Abstract Introduction and aims Chronic kidney disease has previously been observed to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Observations are however predominantly limited to patients with either severe or end-stage renal disease. We investigate the associated risk of diminishing renal function with cardiovascular death across all levels of non-dialysis dependent renal insufficiency. Methods Based on cross-referencing of data from numerous nationwide health care registers, patients with a recorded plasma creatinine measurement were identified in Denmark between 1997 and 2017. Patients with preceding cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, age <18 years, and patients with events within a 30 days quarantine period after their first-time plasma creatinine measurement were excluded. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) were calculated from the first recorded plasma creatinine. Hazard ratios for two-year risk of cardiovascular death were computed for strata of renal function in a multiple Cox regression model with adjustment for age and gender, and cumulative incidences were estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator. Results In total 2,000,626 patients were identified. Median follow-up was 3.6 years (IQR 1.7–9.0 years). A total of 22,657 (0.01%) cardiovascular deaths were recorded. Patients were predominantly female (54%), median age was 40 years (IQR 29–63 years), and median eGFR was 98 ml/min/1.73m2 (IQR 83–117 ml/min/1.73m2). Hazard ratios with confidence intervals of cardiovascular death were 0.85 [0.82–0.89], 1.24 [1.18–1.31], 2.02 [1.89–2.15], and 3.19 [2.91–3.49] for the eGFR strata 90–60 ml/min/1.73m2, 59–45 ml/min/1.73m2, 44–30 ml/min/1.73m2, <30 ml/min/1.73m2, respectively (eGFR >90 ml/min/1.73m2 as reference). Cumulative incidence Conclusion In a nationwide cohort of non-dialysis treated patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction was associated with progressive increase in risk of cardiovascular death in patients with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2.