Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Ring Resonators Research Articles

All-optical simultaneous OR and AND optical logic gates based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator

Abstract An all-optical simultaneous OR and AND logic gates using the nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonator based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal are proposed in this paper. The proposed structure has a resonant wavelength of 1551.3 nm and a power consumption (1 kW/μm2). The proposed structure is suitable for all-optical photonic integrations because of its simplicity and small size (23 μm x 30.4 μm). Moreover, the structure executes two logic operations without requiring an additional spare/control signal through a single structure, making fabrication easy. The total footprint of the photonic crystal ring resonator structure measures approximately 699 μm². A very high contrast ratio of 26.10 dB and 25.34 dB is obtained for the OR and AND logic gates, with response times equal to 2 ps and 0.67 ps, respectively. In addition, the calculated bit rates for OR and AND logic gates are approximately 0.5 and 1.5 Tbps, respectively. Using the Rsoft CAD commercial software, the FullWAVE and BandSOLVE module of the software is used for numerical and theoretical investigation of the structure.

An all-optical 1*2 de-multiplexer based on two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

An all-optical 1*2 de-multiplexer based on two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

All-optical simultaneous OR and NAND gates using photonic crystal ring resonator and Kerr effect

All-optical simultaneous OR and NAND gates design is proposed using a simple nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator based on the chalcogenide glass (Ag20As32Se48) material which is one of the promising materials for all-optical devices. The structure consists of an octagonal ring resonator between two waveguides, which uses the switching threshold mechanism based on the Kerr effect to perform two simultaneous logic gates functions. The plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to obtain the band diagram in the proposed structure, and the two-dimensional finite difference time domain (2D-FDTD) method is used in the simulation to evaluate the performance of the proposed design. The resonance wavelength is 1551.3 nm, with a high transmission and coupling efficiency of about 100%. The proposed optical OR and NAND logic gates have high contrast ratios of 21.15 dB and 28.19 dB, respectively, with a quality factor of 596.65. The operating power intensity of the proposed structure is 1 kW μm−2, and the threshold power intensity is obtained at 2.8 kW μm−2. The proposed gates provide transmitted power of not less than 0.5. The size of the structure is 20.5 μm × 18.17 μm. The proposed structure is compact, works on low operational power intensity, and has the ability for dense integration. The simplicity and small size of the structure make it easy to fabricate for future integration in all-optical circuits.

Ultra-fast all optical photonic crystal MVL decoder and encoder

In this paper, a general method is proposed to design all optical MVL decoder and encoders. The presented structures are composed of threshold detectors which are designed based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator. The nonlinear optical Kerr effect has been used in the proposed structures to control the amount of transmission by input signal power. Therefore, input signal can be controlled so as to be passed or dropped in the threshold detector. Threshold value adjustment method is presented that is based on the radii of rods tuning. Plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods are used to simulate and analyze the proposed structures. The presented decoder and encoders occupy less than 278 µm2 and 1334 µm2 respectively. Simulation results show that the propagation delay of the proposed all optical ternary decoder and encoders are 1 ps and 2 ps respectively. The smallest contrast ratio for the logic 1- logic 0 in ternary decoder is 10 dB. The smallest contrast ratio for the logic 1 - logic 0 and for logic 2 - logic 0 in ternary encoder and priority encoder are 11.4 dB, 13.6 dB, 6.2 dB and 8.9 dB respectively.

Performance analysis of all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer in 2D photonic crystal structure

Abstract In optical processing systems, multiplexer is used to design optical devices such as arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and shift register (SR). Through this paper, we investigate the application of nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator (PhCRR) based on nonlinear Kerr effect for realizing an all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer. The structure consists of two PhCRRs and five optical waveguides using hexagonal lattice silicon (Si) rods with a background of air. Performance of all optical 2 × 1 multiplexer is replicated with the help of finite difference time domain (FDTD) procedure at a wavelength of 1571 nm, and simulations presented an ultra-compact optical structure with ultra-fast switching speed.

Nonlinear optical decoder based on photonic quasi crystal ring resonator structure

Abstract Using two nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators we proposed and designed an all optical decoder. 2D 12 fold quasicrystal was used as the core section of the resonant rings. In order to make use of advantages of nonlinear Kerr effect, we put 24 dielectric rods between the core and outer shell of the resonant ring. The linear refractive index and nonlinear Kerr coefficient of these rods are n 0 = 1.4 and n 2 = 10−14 m2/W. In the proposed structure port I was used to switch the optical beams coming from BIAS between O1 and O2 output ports. The optical intensity required for performing the switching task is about 0.1 kW/μm2.

An ultra-fast optical analog-to-digital converter using nonlinear X-shaped photonic crystal ring resonators

This paper reports a new optical analog-to-digital converter (OADC) design based on nonlinear X-shaped photonic crystal ring resonators (X-PCRRs). The dielectric rods made of silicon and nonlinear rods composed of doped glass are used to form X-PCRRs. The proposed structure consists of a nonlinear three-channel demultiplexer and an optical encoder. The nonlinear demultiplexer converts the continuous input signal into three quantized discrete levels, and the optical encoder generates two-bit binary codes depending on the output channel number of the demultiplexer. Two well-known plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods are applied to study and analyze the photonic band structure and light propagation inside the PhC-based structure, respectively. The wide TM photonic band gap of the fundamental PhC covers the second window of telecommunication in the C-band. Our calculations reveal that the proposed OADC has a maximum response time of about 4 ps and a sampling rate of 125 GS/s that is much faster than the designed ADC in previous studies. The proposed ADC also has a total footprint of 1785 μm2 with a minimum leakage loss.

All optical NAND/NOR and majority gates using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator

Abstract All optical logic gates are building blocks for all optical data processors. One way of designing optical logic gates is using threshold switching which can be realized by combining an optical resonator with nonlinear Kerr effect. In this paper we showed that a novel structure consisting of nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator which can be used for realizing optical NAND/NOR and majority gates. The delay time of the proposed NAND/NOR and majority gates are 2.5 ps and 1.5 ps respectively. Finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods were used for simulating the proposed optical logic gates. The total footprint of the proposed structure is about 988 μm2.

An all optical photonic crystal half adder suitable for optical processing applications

Abstract Increasing the speed of operation in all optical signal processing is very important. For reaching this goal one needs high speed optical devices. Optical half adders are one of the important building blocks required in optical processing. In this paper an optical half adder was proposed by combining nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators with optical waveguides. Finite difference time domain method wase used for simulating the final structure. The simulation results confirmed that the rise time for the proposed structure is about 1 ps.

All-optical analog to digital converter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

Optical analog to digital conversion is very important for implementing all-optical data processing systems. In this study, we designed an all-optical analog to digital converter using photonic crystal nonlinear ring resonators. The main goal of this study was to design an optical analog to digital converter with no upper limit for the input optical intensity when generating “11” codes at the output ports. Simulation results showed that the maximum rise time for the proposed structure is about 1.5 ps

A proposal for an all optical full adder using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

Optical full adders are one of the main building blocks required for realizing optical computers and Arithmetic Logic Units. In this paper we aim to design and propose an all optical full adder using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. First of all an optical limiter was proposed using two nonlinear resonant rings. Then the final structure was created using the optical limiter. The maximum delay time for the proposed structure obtained to be 2 ps. As mentioned reducing the variation between the minimum and maximum optical power level for the logic 1 state at the output ports are the most important feature of the proposed structure.

Application of nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators in realizing all optical OR/NOT/AND gates

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is the core of any digital processing systems. For creating an all optical ALU one needs basic logic gates such as optical NOT, OR and AND gates along with an optical full adder and optical multiplexer. In this paper we aim to design and propose these three basic logic gates using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. The simulations will be done using plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods. The proposed structures work based on controlling the optical behavior of the nonlinear resonators using optical power. The simulation results show that the switching threshold for this resonant ring is about 15 mW/μm2. Reduced delay times and switching optical power are the main advantages of the proposed structures. Also by adding two resonant rings in input ports we reduced the cross reflection between the input ports.

An Optical Half Adder Using Nonlinear Ring Resonator Based on Photonic Crystal

Abstract Nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators are suitable mechanisms that can be used for designing optical logic gates and digital structures. In this paper, we designed two nonlinear resonant rings by adding doped glass rods inside the photonic crystal ring resonator. An optical half adder was designed using these nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. We used plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods to simulate our optical half adder. The simulations show that when one of the input ports is ON, the normalized optical power at the S is about 90 %. The time delay in this case is 7 ps. Also when both the input ports are ON, the normalized optical power at the C is about 155 %. The time delay in this case is 8 ps.

Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials

In this paper an ultra-compact all-optical encoder is presented by using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The designed logic gate is based on the interference effect. The proposed structure consists of several photonic crystal waveguides connected by 2 nano-resonators. The nano-resonators are designed to reduce the size of the radius of the dielectric rods. The contrast ratios and delay time for the proposed all-optical encoder are respectively 6 dB and 125 fs. The size of the structure is equal to 132 µm2. Equality of the output power in the logic states “one”, the small dimensions, the low delay time, compact and simple structure have shown that the logic gate is suitable for the using in optical integrated circuits. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Salmanpour, Sh. Mohammadnejad, A. Bahrami, "Photonic crystal logic gates: an overview", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 2249 (2015). CrossRef S. C. Xavier, B. E. Carolin, A. p. Kabilan, W. Johnson, "Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation", IET Optoelectronics. 10, 142 (2016). CrossRef Y. Miyoshi, K. Ikeda, H. Tobioka, T. Inoue, S. Namiki, K. Kitayama, "Ultrafast all-optical logic gate using a nonlinear optical loop mirror based multi-periodic transfer function", Optics Express. 16, 2570 (2008). CrossRef D. K. Gayen, A. Bhattachryya, T. Chattopadhyay, J. N. Roy, "Ultrafast All-Optical Half Adder Using Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer", Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30, 3387 (2012). CrossRef A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, "All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect", IET Optoelectronics. 12, 191 (2018). CrossRef Z. Mohebbi, N. Nozhat, F. Emami, "High contrast all-optical logic gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal", Optics Communications. 355, 130 (2015). CrossRef M. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, "Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators", Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications. 21, 44 (2016). CrossRef H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, F. Mehdizadeh, "Effect of scattering rods in the frequency response of photonic crystal demultiplexers", Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 17, 259 (2015). DirectLink A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, H. Arman, "Optical Biochemical Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration", Current Nanoscience. 13, 421 (2017). CrossRef S. Olyaee, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 1881 (2015). CrossRef F. Parandin, R. Malmir, M. Naseri, A. Zahedi, "Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals", Superlattices and Microstructures. 113, 737 (2018). CrossRef F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, H. Alipour-Banaei, "Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals", IET Optoelectronics. 11, 29 (2017). CrossRef M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, H. Alipour-Banaei, "A novel all optical reversible 4 × 2 encoder based on photonic crystals", Optik. 126, 2368 (2015). CrossRef T. A. Moniem, "All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators", Journal of Modern Optics. 63, 735 (2016). CrossRef S. Gholamnejad, M. Zavvari, "Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 49, 302 (2017). CrossRef H. Seif-Dargahi, "Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators", Photonic Network Communications. 36, 272 (2018). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, "Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 50, 12 (2018). CrossRef C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, Z. Ouyang, "Compact and low-power optical logic NOT gate based on photonic crystal waveguides without optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials", Applied Optics.51, 680 (2012). CrossRef Y. C. Jiang, S. B. Liu, H. F. Zhang, X. K. Kong. "Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals", Optics Communications. 348, 90 (2015). CrossRef A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, P. T. Omran, "All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 3689 (2015). CrossRef E. H. Shaik, N. Rangaswamy, "Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates", Journal of Computational Electronics. 17, 337 (2018). CrossRef

An All-Optical Digital 2-to-1 Multiplexer Using Photonic Crystal-Based Nonlinear Ring Resonators

In this paper, we proposed a structure to realize an all-optical digital multiplexer. The proposed structure had two inputs, one control and one output port. Using the control port, one can decide which input port can be connected to the output port. The proposed structure consisted of two nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators, L-shaped and T-shaped, and a straight waveguide. Total footprint and maximum delay time of the proposed structure were 479 μm2 and 3 ps, respectively.

Design and simulation of an all optical photonic crystal-based comparator

Optical comparators are essential elements required for creating all optical digital systems used in optical data processing. A new structure is proposed for designing a 1-bit optical comparators using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. The nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators are created by adding some additional dielectric rods around the core section of the resonant ring. These rods are made of doped glass which has relatively high Kerr coefficient. Four nonlinear resonant rings are used with optical waveguides to create the proposed comparator inside a 2D photonic crystal structure. The final structure can compare two 1-bit numbers. The maximum delay time and total footprint of the proposed structure is 6 ps and 1705 μm2, respectively.

Design and analysis of an optical full-adder based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators

In this paper, first we have used a photonic crystal ring resonator in a two-dimensional structure composed of GaAs rods for designing a channel drop filter (CDF). Then the CDF is used to design a 1-bit full-adder. The structure has two nonlinear ring resonators which are coupled to eight waveguides. The nonlinear ring resonators have Kerr-type nonlinearity which causes the resonant mode of photonic crystal resonators to depend on intensity of input power launched into the structure. The proposed structure has three input and two output ports which are dubbed “A”, “B” and “C” as input and “Sum” and “Carry” as output. The maximum delay time of the structure is about 3 ps. The structure has been simulated and analyzed using finite difference time domain (FDTD) and plane wave expansion (PWE) methods. The main advantages of the proposed structure are compactness, reduction of the delay time, reduction of the optical power intensity required at input ports and reduction of the backward reflection toward the input ports.

A novel proposal for all optical 3 to 8 decoder based on nonlinear ring resonators

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a 3 to 8 optical decoder was proposed using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. For realizing the 3 to 8 decoder, we combined seven 1 to 2 optical decoders. In the proposed structure, X, Y and Z serve as input ports. By combination of these ports, one can control which output port to be ON. The maximum time delay of the proposed structure is about 6 ps.

Concave Rectangle Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator for Ultra-Fast All-Optical Modulation

Abstract In this paper, an ultra-fast all-optical modulator, based on a new shape of nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator, is designed and studied. Numerical methods such as plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference time domain (FDTD) are used to perform simulations. The modulation technique consists of carrier light controlling by means of input light signal and Kerr effect. The investigation of extinction ratio and insertion loss within the carrier input power shows that the choice of 0.7 W is the optimal value of that power to ensure the tradeoff between both characteristics. The suggested modulator demonstrates an excellent extinction ratio about 20.8018, a very low insertion loss of −13.98 and a short switching time about 13.4 ps. According to the obtained results, the modulator can be considered as an ultra-fast and ultra-compact optical component.

Ultra-fast all-optical decoder based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators.

In this paper, a 2-to-4 all-optical decoder based on photonic crystal ring resonators is introduced. The photonic crystal structure has a 2D square chalcogenide rod lattice whose maximum response time is 2ps. Three ring resonators including nonlinear rods with 9×10-17 m2/W for a Kerr coefficient carry out a switching operation at 1550nm wavelength. The switching speed of the device is 500GHz, which is more than that in previously presented works. Also, the small size of the structure is sufficient for optical integrated circuits.