Nonlinear Ring Resonator Research Articles

Asymmetrical temporal dynamics of edge modes in Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattice with Kerr nonlinearity

Optical bistability and oscillating phases exist in a Sagnac interferometer and a single ring resonator made of a χ(3) nonlinear medium where the refractive indices are modulated by the light intensity due to the Kerr nonlinearity. An array of coupled nonlinear ring resonators behave similarly but with more complexity due to the presence of the additional couplings. Here we theoretically demonstrate the bifurcation of edge modes, which leads to optical bistability in the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattice with the Kerr nonlinearity. We also demonstrate periodic and chaotic switching behaviors in an oscillating phase resulting from the coupling between the edge mode and bulk modes with different chiralities, i.e., clockwise and counterclockwise circulations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

All-optical simultaneous OR and AND optical logic gates based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator

Abstract An all-optical simultaneous OR and AND logic gates using the nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonator based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal are proposed in this paper. The proposed structure has a resonant wavelength of 1551.3 nm and a power consumption (1 kW/μm2). The proposed structure is suitable for all-optical photonic integrations because of its simplicity and small size (23 μm x 30.4 μm). Moreover, the structure executes two logic operations without requiring an additional spare/control signal through a single structure, making fabrication easy. The total footprint of the photonic crystal ring resonator structure measures approximately 699 μm². A very high contrast ratio of 26.10 dB and 25.34 dB is obtained for the OR and AND logic gates, with response times equal to 2 ps and 0.67 ps, respectively. In addition, the calculated bit rates for OR and AND logic gates are approximately 0.5 and 1.5 Tbps, respectively. Using the Rsoft CAD commercial software, the FullWAVE and BandSOLVE module of the software is used for numerical and theoretical investigation of the structure.

Implementation of photonic crystal based optical full adder using ring resonators

In this paper, the implementation of an all-optical full adder based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed. The proposed structure consists of hexagonal lattice of silicon rods embedded in air substrate. To design the proposed optical full adder, three nonlinear ring resonators, some linear waveguides, and some point defects are used. The switching mechanism of the ring resonators is based on nonlinear Kerr effect. The performance of the proposed structure has been analyzed and investigated by using plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods. The minimum contrast ratio of the structure is 17.02 dB. The response time of the structure is 0.724 ps and can operate at a bit rate of 1.381 Tb/s. The proposed structure is simple, compact, and offers high contrast ratio, fast response time along with high bit rate and therefore can be a promising candidate for high speed data processing, computing, networking, and optical integrated circuits.

Observation of topological frequency combs.

On-chip generation of optical frequency combs using nonlinear ring resonators has enabled numerous applications of combs that were otherwise limited to mode-locked lasers. Nevertheless, on-chip frequency combs have relied predominantly on single-ring resonators. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of a novel class of frequency combs, the topological frequency combs, in a two-dimensional lattice of hundreds of ring resonators that hosts fabrication-robust topological edge states with linear dispersion. By pumping these edge states, we demonstrate the generation of a nested frequency comb that shows oscillation of multiple edge state resonances across ≈40 longitudinal modes and is spatially confined at the lattice edge. Our results provide an opportunity to explore the interplay between topological physics and nonlinear frequency comb generation in a commercially available nanophotonic platform.

A deep learning method for empirical spectral prediction and inverse design of all-optical nonlinear plasmonic ring resonator switches

All-optical plasmonic switches (AOPSs) utilizing surface plasmon polaritons are well-suited for integration into photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and play a crucial role in advancing all-optical signal processing. The current AOPS design methods still rely on trial-and-error or empirical approaches. In contrast, recent deep learning (DL) advances have proven highly effective as computational tools, offering an alternative means to accelerate nanophotonics simulations. This paper proposes an innovative approach utilizing DL for spectrum prediction and inverse design of AOPS. The switches employ circular nonlinear plasmonic ring resonators (NPRRs) composed of interconnected metal–insulator–metal waveguides with a ring resonator. The NPRR switching performance is shown using the nonlinear Kerr effect. The forward model presented in this study demonstrates superior computational efficiency when compared to the finite-difference time-domain method. The model analyzes various structural parameters to predict transmission spectra with a distinctive dip. Inverse modeling enables the prediction of design parameters for desired transmission spectra. This model provides a rapid estimation of design parameters, offering a clear advantage over time-intensive conventional optimization approaches. The loss of prediction for both the forward and inverse models, when compared to simulations, is exceedingly low and on the order of 10−4. The results confirm the suitability of employing DL for forward and inverse design of AOPSs in PICs.

All optical half subtractor based on threshold switching and beams interference mechanisms

Abstract In this paper, ultra-fast, compact and high contrast ratio all optical half subtractor based on photonic crystal designed and simulated. The proposed design will be constructed using both threshold switching and interference of beams mechanisms. The proposed structure is composed of six waveguides and a nonlinear ring resonator. The simulation results show that the contrast ratio for D and B ports were obtained about 18.80 and 15.05 dB, respectively. Also the maximum rise, fall and steady-state times and total footprint for suggested all optical half subtractor are 0.5, 0.25, 1.5 ps and 234 μm2, respectively.

Application of nonlinear kerr effect 2D PhC-based ring resonators for design all optical 4-bit adder

Application of nonlinear kerr effect 2D PhC-based ring resonators for design all optical 4-bit adder

All optical Gray-to-BCD code converter using photonic crystals

Abstract An all optical Gray-to-binary coded decimal (BCD) converter was proposed using nonlinear ring resonators inside square lattice photonic crystals. The proposed structure works based on threshold switching inside nonlinear resonators. The other advantage of the proposed structure is reducing its time response delay. The mean amount of normalized power at the output ports for logic 1 is about 90 %. Also the delay time is about 1 ps.

An all-optical 1*2 de-multiplexer based on two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

An all-optical 1*2 de-multiplexer based on two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

All-optical simultaneous OR and NAND gates using photonic crystal ring resonator and Kerr effect

All-optical simultaneous OR and NAND gates design is proposed using a simple nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator based on the chalcogenide glass (Ag20As32Se48) material which is one of the promising materials for all-optical devices. The structure consists of an octagonal ring resonator between two waveguides, which uses the switching threshold mechanism based on the Kerr effect to perform two simultaneous logic gates functions. The plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to obtain the band diagram in the proposed structure, and the two-dimensional finite difference time domain (2D-FDTD) method is used in the simulation to evaluate the performance of the proposed design. The resonance wavelength is 1551.3 nm, with a high transmission and coupling efficiency of about 100%. The proposed optical OR and NAND logic gates have high contrast ratios of 21.15 dB and 28.19 dB, respectively, with a quality factor of 596.65. The operating power intensity of the proposed structure is 1 kW μm−2, and the threshold power intensity is obtained at 2.8 kW μm−2. The proposed gates provide transmitted power of not less than 0.5. The size of the structure is 20.5 μm × 18.17 μm. The proposed structure is compact, works on low operational power intensity, and has the ability for dense integration. The simplicity and small size of the structure make it easy to fabricate for future integration in all-optical circuits.

Performance analysis of all-optical 1-bit comparator using 2D-PhC nonlinear ring resonators based on threshold switching method

ABSTRACTIn this research, an all-optical 1-bit comparator (AOCMP) is designed using two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D-PhCs) nonlinear ring resonators (NRRs), and its performance is analyzed based on the threshold switching method. By optimizing the structural parameters of NRRs, such as the refractive index and radius of the rods, this resonator can operate with desired wavelength (1550 nm) within the operating frequency range determined by the transverse magnetic (TM) band diagram. The performance of the proposed AOCMP is analyzed in terms of various factors such as optical switching power, bit rate, time delay, and ON-OFF contrast ratio that are calculated using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. Also, the operating frequency range (the wavelength range of 1355–2178 (nm)) is investigated using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The optimized optical device has exhibited a high contrast ratio of 10.36 dB within a very small size of 325 μm2.

Proposal of an efficient all optical photonic crystal full adder based nonlinear ring resonators

Proposal of an efficient all optical photonic crystal full adder based nonlinear ring resonators

Design and implementation of all optical OR and NOR gates based on PhC structure and nonlinear Kerr effect

Abstract In the present work, nonlinear ring resonator based on two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal structure is designed for all optical OR and NOR gates in the wavelength range of 1355–2053 nm. The OR and NOR gates are made up of four optical waveguides which are critically coupled to a nonlinear ring resonator. The electric field distribution and photonic band gap characteristic of the proposed gates are solved by Maxwell equations using finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods, respectively. Simulation results by finite difference time domain approach show the minimum contrast ratio of 12.04 and 11.81 dB for OR and NOR logic gates, respectively. Also, the minimum delay time is obtained 1 ps for OR and 1.5 ps for NOR logic gates.

Photonic Crystal Based All-Optical Switch Using a Ring Resonator and Kerr Effect

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an all-optical switch using Kerr-type nonlinearity based on a photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR). For the first time, the bar state and cross-state operation with 2 × 2 elements of an optical switch is implemented using a nonlinear ring resonator. Chalcogenide glass rods are used in the air background to simulate the proposed structure. The operating wavelength for this structure is calculated to be 1551 nm using the finite element method. The functional parameters such as the extinction ratio, response time, bit rate, crosstalk, and insertion loss values are studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The presented structure design has a fast data rate of 0.46 Tbps, a low crosstalk value of −17.14 dB, and a fast response time of 2.16 ps. The proposed optical switch has a total footprint of about 398.56 μm2. The device’s performance makes it suitable for switching applications and integration in all-optical circuits.

Original architecture of an efficient all-optical 2 × 4 photonic crystals decoder based on nonlinear ring resonators

In this paper, we have presented an efficient original architecture of all-optical 2 × 4 photonic crystal decoder based on non-linear ring resonators. The fundamental structure is a square lattice of 2D GaAs rods, operating around the wavelength 1.55 µm. The proposed decoder is composed of a combiner with three input ports, where the port E is used for excitation and A1, A2 are the control ports, and an optical switch with four output ports, and it is a nonlinear DMEX. For the creation of a switch at the wavelength of 1.55 µm, we used nonlinear chalcogenide glass rods with a nonlinear Kerr coefficient equal to 9 × 10–17 m2/w. The switching intensity and structure size are 1 Kw/µm2, 27.12 µm × 17.96 µm, respectively. The contrast ratio is about 8.7. The maximum crosstalk and insertion losses are calculated to be about − 22.1 and − 4.5 dB. The maximum and minimum power levels for logic states 0 and 1 are 0.05 × P0 and 0.37 × P0 where P0 is the input power. The finite element method was used to perform the necessary calculations.

Application of photonic crystal based nonlinear ring resonators for realizing all optical full subtractor

Application of photonic crystal based nonlinear ring resonators for realizing all optical full subtractor

Ultra-fast all optical photonic crystal MVL decoder and encoder

In this paper, a general method is proposed to design all optical MVL decoder and encoders. The presented structures are composed of threshold detectors which are designed based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator. The nonlinear optical Kerr effect has been used in the proposed structures to control the amount of transmission by input signal power. Therefore, input signal can be controlled so as to be passed or dropped in the threshold detector. Threshold value adjustment method is presented that is based on the radii of rods tuning. Plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods are used to simulate and analyze the proposed structures. The presented decoder and encoders occupy less than 278 µm2 and 1334 µm2 respectively. Simulation results show that the propagation delay of the proposed all optical ternary decoder and encoders are 1 ps and 2 ps respectively. The smallest contrast ratio for the logic 1- logic 0 in ternary decoder is 10 dB. The smallest contrast ratio for the logic 1 - logic 0 and for logic 2 - logic 0 in ternary encoder and priority encoder are 11.4 dB, 13.6 dB, 6.2 dB and 8.9 dB respectively.

A proposal for gray to BCD converter using nonlinear ring resonators

Abstract An all optical Gray to BCD converters will be proposed and designed based on photonic crystals. The proposed structure is composed of one XOR gate and a buffer. The final structure consists of 6 optical waveguides and two nonlinear ring resonators. The nonlinear defects are made of doped glass with the Kerr coefficient of 10−14 m2/W. The rest of the structure was made of Si rods with the refractive index of 3.46. The maximum rise time for the proposed structure is 1 ps.

A proposal for all optical digital multiplexer using photonic crystal-based nonlinear ring resonators

Abstract For realizing an all optical photonic crystal (PhC)-based Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), one needs an optical 4 to 1 digital multiplexer. This device is a logic circuit in which by using two control ports one can connect four input lines to the output port. In this paper we used nonlinear ring resonators combined with optical waveguides to realize an optical digital multiplexer inside two dimensional PhC structure. The final structure was simulated using finite difference time domain method. The simulation results show that the maximum time delay of the final structure is about 3 ps.

Performance analysis of all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer in 2D photonic crystal structure

Abstract In optical processing systems, multiplexer is used to design optical devices such as arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and shift register (SR). Through this paper, we investigate the application of nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator (PhCRR) based on nonlinear Kerr effect for realizing an all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer. The structure consists of two PhCRRs and five optical waveguides using hexagonal lattice silicon (Si) rods with a background of air. Performance of all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer is replicated with the help of finite difference time domain (FDTD) procedure at a wavelength of 1571 nm, and simulations presented an ultra-compact optical structure with ultra-fast switching speed.