Non-equilibrium Production Research Articles

Evidence of genuine quantum effects in nonequilibrium entropy production via quantum photonics

Evidence of genuine quantum effects in nonequilibrium entropy production via quantum photonics

The Red Snapper Fishery in the Eastern Java Sea and Its Fishery Management Recommendation

Abstract For decades, the red snapper fishery has been considered a potential demersal fishery in the east part of Java Sea. The fluctuating fishing effort caused the biomass of red snapper has a fluctuate every year. The study’s goal is to analyze the changing conditions of the red snapper fishery in the east part of Java Sea as a basis for developing management recommendations. The production and efforts data were collected from Brondong Nusantara Fishing Port from 2008 to 2021. The data was analyzed using a non-equilibrium surplus production model and depicted using Kobe Plot to know the change direction of red snapper fishery. The result shows that red snapper fishery in the east part of Java Sea has been overfishing with the abundance of biomass has been overfished. This study’s recommendations for fisheries management are to limit fishing efforts and allowable catch in order to improve the red snapper fishery in the east part of Java Sea.

Nonequilibrium fluctuations of a quantum heat engine

The thermodynamic properties of quantum heat engines are stochastic owing to the presence of thermal and quantum fluctuations. We here experimentally investigate the efficiency and nonequilibrium entropy production statistics of a spin-1/2 quantum Otto cycle in a nuclear magnetic resonance setup. We first study the correlations between work and heat within a cycle by extracting their joint distribution for different driving times. We show that near perfect correlation, corresponding to the tight-coupling condition between work and heat, can be achieved. In this limit, the reconstructed efficiency distribution is peaked at the deterministic thermodynamic efficiency, and fluctuations are strongly suppressed. We further successfully test the second law in the form of a joint fluctuation relation for work and heat in the quantum cycle. Our results characterize the statistical features of a small-scale thermal machine in the quantum domain, and provide means to control them.

Emergence of cosmic space in Tsallis modified gravity from equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamic perspective

In the context of Tsallis entropy, we explore the connection between the law of emergence and the thermodynamic laws from a more accurate non-equilibrium perspective. Here, the equilibrium Clausius relation does not conform to the standard energy-momentum conservation. Therefore, an effective gravitational coupling is introduced to rewrite the field equation similar to general relativity, and the corresponding generalized continuity equation is obtained. As a result, thermodynamic laws were modified with the non-equilibrium energy dissipation and entropy production terms, using which we derive the law of emergence. The investigation of the law of emergence and the entropy maximization principle with Tsallis entropy in the non-equilibrium perspective shows that both result in the same constraints as obtained in other gravity theories and the equilibrium context of Tsallis entropy, except for an additional constraint on the Tsallis parameter as a result of extra entropy production. Consequently, the thermodynamic interpretation of the expansion of the universe stays valid even with quantum corrections to the horizon entropy since the correction terms in Tsallis entropy can be treated as the quantum corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.

Experimental signature of initial quantum coherence on entropy production

We report on the experimental quantification of the contribution to non-equilibrium entropy production stemming from the quantum coherence content in the initial state of a qubit exposed to both coherent driving and dissipation. Our experimental demonstration builds on the exquisite experimental control of the spin state of a nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond and is underpinned, theoretically, by the formulation of a generalized fluctuation theorem designed to track the effects of quantum coherence. Our results provide significant evidence of the possibility to pinpoint the genuinely quantum mechanical contributions to the thermodynamics of non-equilibrium quantum processes in an open quantum systems scenario.

Thermodynamic stability analysis of non‐Fourier model‐based bio‐heat transfer in laser‐irradiated cylindrical‐shaped multilayered biological tissue

AbstractThe present research focuses on examining the thermic response of living tissue in the form of a triple‐layered cylindrical structure when subjected to laser light and the compatibility analysis of non‐Fourier heat transfer with thermodynamics second law. The temperature field in the triple‐layered cylindrical living tissue subjected to laser light is determined by numerically solving the transient radiative transfer equation in conjunction with the dual phase lag (DPL) based bioheat equation. Once the temperature field is known, the equilibrium and nonequilibrium entropy production rate (EPR) is calculated based on the hypothesis of classical irreversible thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics, respectively. The present results are verified against the data from the literature and found a good match between them. A comparative analysis of the Fourier and non‐Fourier models is accomplished. The equilibrium and nonequilibrium EPR values for the Fourier model are found to be positive. While the equilibrium EPR is negative for non‐Fourier heat conduction and does not satisfy the thermodynamics second law, nonequilibrium EPR is always a positive value for Fourier, DPL, and hyperbolic models and satisfies thermodynamics second law. It has been investigated how thermal relaxation times affect the temperature field and EPRs in tissue are subjected to laser light.

Jarzynski-like equality of nonequilibrium information production based on quantum cross-entropy

The two-time measurement scheme is well studied in the context of quantum fluctuation theorem. However, it becomes infeasible when the random variable determined by a single measurement trajectory is associated with the von Neumann entropy of the quantum states. We employ the one-time measurement scheme to derive a Jarzynski-like equality of nonequilibrium information production by proposing an information production distribution based on the quantum cross-entropy. The derived equality further enables one to explore the roles of the quantum cross-entropy in quantum communications, quantum machine learning, and quantum thermodynamics.

Numerical study of non-adiabatic quantum thermodynamics of the driven resonant level model: non-equilibrium entropy production and higher order corrections

We present our numerical study on quantum thermodynamics of the resonant level model subjected to non-equilibrium condition as well as external driving. Following our previous work on non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics (Dou et al 2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 184304), we expand the density operator into a series of power in the driving speed, where we can determine the non-adiabatic thermodynamic quantities. Particularly, we calculate the non-equilibrium entropy production rate as well as higher order non-adiabatic corrections to the energy and/or population, which is not determined previously in Dou et al (2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 184304). In the limit of weak system-bath coupling, our results reduce to the one from the quantum master equation.

System size and flavour dependence of chemical freeze-out temperatures in ALICE data from pp, pPb and PbPb collisions at LHC energies

We present the system size and flavour dependence of the chemical freeze-out temperature (Tch) at vanishing baryo-chemical potential calculated via thermal fits to experimental yields for several multiplicity classes in pp, pPb and PbPb collisions measured by ALICE. Using the Thermal-FIST Hadron Resonance Gas model package, we compare the quality of fits across various treatments of strangeness conservation under different freeze-out conditions as a function of the charged particle multiplicity density 〈dNch/dη〉. Additionally, we examine how the anti-hadron to pion yield ratios of light and strange baryons, as well as the ϕ meson, evolve within a flavour-dependent model. Through a unique two-temperature chemical freeze-out approach, we show that flavour dependence of Tch in a Strangeness Canonical Ensemble leads to a natural explanation of strangeness enhancement from small to large systems at LHC energies without requiring any non-equilibrium particle production at small 〈dNch/dη〉.

Hessian geometry of nonequilibrium chemical reaction networks and entropy production decompositions

We derive the Hessian geometric structure of nonequilibrium chemical reaction networks on the flux and force spaces induced by the Legendre duality of convex dissipation functions and characterize their dynamics as a generalized flow. With this geometric structure, we can extend theories of nonequilibrium systems with quadratic dissipation functions to more general cases with nonquadratic ones, which are pivotal for studying chemical reaction networks. By applying generalized notions of orthogonality in Hessian geometry to chemical reaction networks, two generalized decompositions of the entropy production rate are obtained, each of which captures gradient-flow and minimum-dissipation aspects in nonequilibrium dynamics.

Lower bound for entropy production rate in stochastic systems far from equilibrium

We show that the Schnakenberg's entropy production rate in a master equationis lower bounded by a function of the weight of the Markov graph, here defined as the sum of the absolute values of probability currents over the edges. The result is valid for time-dependent nonequilibrium entropy production rates. Moreover, in a general framework, we prove a theorem showing that the Kullback-Leibler divergence between distributions P(s) and P^{'}(s):=P(m(s)), where m is an involution, m(m(s))=s, is lower bounded by a function of the total variation of P and P^{'}, for any m. The bound is tight and it improves on Pinsker's inequality for this setup. This result illustrates a connection between nonequilibrium thermodynamics and graph theory with interesting applications.

Modeling of the effects of non-equilibrium excitation and electrode geometry on H2/air ignition in a nanosecond plasma discharge

This work presents the results of two-dimensional modeling of the effects of non-equilibrium excitation and electrode geometry on H2/air ignition in a nanosecond plasma discharge. A multiscale adaptive reduced chemistry solver for plasma assisted combustion (MARCS-PAC) based on PASSKEy discharge modeling package and compressible multi-component reactive flow solver ASURF+ is developed and validated. This model is applied to simulate the impact of non-equilibrium plasma excitation and electrode geometry and heat loss on the dynamics of the discharge from streamer to spark and ignition kernel development in a H2/air mixture with a pair of cylindrical electrodes. The results show that the plasma-generated species (N2(A), N2(B), N2(a′), N2(C), O(1D), O and H) in the spark and afterglow significantly accelerate the ignition kernel development. The increase of discharge voltage at the same total discharge energy promotes the non-equilibrium active species production. It is found that the production of electronically excited species at higher reduced electric field strength is more efficient in enhancing ignition in comparison to the vibrational excitation and heating. Moreover, the 2D simulation clearly reveals that the electric field and active species distribution are highly non-uniform. The streamers are initiated at the sharp outer edges of the negative and positive electrodes by a strong electric field while the electric field is much weaker at the centerline of the electrodes. Furthermore, the simulations reveal that the ignition enhancement is sensitive to the variation of electrode shape, diameter, and gap size due to the changes of electric field distribution and location of streamer formation. A cylindrical electrode produces a larger discharge volume and ignition kernel than the parabolic and spherical electrodes, when the discharge is localized near the axis of the gap. It is found that there is a non-monotonic dependence of ignition kernel size on the electrode diameter and inter-electrode distance. The increase of electrode diameter and gap size above the optimal conditions leads to the reduction of ignition kernel volume, due to the decrease of active species concentration and gas temperature. At a larger electrode surface area and electrode diameter as well as smaller electrode gap size, the heat loss to electrode plays a greater role in reducing the ignition kernel size and slowing ignition kernel development. This work provides insights and guidance to understand the kinetic enhancement of non-equilibrium plasma and the effects of electrode geometries on ignition for the optimization ignitors in advanced engines.

The effect of nonequilibrium entropy production on the quantum Fisher information and correlations

In this study, we apply quantum master equations beyond secular approximation and investigate the nonequilibrium thermodynamic cost of enhanced quantum metrology and quantum correlations. We find that the nonequilibrium conditions enhance quantum Fisher information (QFI) and quantum correlations predominantly for weak tunneling scenarios. The enhancement is assisted by a corresponding increase in the thermodynamic cost characterized by the entropy production rate (EPR). For the strong tunneling regimes, the QFI and quantum correlations cannot be unceasingly boosted by higher thermodynamic costs and decay once the system is overburdened with extremely large energy currents. The result indicates that for open systems with weak tunneling rates, thermodynamic cost can be potentially exploited to improve the quantum metrology and quantum correlations.

Braiding Dynamics in Semiflexible Filament Bundles under Oscillatory Forcing.

We examine the nonequilibrium production of topological defects—braids—in semiflexible filament bundles under cycles of compression and tension. During these cycles, the period of compression facilitates the thermally activated pair production of braid/anti-braid pairs, which then may separate when the bundle is under tension. As a result, appropriately tuned alternating periods of compression and extension should lead to the proliferation of braid defects in a bundle so that the linear density of these pairs far exceeds that expected in the thermal equilibrium. Secondly, we examine the slow extension of braided bundles under tension, showing that their end-to-end length creeps nonmonotonically under a fixed force due to braid deformation and the motion of the braid pair along the bundle. We conclude with a few speculations regarding experiments on semiflexible filament bundles and their networks.

Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation for Arbitrary Initial States.

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) describes a trade-off relation between nonequilibrium currents and entropy production and serves as a fundamental principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. However, currently known TURs presuppose either specific initial states or an infinite-time average, which severely limits the range of applicability. Here we derive a finite-time TUR valid for arbitrary initial states from the Cramér-Rao inequality. We find that the variance of an accumulated current is bounded from below by the instantaneous current at the final time, which suggests that "the boundary is constrained by the bulk". We apply our results to feedback-controlled processes and successfully explain a recent experiment which reports a violation of a modified TUR with feedback control. We also derive a TUR that is linear in the total entropy production and valid for discrete-time Markov chains with nonsteady initial states. The obtained bound exponentially improves the existing bounds in a discrete-time regime.

Time Evolution of Open Nonequilibrium Systems and Irreversibility

The foundation of the nonequilibrium statistical mechanics on the basis of dynamics was formulated by Bogoliubov in his seminal works. In this report we use his ideas of reduced description to analyze thoroughly the time evolution of open systems in the context of nonequilibrium statistical operator method. In particular, we consider the notion of entropy which is a central physical concept. The thermodynamic entropy, information entropy, entropy of nonequilibrium states and entropy production were discussed tightly in this context. The corresponding procedure of averaging (smoothing) and the notion of irreversibility were discussed as well.

The entropy production for thermal operations

According to the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the definitions of work and heat, microscopic expressions for the non-equilibrium entropy production have been achieved. Recently, a redefinition of heat has been presented in [Nature Communications volume 8, Article number: 2180 (2017)]. Since thermal operations play an important role in the resource theory of thermodynamics, it would be very interesting to find out the effect of the above-mentioned definition on the expression of the entropy production for these kind of operations. This is one of the aims of the present paper. Using the new definition of heat, it is shown that the entropy production is the same as the mutual information between a system and a bath both for thermal operations and, if the system-bath initial state is factorized, for entropy-preserving operations. It is also discussed that how one can recognize the type of the correlation between a system and a bath through knowledge of the initial state of the system only. It is shown that if the initial state of a system is diagonal in the energy basis, the thermal operations cannot create a quantum correlation between the system and the bath, however, if the system initial state is coherent Gibbs state, there cannot be classical correlation due to the thermal operations.

Probing the thermal effects of voltage hysteresis in anionic redox-based lithium-rich cathodes using isothermal calorimetry

Probing the thermal effects of voltage hysteresis in anionic redox-based lithium-rich cathodes using isothermal calorimetry

Particle yields and ratios within equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistics

In characterizing the various yields and ratios of well-identified particles in the ALICE experiment, we utilize extensive additive thermal approaches, to which various missing states of the hadron resonances are taken into consideration as well. Despite some non-equilibrium conditions that are slightly driving this statistical approach away from equilibrium, the approaches are and remain additive and extensive. Besides van der Waals repulsive interactions (assuming that the gas constituents are no longer point-like, i.e., finite-volume corrections taken into consideration), finite pion chemical potentials as well as perturbations to the light and strange quark occupation factors are taken into account. When confronting our calculations to the ALICE measurements, we conclude that the proposed conditions for various aspects driving the system out of equilibrium notably improve the reproduction of the experimental results, i.e., improving the statistical fits, especially the finite pion chemical potential. This points out to the great role that the non-equilibrium pion production would play, and the contributions that the hadron resonance missing states come up with, even when the principles of statistical extensivity and additivity are not violated. These results seem to propose revising the conclusions propagated by most of the field, that the produced particles quickly reach a state of local equilibrium leading to a collective expansion often described by fluid dynamics. This situation seems not to remain restrictively valid, at very large collision energies.

Nonequilibrium quark production in the expanding QCD plasma

We present real-time lattice simulation results for nonequilibrium quark production from an over-occupied gluon plasma in longitudinally expanding geometry. The quark number density per unit transverse area and rapidity shows almost linear growth in time, and its growth rate appears to be consistent with a simple kinetic theory estimate involving only two-to-two scattering processes in small-angle approximation. We also find that quarks produced at early times satisfy a nonequilibrium scaling law.