Nonmetallic Liquid Research Articles

A Wireless Non-Metallic Pipeline Liquid Level Sensor Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

A Wireless Non-Metallic Pipeline Liquid Level Sensor Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Online Supervisory System for In-Process Optimization of Calcium Additions by Continuously Monitoring the State of Non-metallic Inclusions Inside Low-Alloyed Liquid Steels

A decision support system was developed using supervised machine learning (ML) approach for optimization of calcium (Ca) additions by continuously monitoring the physical state of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) inside low-alloyed liquid steels. In this work, two instances were considered to design the base algorithm for the proposed supervisory system: (1) Clogging of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) during continuous casting of steels due to accumulation of solid oxide non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) and (2) Ca treatment during secondary steelmaking for modification of oxide NMIs from solid to liquid state to avoid SEN clogging. At first, experimental investigations were carried out on liquid steel samples from three low-alloyed Ca-treated steel grades from the same steel family to evaluate the characteristics of solid oxide NMIs that cause SEN clogging. In the next step, data-driven models were developed using an in-house ML algorithm trained primarily with process data for calculating the value of the newly proposed dummy parameter ‘Clog.’ These models, after testing, were architected to develop a supervisory system based on experimental investigations and data-driven models. The objective of this proposed supervisory system was to predict the optimum quantity of Ca needed for successful modification of NMIs from solid to liquid state to avoid SEN clogging based on the forecasted ‘Clog’ value. Finally, industrial data from ~ 3000 heats were tested to verify the results obtained from the developed supervisory system. The results confirmed that this novel supervisory system could predict the optimum class of Ca for all studied steel grades with 95 to 98 pct accuracy. The integration of this online supervisory system in steel production is expected to minimize operators’ corrective actions in achieving realistic control of Ca additions.

Experimental Evaluation of an Innovative Non-Metallic Flat Plate Solar Collector

The present article deals with the concept of the non-metallic flat plate liquid solar collector and its evaluation. The innovative concept lies in the elimination of metal parts of the solar collector and their replacement by the foam glass block, which significantly reduces the energy and material demands of the production process. The evaluation of the collector took place in two phases, the first was focused on the numerical evaluation, which resulted in the compilation of a theoretical curve of the efficiency of the solar collector. The second phase was focused on verifying the basic functionality of the concept based on the results obtained from experimental tests of the collector, which confirmed the functionality of the concept and revealed several areas that will need to be addressed in the further development of the prototype.

Ceramic Foam Filter Micropores as Sites for Liquid Inclusion Retention

In steel foundries, ceramic filters are often used to capture non-metallic inclusions. It is well documented that solid inclusions are captured and retained within the filter macropores at the metal-refractory interface. However, liquid inclusions appear to be captured and retained by two mechanisms: one within the filter web micropore structure and another as a liquid film at the metal-filter macropore interface. Experiments were carried out to study the removal of various non-metallic liquid inclusions by magnesia-stabilized zirconia filters. The results documented the effective removal of liquid inclusions in all experiments. Samples were extracted from filter element to investigate the inclusion attachment mechanism during deep bed filtration. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and associated scanning electron microscopy was employed to evaluate the inclusion attachment mechanism with the ceramic filters. Liquid inclusion retention in the filter micropores followed an exponential trend from entry to exit side of the filter, until the micropores became completely saturated. After complete saturation, the retained inclusion distribution remained constant through the thickness of the filter. Filters were found to capture the liquid inclusions, drawing them into the open micropores due to inclusion-refractory favorable wetting conditions. Once the accessible micropores were fully saturated, liquid inclusion films developed at the metal-filter macropore interface, increasing the possibility for the release of large liquid inclusions from the filter.

An equation of state for expanded metals

We present a model equation of states for expanded metals, which contains a pressure term due to a screened-Coulomb potential with a screening parameter reflecting the Mott–Anderson metal-to-nonmetal transition. As anticipated almost 80 years ago by Zel’dovich and Landau, this term gives rise to a second coexistence line in the phase diagram, indicating a phase separation between a metallic and a nonmetallic liquid.

Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System “BLADE-SURFACE of Nonmetallic Liquid -BLADE”

Curcumin The design of the device for producing a high-current, bipolar nanosecond discharge over the surface of a non-metallic liquid (water, electrolytes, alcohols, etc.) in air is given. Air pressure is ranged from 5 to 101 kPa. The distance between the tip of the blade and the surface of water or liquid (5% solution of copper sulfate in distilled water) was 4 mm, and the distance between parallel metal blades was 40 mm. The conditions for uniform plasma overlapping of the electrolyte surface between the metal blades are established. The spatial, electrical, and optical characteristics of the discharge are investigated. It is shown that the discharge under study allows obtaining colloidal solutions of copper nanoparticles in distilled water in a macroscopic amount (1 liter or more). The developed reactor is of interest for use in poisonous chemical solution disinfection systems, solutions based on dangerous bacteria and viruses for which the use of traditional systems with a point spark discharge or a barrier discharge becomes ineffective. The rector is also promising for the synthesis of colloidal solutions of transition metal oxide nanoparticles from solutions of the corresponding salts. These solutions can be used in micro-nanotechnology and for antibacterial treatment of plants in greenhouses, processing of medical instruments and materials.

Three-state mesoscopic model of a heterophase fluid in application to the gas-liquid and dielectric-semiconductor-metal transformations in expanded mercury

The fluid states of mercury are described in the framework of a mesoscopic theory of a 3-phase random mixture of mutually transforming fluctuons. Fluctuons represent the mesoscopic liquid-like-metallic, liquid-like-nonmetallic, and gas-like species of the fluid. Formulated free energy of the system of interacting fluctuons produces a thermodynamic equation of state. It is found that for an appropriate set of parameters both the vapor-liquid transformation and the metal-nonmetal transformation in the liquid phase of mercury are accurately described. The solutions of the equation of state explain the nonlinearity and asymmetry of the diameter of the liquid-vapor coexistence curve and reveal the physics of metal-nonmetal transition. It is shown that the observed dielectric anomaly in mercury is induced by an excitonic transition at the percolation threshold of the nonmetallic liquid fraction. The partial conductivities and dielectric permittivities of gas phase, as well as metallic and nonmetallic liquid phases are determined. The phase diagram of mercury with its continuous and discontinuous transformation lines is reproduced.

Stress Distribution and the Fragility of Supercooled Melts

We formulate a minimal ansatz for local stress distribution in a solid that includes the possibility of strongly anharmonic short-length motions. We discover a broken-symmetry metastable phase that exhibits an aperiodic, frozen-in stress distribution. This aperiodic metastable phase is characterized by many distinct, nearly degenerate configurations. The activated transitions between the configurations are mapped onto the dynamics of a long-range classical Heisenberg model with 6-component spins and anisotropic couplings. We argue the metastable phase corresponds to a deeply supercooled nonpolymeric, nonmetallic liquid and further establish an order parameter for the glass-to-crystal transition. The spin model itself exhibits a continuous range of behaviors between two limits corresponding to frozen-in shear and uniform compression/dilation, respectively. The two regimes are separated by a continuous transition controlled by the anisotropy in the spin-spin interaction, which is directly related to the Poisson ratio sigma of the material. The latter ratio and the ultraviolet cutoff of the theory determine the liquid configurational entropy. Our results suggest that liquid's fragility depends on the Poisson ratio in a nonmonotonic way. The present ansatz provides a microscopic framework for computing the configurational entropy and relaxational spectrum of specific substances.

AsS Melt Under Pressure: One Substance, Three Liquids

An in situ high-temperature--high-pressure study of liquid chalcogenide AsS by x-ray diffraction, resistivity measurements, and quenching from melt is presented. The obtained data provide direct evidence for the existence in the melt under compression of two transformations: one is from a moderate-viscosity molecular liquid to a high-viscosity nonmetallic polymerized liquid at P approximately 1.6-2.2 GPa; the other is from the latter to a low-viscosity metallic liquid at P approximately 4.6-4.8 GPa. Upon rapid cooling, molecular and metallic liquids crystallize to normal and high-pressure phases, respectively, while a polymerized liquid is easily quenched to a new AsS glass. General aspects of multiple phase transitions in liquid AsS, including relations to the phase diagram of the respective crystalline, are discussed.

Temperature dependence of surface layering in a dielectric liquid

The temperature dependence of the density oscillations (layers) at the free surface of tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane, a nonmetallic molecular liquid, was investigated using x-ray reflectivity. Below $\ensuremath{\sim}215\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the layer parameters weakly vary with temperature, if at all. Above this temperature, the layer spacings and intrinsic layer widths increase continuously, until there is no identifiable layering above $230\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This transition occurs at $T∕{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.23$, a temperature region that is usually accessible in metallic liquids but is preempted by freezing in many dielectric liquids.

Observation of Surface Layering in a Nonmetallic Liquid

Oscillatory density profiles (layers) have previously been observed at the free surfaces of liquid metals but not in other isotropic liquids. We have used x-ray reflectivity to study a molecular liquid, tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane. When cooled to T/Tc approximately 0.25 (well above the freezing point for this liquid), density oscillations appear at the surface. Lateral order within the layers is liquidlike. Our results confirm theoretical predictions that a surface-layered state will appear even in dielectric liquids at sufficiently low temperatures, if not preempted by freezing.

Electric conductivity of supercritical cesium‐cesium hydride mixtures at high temperatures and pressures

AbstractAbove a critical temperature of 665° liquid cesium and nonmetallic ionic liquid cesium hydride are completely miscible. This has been demonstrated previously with high pressure phase equilibrium measurements. An equilibrium hydrogen pressure belongs to each temperature and mixture composition and is used to prepare a desired sample composition. An autoclave for high pressure hydrogen is described into which electric conductance cells can be placed. With the cylindrical cell A the sample resistance is measured parallel to the thin stainless steel walls. With cell B, the resistance is determined between two tantalum electrodes separated by alumina.Conductances have been measured along seven isotherms from 550 to 800°. To cover mole fractions x (CsH) from 0.01 to 0.98, hydrogen pressures up to 1000 bar had to be applied. In the cesium‐rich, “metallic”, region conductances between 3000 and 9000 Ω−1 cm−1 were observed with negative temperature derivatives. In the cesium hydride‐rich, “ionic”, region conductances between 20 and 100 Ω−1 cm−1 were found with positive temperature coefficients. For the metallic region the conductance is discussed with the Mott “nearly free electron” (NFE) model in comparison with cesium‐gold and cesium‐halide systems. The NFE region extends down to 1300 Ω−1 cm−1 for the hydride systems. The metallic‐nonmetallic transition region extends from 1300 to 250 Ω−1 cm−1. At the critical consolution point (665°, x(CsH) = 0.68, p(H2) = 157 bar) the conductivity is 830 Ω−1 cm−1.

Lithium-Ethylamine and Lithium-Sodium-Ethylamine Systems: A Nonmetallic Liquid Electride and the Lowest Melting Fused Salt

Lithium-Ethylamine and Lithium-Sodium-Ethylamine Systems: A Nonmetallic Liquid Electride and the Lowest Melting Fused Salt

Nonmetal - metal transition in liquid Se under high pressure

Abstract Nonmetal-metal transition in liquid Se was discovered under high pressure. The tripple point between nonmetallic liquid, metallic liquid and solid phase has the position Pt=(3,6±0,5) GPa, Tt=(900±20) K. The transition has some features of a first order phase transition.

Liquid Phase Metal-Non Metal Transition In Carbon

Abstract It is proposed that the liquid phase metal-non metal transition in carbon takes place between an sp hybridized non-metallic liquid, with coordination number two, and a strongly correlated liquid metal in which directional bonding remains important though the hybridization and coordination number will probably change. Only at higher pressures is a quadrivalent liquid metal carbon to be expected, the formation of which should occur at the known maximum in the melting line of graphite. Motivated by a phenomenological argument, possible experiments to clarify the nature of these different liquid phases are proposed.

Continuous and discontinuous metal-insulator transitions

Abstract In non-crystalline systems a continuous metal-insulator transition of Andersontype is frequently observed when the Fermi energy moves through a mobility edge. In crystalline systems, on the other hand, the activation energy for conduction should change discontinuously at the transition. The aim of this paper is to enquire under what conditions a discontinuous transition can occur in non-crystalline systems. It clearly does not in the impurity band of Si : P when the concentration is varied; it probably does in films of Pb—Ar and is thought to do so in liquids such as metal-ammonia and expanded liquid caesium. For the latter, in contrast with mercury, the critical point is believed to be similar to that in metal-ammonia and to lie between a metallic and non-metallic liquid. The concept due to Landau and Zeldovich (1943) of a fluid with two critical points is applied to these fluids and to electron-hole droplets.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Electronic Structure in Metallic and Nonmetallic Liquid Cesium‐Gold and Cesium‐Antimony Alloys

AbstractMeasurements of the concentration and temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility K of liquid CsAu and CsSb alloys are reported. At the stoichiometric compositions CsAu and Cs3Sb, respectively, K exhibits a pronounced diamagnetic minimum of ‐81 · 10−6 emu · mol−1 for CsAu and ‐ 85 · 10−6 emu · mol−1 for Cs3Sb. It is shown that magnetic susceptibility provides a good means for the study of chemical bonding and electronic structure in these liquids. In the nonmetallic electrical transport regime the data are discussed in terms of various models for the electronic structure of metal atoms dissolved in a more ionic or more semiconducting liquid alloy. In the case of CsAu alloys a complete description of the change of the nature of electronic states from nonmetallic to metallic behaviour can be deduced from the measured K‐values. The temperature dependence of K for CsSb alloys near the composition Cs3Sb gives indication for a transport mechanism typical of liquid semiconductors.