ω≳m) in a strong external field is achievable at the next high intensity laser experiments. The pair momentum is boosted, and for ω≳1.2m, the pair yield is increased when the external field is formed by two laser pulses converging at a small angle. These characteristics are nonperturbative in origin and related to the presence of magnetic field in addition to electric field. By enhancing the signal over perturbative backgrounds, these features allow the employment of above-threshold photons ω>2m, which further increases the pair yield. We note the close relation of this photon-pair conversion mechanism to spontaneous pair creation, recommending it as an accessible stepping stone experiment using state-of-the-art or soon-to-be laser technology.

Perturbative methods for assisted nonperturbative pair production

In the dynamically assisted Schwinger mechanism, the pair production probability is significantly enhanced by including a weak, rapidly varying field in addition to a strong, slowly varying field. In a previous paper we showed that several features of dynamical assistance can be understood by a perturbative treatment of the weak field. Here we show how to calculate the prefactors of the higher-orders terms, which is important because the dominant contribution can come from higher orders. We give a new and independent derivation of the momentum spectrum using the worldline formalism, and extend our WKB approach to calculate the amplitude to higher orders. We show that these methods are also applicable to doubly assisted pair production.

Nonperturbative pair production in interpolating fields

We compare the effects of timelike, lightlike and spacelike one-dimensional inhomogeneities on the probability of nonperturbative pair production in strong fields. Using interpolating coordinates we give a unifying picture in which the effect of the inhomogeneity is encoded in branch cuts and poles circulated by complex worldline instantons. For spacelike inhomogeneities the length of the cut is related to the existence of critical points, while for lightlike inhomogeneities the cut contracts to a pole and the instantons become contractable to points, leading to simplifications particular to the lightlike case. We calculate the effective action in fields with up to three nonzero components, and investigate its behaviour under changes in field dependence.

Pair production from residues of complex worldline instantons

We study nonperturbative pair production in electric fields with lightlike inhomogeneities, using complex worldline instantons. We show that the instanton contribution to the pair production probability is a complex contour integral over the instanton itself, and that pair production in the considered fields can be recast in terms of Cauchy's residue theorem. The instantons contribute residues from the poles they circulate (i.e. give local contributions), and the invariance of complex integrals under contour deformation manifests in the instanton contributions as invariance under a set of generalised, complex, reparameterisations.

Probing Nonperturbative QED with Optimally Focused Laser Pulses

We study nonperturbative pair production in intense, focused laser fields called e-dipole pulses. We address the conditions required, such as the quality of the vacuum, for reaching high intensities without initiating beam-depleting cascades, the number of pairs which can be created, and experimental detection of the created pairs. We find that e-dipole pulses offer an optimal method of investigating nonperturbative QED.

Complex worldline instantons and quantum interference in vacuum pair production

We describe in detail a physical situation in which instantons are necessarily complex, not just Wick rotations of classical solutions to Euclidean spacetime. These complex instantons arise in the semiclassical evaluation of vacuum pair production rates, based on Feynman's worldline path integral formulation. Even though the path integral is a sum over all real closed trajectories in spacetime, the semiclassical description of non-perturbative pair production is dominated by closed classical trajectories that are generically complex. These closed trajectories contain segments associated with nonperturbative instanton suppression factors as well as segments producing phase factors that incorporate quantum interference effects. For a class of time-dependent electric fields we implement this procedure and demonstrate excellent quantitative agreement with alternative methods.

Schwinger type processes via branes and their gravity duals

We consider Schwinger type processes involving the creation of the charge and monopole pairs in the external fields and propose interpretation of these processes via corresponding brane configurations in type IIB string theory. We suggest simple description of some new interesting nonperturbative processes like monopole/dyon transitions in the electric field and W-boson decay in the magnetic field using the brane language. Nonperturbative pair production in the strong coupling regime using the AdS/CFT correspondence is studied. The treatment of the similar processes in the noncommutative theories when noncommutativity is traded for the background fields is presented and the possible role of the critical magnetic field which is S-dual to the critical electric field is discussed.

Borel summation of the derivative expansion and effective actions

We give an explicit demonstration that the derivative expansion of the QED effective action is a divergent but Borel summable asymptotic series, for a particular inhomogeneous background magnetic field. A duality transformation B\to iE gives a non-Borel-summable perturbative series for a time dependent background electric field, and Borel dispersion relations yield the non-perturbative imaginary part of the effective action, which determines the pair production probability. Resummations of leading Borel approximations exponentiate to give perturbative corrections to the exponents in the non-perturbative pair production rates. Comparison with a WKB analysis suggests that these divergence properties are general features of derivative expansions and effective actions.

Nonperturbative pair production by a Dirac square well with time-dependent depth.

The production of (${\mathit{e}}^{+}$,${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) pairs is calculated in a nonperturbative approach for the model situation of a one-dimensional square well with a depth varying with time. Detailed energy distributions for the average particle number of electrons and positrons are obtained. In contrast to other (almost) exactly solvable models for pair-creation bound-state effects can be included. Situations with both undercritical and overcritical potentials are considered.