Nonlinear Saturable Absorption Research Articles

Chemical Vapor Deposited Thin Palladium Sulfide Crystals for Highly Photoresponsive Photodetector

AbstractNonlayered palladium sulfide (PdS) is of interest due to its rich physical properties and promising applications in optoelectronic devices. However, the growth of thin nonlayered PdS remains challenging because of its intrinsic 3D lattice structure. Here, the first demonstration of the direct synthesis of thin rectangular PdS ribbons/flakes on SiO2/Si substrates by a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach is presented. The atomic structure and high crystalline quality of CVD‐derived PdS crystals are shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The nonlinear saturable absorption and absorption enhancement are revealed by using ultrafast optical pump‐probe spectroscopy, and the photocarrier dynamics present the hot phonon bottleneck and Auger recombination effects. Additionally, the Raman vibration modes display the polarization‐dependent properties verified by angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. Importantly, the photodetector based on PdS ribbon demonstrates a decent photoresponsivity of ≈7.7 × 103 A W−1. This results provide an effective way to form thin nonlayered PdS with potential applications in the field of photodetection.

Semi-metallic PtTe2 nanosheets are used as saturable absorbers to generate passive mode-locked pulse laser in the 2 μm band

In passively modulated pulse lasers, the highly stable saturable absorber (SA) used to generate passive pulsed lasers is a necessary core device. In this paper, layered PtTe2 nanosheets were fabricated using a simple, efficient, and low-cost liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method, and PtTe2-SA devices were prepared by spin coating. Nonlinear optical tests show that the layered PtTe2 nanosheets have good nonlinear saturable absorption characteristics in the 2 μm band, with a modulation depth of 8.2 %, a saturated light intensity of 3.72 MW/cm2, and a non-saturated loss of 9.8 %. We introduced PtTe2-SA devices into Tm3+ doped solid-state laser for the first time, achieving passive mode-locking (PML) operations. In PML operation, a short pulse output of 670.8 ps was achieved. After being exposed to the air for 20 days, it can still produce good pulse output under the same experimental device. The results show that semi-metallic PtTe2 is expected to become a highly stable SA candidate material for pulsed solid-state lasers, which can be used to generate short pulse output in the 2 μm band, providing huge production power in many fields.

The nonlinear optical property of bandgap-tunable TMDs-PdSe2: Toward a generation mode for near-infrared ultrashort laser pulses

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) materials have been more and more important in various research fields such as nanoelectronics, spintronics, ultrafast photonics, etc. Optical materials with compositive functions have always been desired. This work successfully verified that 2D PdSe2 nanosheets have adjustable layers and tunable bandgaps. Besides, by using the 2D PdSe2 nanosheets as saturable absorption devices in a 2 μm solid-state laser, it is discovered that the 2D PdSe2 shows obvious nonlinear saturable absorption characteristics. Moreover, in the 2 μm Q-switched mode-locked laser, an ultrashort pulse laser output of 486.5 ps was achieved, proving the excellent ultrafast modulation characteristics of PdSe2. To insight into the relationship between the structure and its optical performances, theoretical modeling and calculations were implemented based on the layered structure of PdSe2. All the above indicates that the 2D PdSe2 could be promising saturable absorption devices and ultrafast photonic devices, which may promote the development of ultrashort lasers.

Watt‐Level Second‐Order Topological Charge Ultrafast Green Vortex Laser with Quasi ‐2D PEA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4 Perovskite Films Saturable Absorber

AbstractUltrafast vortex beams have significant scientific and practical value because of their unique phase properties in both the longitudinal and transverse modes, enabling multi‐dimensional quantum control of light fields. Directly generating watt‐level ultrafast vortex beams with large angular momentum has remained a major challenge due to the limitations of mode‐locked materials and existing spatiotemporal mode‐locking generation methods. In this study, quasi‐2D PEA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4 perovskite films are prepared by an anti‐solvent method and employed for the first time in a mode‐locked resonator operating in free space. Utilizing the angle‐based non‐collinear pumping and frequency doubling techniques, the second‐order ultrafast green vortex beams with a power of up to 1.05 W and a duration of 373 ps are generated. Experimental findings demonstrate the strong nonlinear saturable absorption properties of quasi‐2D PEA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4 perovskite films at high power levels, highlighting their considerable potential in ultrafast laser technology and nonlinear optics.

Surface plasmonic Au nanoparticles assisted CuO nanorods for broadband diverse ultrafast pulse generation

In virtue of the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of metal nanoparticles to enhance the nonlinear optical response of the material, we successfully embed small-size Au nanoparticles into CuO nanorods. Then, theoretical and experimental methods verify that the assistance of ultrafast plasma response enhances the light-matter interaction. The LSPR characteristics and evanescent field distribution of the Au-CuO saturable absorber on the tapered fiber are studied by the finite element simulation method (FEM). By utilizing the Z-scan technology and twin-balanced detector system, excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the Au-CuO nanorods are demonstrated. Subsequently, depending on the remarkable nonlinear saturable absorption effect of Au-CuO, multiple operating states such as Q-switched, conventional soliton, double-subpulse soliton cluster, and noise-like pulse mode-locking are achieved in the erbium-doped fiber ring cavity at 1.5 μm. In addition, dual-wavelength mode-locking pulses with the center wavelengths of 1031 nm and 1035 nm are realized in the ytterbium-doped fiber ring cavity. This work describes an effective strategy to improve the NLO properties of CuO nanorods and indicates the great potential of Au-CuO in pulsed fiber lasers, opening a path for its application in ultrafast photonics and optoelectronics.

Design of Holographic Condenser Lens for Visible Light Lithography

Photolithography with visible light at λ = 405 nm utilizing the concept of nonlinear saturable absorption effect where the size of the spot is diminished to the nanometer scale as proposed by several researchers is an alluring proposition for cost-effective projection lithography. Costly conventional condenser lenses can be replaced by monochromatic aberration-free and cost-effective volume phase holographic lenses for visible light photolithography with enhanced resolution utilizing the concept of off-axis illumination. However, the diffraction efficiency of holographic lenses depends on the wavelength of illuminating light and the angle of illumination. Angular and spectral characteristics of volume phase holograms can be controlled by optimizing processing parameters. The results on the theoretical optimization of three important processing parameters, namely fringe spacing ( ∧ ), thickness of the film ( d ), and refractive index modulation ( Δ n ) in the light of coupled wave theory for recording holographic lenses of high diffraction efficiency at λ = 405 nm are presented. It is pointed out that a properly designed single holographic lens can be used for off-axis illumination of a photomask with a parallel beam of light, whereas a system of two identical holographic lenses cemented together has to be used to realize a condenser lens similar to a converging lens.

Ultrafast laser pulses generation by using the ultrasmall topological semimetal TaN quantum dots

The synthesis of ultrasmall tantalum mononitride (TaN) quantum dots (QDs) is achieved using a straightforward liquid exfoliation technique, starting from bulk TaN. This work presents the evidence of generating an ultrafast laser by employing TaN QDs as a saturable absorber (SA) within an Erbium-doped fiber laser for the first time. Stable ultrashort pulses are generated, exhibiting a center wavelength of 1566.92 nm, a pulse duration of 713 fs, and a cavity repetition rate of 41.39 MHz. Furthermore, the utilization of TaN QDs as an SA in the device exhibits good nonlinear saturable absorption properties with a modulation depth of 1.37%. Those results presented in this study add to the existing literature on the investigation of nonlinear optical characteristics of ultrasmall QDs and also highlight the potential for future development in ultrafast photonic technology.

Nonlinear Optical Saturable Absorption Properties of 2D VP Nanosheets and Application as SA in a Passively Q-Switched Nd:YVO4 Laser.

Two-dimensional (2D) violet phosphorus (VP) plays a significant role in the applications of photonic and optoelectronic devices due to its unique optical and electrical properties. The ultrafast carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical absorption properties were systematically investigated here. The intra- and inter-band ultrafast relaxation times of 2D VP nanosheets were measured to be ~6.83 ps and ~62.91 ps using the pump-probe method with a probe laser operating at 1.03 μm. The nonlinear absorption coefficient βeff, the saturation intensity Is, the modulation depth ΔR, and the nonsaturable loss were determined to be -2.18 × 104 cm/MW, 329 kW/cm2, 6.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, by using the Z-scan and I-scan methods, indicating the tremendous saturable absorption property of 2D VP nanosheets. Furthermore, the passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser was realized with the 2D VP nanosheet-based SA, in which the average output power of 700 mW and the pulse duration of 478 ns were obtained. These results effectively reveal the nonlinear optical absorption characteristics of VP nanosheets, demonstrating their outstanding light-manipulating capabilities and providing a basis for the applications of ultrafast optical devices. Our results verify the excellent saturable absorption properties of 2D VP, paving the way for its applications in pulsed laser generation.

Electro-Induced Phase Transformation of a Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Film for Nonlinear Optical Switching.

Achieving metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with nonlinear optical (NLO) switching is profoundly important. Herein, the conductive MOFs Cu-TCNQ phase I (Ph-I) and phase II (Ph-II) films were prepared using the liquid-phase-epitaxial layer-by-layer spin-coating method and steam heating method, respectively. Electronic experiments showed that the Ph-II film could be changed into the Ph-I film under an applied electric field. The third-order NLO results revealed that the Ph-I film had a third-order nonlinear reverse saturation absorption (RSA) response and the Ph-II film displayed a third-order nonlinear saturation absorption (SA) response. With increases in the heating time and applied voltage, the third-order NLO response realized the reversible transition between SA and RSA. The theoretical calculations indicated that Ph-I possessed more interlayer charge transfer, resulting in a third-order nonlinear RSA response that was stronger than that of Ph-II. This work applies phase-transformed MOFs to third-order NLO switching and provides new insights into the nonlinear photoelectric applications of MOFs.

Saturable absorption properties and ultrafast photonics applications of HfS3.

In this Letter, we focus on investigating the ultrafast photonics applications of two-layer HfS3 nanosheets. We prepared two-layer HfS3 nanosheets and carried out experiments to study their nonlinear saturable absorption properties. The results showed that the two-layer HfS3-based saturable absorber exhibited a modulation depth of 16.8%. Additionally, we conducted theoretical calculations using first principles to estimate the structural and electronic band properties of the two-layer HfS3 material. Furthermore, we utilized the two-layer HfS3 materials as SAs in an erbium-doped fiber cavity to generate mode-locked laser pulses. We measured a repetition frequency of 8.74 MHz, a pulse duration of 540 fs, and a signal-to-noise ratio of 77 dB. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the two-layer HfS3 material can serve as a reliable saturable absorber, possessing properties comparable to currently used two-dimensional materials. This expands the application fields of HfS3 materials and highlights their potential for advanced optoelectronic devices.

Interfacial Charge Transfer for Enhancing Nonlinear Saturable Absorption in WS2/graphene Heterostructure.

Interlayer charge-transfer (CT) in 2D atomically thin vertical stacks heterostructures offers an unparalleled new approach to regulation of device performance in optoelectronic and photonics applications. Despite the fact that the saturable absorption (SA) in 2D heterostructures involves highly efficient optical modulation in the space and time domain, the lack of explicit SA regulation mechanism at the nanoscale prevents this feature from realizing nanophotonic modulation. Here, the enhancement of SA response via CT in WS2/graphene vertical heterostructure is proposed and the related mechanism is demonstrated through simulations and experiments. Leveraging this mechanism, CT-induced SA enhancement can be expanded to a wide range of nonlinear optical modulation applications for 2D materials. The results suggest that CT between 2D heterostructures enables efficient nonlinear optical response regulation.

Tailoring Graphite into Subnanometer Graphene.

Within the intersection of materials science and nanoscience/technology, extremely downsized (including quantum-sized and subnanometer-sized) materials attract increasing interest. However, the effective and controllable production of extremely downsized materials through physical strategies remains a great challenge. Herein, an all-physical top-down method for the production of sub-1nm graphene with completely broken lattice is reported. The graphene subnanometer materials (GSNs) with monolayer structures and lateral sizes of ≈0.5nm are obtained. Compared with their bulk, nanosheets, and quantum sheets, the intrinsic GSNs present extremely enhanced photoluminescence and nonlinear saturation absorption performances, as well as unique carrier behavior. The non-equilibrium states induced by the entirely exposed and broken, intrinsic lattices in sub-1nm graphene can be determinative to their extreme performances. This work shows the great potential of broken lattice and provides new insights toward subnanometer materials.

Carbon nanodots derived from organo-templated zeolites for femtosecond mode-locked fiber laser

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been widely investigated due to their physicochemical and optical properties. However, the nonlinear saturable absorption property and its application in laser technology is rarely reported. Here, we report the CNDs as an ideal saturable absorber (SA) for ultra-stable femtosecond mode-locked fiber laser at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. The mono-sized CNDs of 2 nm are fabricated from a dipropylamine-templated zeolite precursor calcination with a temperature of 380 °C. The nonlinear saturable absorption property of the as-synthesized CNDs is investigated by using a balanced twin-detector measurement system. The modulation depth and saturable intensity are measured to be 33 % and 3.1 MW/cm2, respectively. By inputting the CNDs SA into the erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) ring cavity, a highly stable mode-locked EDFL with pulse width of 388 fs and single-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 84.4 dB can be obtained. In addition, stable soliton pairs with single-pulse width of 422 fs and SNR of 84.1 dB can also be achieved. These findings demonstrate that the carbon dots can be used as an ideal SA and has promising applications in ultrafast photonics.

Enhancing saturable absorption in a Au-decorated MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite through plasmon resonance and Pauli blocking.

We have effectively demonstrated a technique for substantial alteration of the nonlinear saturable absorption (SA) properties in nanocomposite films (NCF) composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This control is achieved by adjusting the AuNP concentration on the MoS2 surface and varying the input pulse energy of the laser. The simple drop-casting method is used to create the nanocomposite films (NCFs) on a glass substrate with different amounts of Au-decorated MoS2. The Kramers-Kronig equations are employed for determining the refractive index and extinction coefficient values of the resulting NCFs. Nonlinear investigations reveal that adding Au-decorated MoS2 to pure PEDOT:PSS alters its optical nonlinearity. Surface plasmon resonance and Pauli blocking have been observed in Au-decorated MoS2/PEDOT:PSS NCFs. This increases NCF's saturable absorption. An open aperture Z-scan method is utilized to study nonlinear optics, with excitation achieved using a nanosecond (ns) pulsed laser operating at a 532 nm wavelength. The findings reveal the noteworthy saturable absorption characteristics of the NCFs.

Sub-1 nm MoS2 and WS2 with extremely enhanced performance

Great efforts have been taken towards in-plane structural extension of two-dimensional materials. Compared with surface lattices, edge lattices represent non-equilibrium states and remain largely unexplored. Herein, we report the all-physical top-down production of sub-1 nm molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) with 100% broken lattice. Bulk MoS2 and WS2 are tailored into subnanometer species with satisfactory yields (7.2 and 4.8 wt%) by sequential combination of dual and triple synergy silica-assisted ball-milling. Such two-stage ball-milling push the top-down limit into single-lattice scale, which is far beyond the manufacturing capacity of any known top-down method. Exceptional solvent diversity and solvability of the sub-1 nm MoS2 and WS2 powder endow solution-processability towards hybrid thin film fabrication. The sub-1 nm intrinsic MoS2 and WS2 demonstrate comprehensively superior performances over those of their bulk, nanosheets, and quantum sheets. Both photoluminescence and nonlinear saturation absorption of sub-1 nm MoS2 and WS2 are extremely enhanced. The non-equilibrium states induced by the entirely exposed and broken, intrinsic lattices in sub-1 nm MoS2 and WS2 could be determinative to their extreme performances. Our work highlights the potential of broken lattice and opens up an avenue towards subnanometer materials.

Saturable absorption and third-order nonlinear refraction of 2D CdSe nanoplatelets resonant with heavy-hole excitonic transitions

We report on the nonlinear optical response of CdSe nanoplatelets and CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoplatelets in the heavy-hole resonant excitonic transition spectral regions with femtosecond pulses. The nonlinear refraction and saturable absorption coefficients were obtained using the Z-scan technique, and the results were explained theoretically. The nonlinear optical response under nonresonant excitation has been previously examined; comparing with the results presented in this work, at least a one order of magnitude increase in the nonlinear refraction coefficient is evident.

Generation of Bright-Dark soliton pairs in mode-locked fiber laser based on WSe2/MoSe2 heterojunction

In this study, the WSe2/MoSe2 heterojunction was fabricated by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method with a modulation depth of 11.39 % and saturable intensity of 0.246 GW/cm2. The WSe2/MoSe2 heterojunction was used as a saturable absorber (SA) to achieve bright-dark soliton pairs modulation in Er-doped fiber laser (EDFL)successfully. Stable bright-dark soliton pairs, with a repetition frequency of 4.459 MHz, were successfully generated using a pump power of 218.8 mW. The central wavelengths were found to be at 1564.16 nm and 1564.98 nm with the peak-to-peak spacing of 0.82 nm. The single-pulse energy was determined to be 0.7 nJ. The experimental results demonstrate the exceptional nonlinear saturable absorption characteristics of the WSe2/MoSe2 heterojunction. These findings offer valuable insights for future research on bright-dark soliton pairs utilizing this material.

120 nm wide band tunable pulsed laser generation employing vanadium carbide MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (V2C-PVA) film

MXene, a group of 2D materials, has garnered significant attention from researchers due to its impressive characteristics, such as large surface area, high metallic conductivity, and strong nonlinear saturable absorption. These properties make MXene an excellent material for exploring new possibilities in ultrafast photonics technology. The present study has demonstrated that vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene can function as a saturable absorber (SA) and effectively generate Q-switching pulses in the 1.9 μm wavelength region. The molten salt synthesis method was used to synthesize V2C MXene, which involved the selective etching of aluminum (Al) layers from the V2AlC MAX Phase precursor. The V2C MXene was transformed into a thin film by mixing it with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a solution casting technique. The resulting V2C-PVA film was found to have saturable absorption properties, with a modulation depth of 8% and saturation intensity of 1.6 MW cm −2. Upon integrating the V2C-PVA film into the Thulium/Holmium-doped fiber laser (THDFL) cavity, stable Q-switching pulses were realized at a central wavelength of 1896.9 nm with 13.9 nm of 3-dB spectral bandwidth. At the maximum pump power of 448.7 mW, the 2.2 μs of pulse duration, 58.26 kHz of repetition rate, and 31 nJ of pulse energy were achieved. By adjusting the tunable bandpass filter (TBPF) integrated within the THDFL cavity, the system has a tunable spectral range of approximately 120.75 nm, from 1889.75 nm to 2010.5 nm. The exceptional performance of V2C-based SA for Q-switching operation showcases the immense potential of other MXene materials in the future of photonics applications.

Role of Pauli blocking for enhancement of saturable absorption in MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite films

We have effectively shown a technique for significantly altering the nonlinear saturable absorption (SA) properties of nanocomposite films (NCFs) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by regulating MoS2 concentration and input pulse energy of the laser. The NCFs are made using the straightforward drop-cast process on a glass substrate with varying quantities of MoS2. The produced NCFs’ refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) values are determined using the Kramers–Kronig equations. Nonlinear studies show that the optical nonlinearity of pure PEDOT:PSS changes when mixed with MoS2. The Pauli blocking has been observed in MoS2/PEDOT:PSS NCFs. This leads to enhanced SA in NCF. The open-aperture Z-scan approach is used for the nonlinear optical research, and a nanosecond pulsed laser with a wavelength of 532 nm is used for the excitation. The findings obtained show the NCFs’ strong SA qualities.

Carbon nanomaterials as nonlinear optical modulators for pulsed laser generation at near-infrared region

In this study, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were experimentally investigated as novel saturable absorbers (SAs) capable of delivering strong ultrashort pulses in a passively Q-switched fiber laser. Carbon nanoparticles produced by candle burning and laser ablation can act as saturable absorbers (SAs). In addition, the nonlinear saturable absorption properties of the two synthetic CNPs in telecommunication region (1.5 μm) are investigated. Nonlinear optical measurements show that both SAs have good saturable absorption properties with average modulation depths of about ∼1 and 5 % at 1560 nm. These candle soot carbon nanoparticles (CSC-np) and laser ablation carbon nanoparticles (LAC-np) based SAs, can be used as a building blocker for the generating of stable Q-switched pulses in the near-infrared region. The shortest pulse duration measured with CSC-np and LAC-np are 5.62 and 3.87 μm, respectively. The pulse energy, peak power and SNR were also compared with both SA types at the highest pump power. The damage threshold and long-term stability of the CSC-cn SA and LAC-np were also explored. To the best of the author's knowledge, it is the first comparison of performance and long-term stability of EDFL based on two experimental techniques CSC-np and LAC-np based SAs. These results indicate that LAC-np SA provide have several advantages, including a high damage threshold, good saturable absorption, and optimum stability over a long time compared to CSC-np SA.