Non-communicable Illnesses Research Articles

Association of Dietary Fats with Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): A Sustainable Decision

Abstract Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) account for almost 70% of deaths worldwide among non-communicable illnesses. The most common type of CVDs is ischemic heart disease (IHD). The Global Burden of Disease estimates that 126 million people are affected by IHD. This represents 1.72% of the world’s population. IHD may be avoided by practicing lifestyle management, including a balanced diet. One of the important components of a balanced diet is a precise fat choice. Based on our recent study, while other dietary fatty acids did not significantly increase the risk of IHD, it was discovered that healthy fats like omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may lower the risk of IHD. Increased DHA consumption in the diet may be suggested as a preventative measure against IHD episodes if the findings of this study are validated in further investigations. DHA is an integral part of the Mediterranean diet, primarily obtained through regular fish consumption, and contributes to the overall health benefits. The Mediterranean diet, a model of a sustainable diet by balancing factors and its holistic approach to sustainability, makes it a valuable pattern for promoting both human and planetary health. Information © The Authors 2024

Unraveling the Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Diseases.

The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Bacteria give genes and enzymes for microbial and host-produced compounds, establishing a symbiotic link between the external environment and the host at both the gut and systemic levels. The gut microbiome, which is primarily made up of commensal bacteria, is critical for maintaining the healthy host's immune system, aiding digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria, as well as influencing endocrine, neural, humoral, and immunological functions and metabolic pathways. Qualitative, quantitative, and/or topographic shifts can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis and microbial dysfunction, which can contribute to a variety of noncommunicable illnesses, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome. While most evidence to date is observational and does not establish direct causation, ongoing clinical trials and advanced genomic techniques are steadily enhancing our understanding of these intricate interactions. This review will explore key aspects of the relationship between gut microbiota, eubiosis, and dysbiosis in human health and disease, highlighting emerging strategies for microbiome engineering as potential therapeutic approaches for various conditions.

Deep learning assisted cancer disease prediction from gene expression data using WT-GAN

Several diverse fields including the healthcare system and drug development sectors have benefited immensely through the adoption of deep learning (DL), which is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Cancer makes up a significant percentage of the illnesses that cause early human mortality across the globe, and this situation is likely to rise in the coming years, especially when non-communicable illnesses are not considered. As a result, cancer patients would greatly benefit from precise and timely diagnosis and prediction. Deep learning (DL) has become a common technique in healthcare due to the abundance of computational power. Gene expression datasets are frequently used in major DL-based applications for illness detection, notably in cancer therapy. The quantity of medical data, on the other hand, is often insufficient to fulfill deep learning requirements. Microarray gene expression datasets are used for training procedures despite their extreme dimensionality, limited volume of data samples, and sparsely available information. Data augmentation is commonly used to expand the training sample size for gene data. The Wasserstein Tabular Generative Adversarial Network (WT-GAN) model is used for the data augmentation process for generating synthetic data in this proposed work. The correlation-based feature selection technique selects the most relevant characteristics based on threshold values. Deep FNN and ML algorithms train and classify the gene expression samples. The augmented data give better classification results (> 97%) when using WT-GAN for cancer diagnosis.

The cardiovascular risks of sedentary behavior and the progress of physical activity interventions

Since the 1960s, sedentary behavior has been on the rise globally. Modern culture is characterized by sedentary behavior (SB), which has become a distinct risk factor for non-communicable illnesses. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are rapidly spreading around the world. A growing body of research has established the significance of SB as a risk factor for the onset of CVD. Additionally, blood lipoprotein (BL), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), and endothelial function (EF) are among the CVD risk variables that SB may significantly affect. Chinese scholars have not paid enough attention to the harm of SB to CVD, which needs urgent attention. Physical activity (PA) can improve the health of sedentary people. Increased PA may be able to counteract sedentary-induced CVD events, as analyzed by the study. In particular, a multi-component approach to exercise can significantly enhance cardio-metabolic health. Therefore, people may choose PA control as a means of reducing the incidence of CVD.

Estimating The Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases and Adherence to Dietary Habits And Physical Activity Among Healthcare Professionals in The Middle East And North Africa Regions

The rising number of fatalities linked to food, exercise, and non-communicable illnesses has sparked interest in studying their effects. In society, Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) symbolize health and wellbeing. However, the incidence of chronic illness and healthy habits among Middle East and North Africa (MENA) HCPs remains unclear. To determine the prevalence of chronic diseases and adherence to healthy dietary habits and physical activity among HCPs in the MENA region. Algeria, Egypt, El Yemen, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Syria HCPs (physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, and nutritionists) participated in multicenter cross-sectional research. April to June 2022 data on diet and exercise habits was collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Demographics, risk factors, medical history, and nutrition and exercise were included in the questionnaire. HCP diet and exercise were examined using multivariable regression models. A study of 7130 HCPs (mean age 28.6 ± 7.8 years, 57.5% females) was conducted. Physicians held 56.8% of the sample population, followed by pharmacists, nurses, dentists, and nutritionists. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affected 33.1% of individuals. Alcohol, pork, soda, sugar, and smoking raised the risk of non-communicable diseases. Nutritionists were the most active HCPs. About half of dietitians (45.3%) walked 150 minutes or more per week, while 14.7% and 25.9% did 150 minutes or more of moderate and 75 minutes or more of intense exercise, respectively. HCPs in MENA had high rates of CVD and risk factors such smoking, alcohol, pork, soda, sugar, and less exercise. MENA HCPs must be aware of the significant incidence of these risk factors to enhance health behavior.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor of pulmonary tuberculosis: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: The growing frequency of infectious and non-communicable illnesses on a global scale is primarily associated with the changing patterns observed in epidemiology. Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly leads to the development of tuberculosis (TB) and less effective treatment outcomes if not identified early. Objective: This study aims to investigate type 2 DM as a risk factor for TB infection.Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional research study comprised DM patients who reported cough complaints at the TB treatment center and the internal medicine department of Zainoel Abidin Hospital. Random blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured in all respondents. The Chi-Square test assesses the association between DM and Pulmonary TB.Results: There are 48 DM patients with new pulmonary TB, an averageage of 53 years (SD 9.1). Most of them have symptoms of cough for more than 2 weeks (85.4%), loss of body weight (77.1%), chest pain (58.3%), and loss of appetite (72.9%). The high HbA1c levels were associated with TB, as detected by Xpert MTB/RIF assay and typical radiographic signs (p<0.05). DM patients with increased HbA1c were found to have a two times chance of showing results from a chest x-ray typical of TB and probability of TB infection (PR: 2.850, 95% CI (1.152-7.053); 2.745, 95% CI (0.969-7.780)) respectively.Conclusion: DM patients had two times the risk of lung damage based on chest X-rays and having TB. DM may seriously compromise the efficacy of TB control programs and impede a nation's progress toward TB elimination.

A Sustainable Approach Towards Prevention and Treatment of Hepatic and Other Disorders Associated with Alcohol Consumption

Background: Alcohol has been used for centuries in many different civilizations. It is a psychoactive stimulant with addictive properties. Alcohol misuse has significant negative social, economic, and health effects. Abusing alcohol can cause harm to oneself as well as to relatives, coworkers, close companions, and total strangers. Alcohol usage contributes to more than 200 diseases, accidents, and other health problems. Drinking alcohol is associated with a higher chance of developing significant non-communicable illnesses such liver cirrhosis, a number of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, as well as behavioral and mental disorders like alcoholism. Objective: Abuse of alcohol does not occur suddenly. People becoming addicted to various alcoholic beverages is a problem that results from months and years of irresponsible drinking. The process of recovering from the issue in turn includes targeted, particular methods for raising awareness of the negative effects of alcohol usage. Conclusion: Due to the heightened risks for one's bodily and mental health along with the social issues it generates, alcohol consumption results in these costs. We discuss the three areas of the epidemiology of alcohol's impact on health and diseases, the public health approach for treating problems related to alcohol use,and advancements in alcohol science.

Healthcare Diseases Classification Based on Machine Leaning Algorithms: A Review

Researchers have increasingly focused on applying machine learning algorithms to enhance healthcare operations in the past few years. Machine learning has become increasingly popular and has shown to be a viable strategy for raising the standard of healthcare, preventing disease transmission and early disease detection, reducing hospital operational expenses, aiding government healthcare programs, and enhancing healthcare efficiency. This review offers a succinct and well-structured summary of machine learning research that has been done in the field of healthcare. Specifically, the emphasis is placed on the examination of non-communicable illnesses, which pose a significant risk to public health and rank among the primary contributors to global mortality. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic, which is among the world's deadliest illnesses and has recently been formally declared a public health emergency, is included. This study aims to assist health sector researchers in choosing appropriate algorithms. After conducting a comprehensive investigation, it was shown that the Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Random Forest (RF), algorithms had the highest performance in healthcare classification, achieving a remarkable accuracy rate of 100%. In most tests, the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) demonstrated consistently better performance

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN INDIA: INTERVENTIONS, ROLES, PROSPECTS AND FRONTIER

In the framework of socialist and democratic liberalization, welfare-oriented policies and activities have been implemented in every nation. These NGOs are known for their philanthropic and humanitarian help approaches. NGOs now play a crucial role in welfare states and development initiatives. NGOs use a variety of strategies to manage current issues; many of them have discovered based and workable solutions to address major socio-economic and political issues. Growing populations, impoverishment, joblessness, and infectious and non-communicable illnesses are among the issues that growing nations frequently deal with these days. NGOs are referred to as not-for-profit organizations in India. These are renowned for their philanthropy and are frequently referred to as civil society groups. This theoretical research paper examines the many ways and tactics that nongovernmental organizations in India’s development sectors will employ. The functions that NGOs play in the socio-economic development of the country are also the subject of this study.

Exploring personal aptitudes and personality traits that, together with social determinants, shape health behaviors and conduct: a thematic analysis based on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behavior (COM-B) change system.

Effective implementation of strategies to promote health and prevent noncommunicable illnesses requires a profound understanding of the interaction between the individual and society. This study brings to health research the consideration of psychosocial factors that influence the maintenance and change of health behaviors and conduct. From a primary care perspective, it is crucial to propose a biopsychosocial approach for the development of health promotion and self-care programs that embrace personal aptitudes as a relevant individual aspect. To explore experiences related to personal aptitudes and personality traits that influence health behaviors and conduct, taking into account the social determinants of health, through a thematic analysis based on the capability-opportunity-motivation and behavior (COM-B) system. This qualitative research is carried out from a descriptive phenomenological perspective, based on 17 focus groups in which 156 people participated. Inductive and deductive analysis techniques were used following Lincoln and Guba's criteria of methodological rigor. In addition to 7 different triangulations of analysts, 6 main categories were identified based on the COM-B system: psychological capacity, physical capacity, physical opportunity, social opportunity, reflective motivation, and automatic motivation. The importance of considering these factors to promote healthy behaviors was stressed. This study examined how personal experiences related personal aptitudes and personality traits influence health behaviors and conduct in Spain. It was found that personality traits such as health literacy, self-efficacy, activation, and self-determination can influence the adoption of healthy behaviors. Likewise, the need for control, overthinking, and ambivalence made it impossible. Furthermore, social determinants of health and interpersonal relationships also play an important role. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04386135. Registered on April 30, 2020.

Quercetin-Loaded Bioglass Injectable Hydrogel Promotes m6A Alteration of Per1 to Alleviate Oxidative Stress for Periodontal Bone Defects.

Periodontal disease ranks third among noncommunicable illnesses, behind cancer and cardiovascular disease, and is closely related to the occurrence and progression of various systemic diseases. However, elucidating the processes of periodontal disease and promoting periodontal bone regeneration remains a challenge. Here, quercetin is demonstrated to reduce the oxidative stress state of orofacial mesenchymal stem cells (OMSCs) in vitro and to affect the osteogenic growth of OMSCs through molecular mechanisms that mediate the m6A change in Per1. Nevertheless, the limited therapeutic efficacy of systemic medication and the limitations of local medication resulting from the small, moist, and highly dynamic periodontal environment make it challenging to treat periodontal tissues with medication. Herein, a biosafe injectable hydrogel drug-controlled delivery system is constructed as a bone-enhancing factory and loaded with quercetin to treat oxidative stress injury in periodontal tissues. This drug-carrying system made up of nanoscale bioglass microspheres and a light-cured injectable hydrogel, allows effective drug particle loading and cementation in the dynamic and moist periodontal environment. Furthermore, the system demonstrates the ability to stimulate OMSCs osteogenic differentiation in a Per1-dependent manner, which ultimately promotes periodontal bone repair, suggesting that this system has potential for clinical periodontal therapy.

Obesità: una malattia recidivante, anche dopo trattamento chirurgico

Obesità: una malattia recidivante, anche dopo trattamento chirurgico

A Review of the Health Benefits of Processed Lentils (Lens culinaris L.)

ABSTRACTLentil (Lens culinaris L.) is a versatile and nutrient‐dense food legume crop with demonstrated health benefits. As people are trying to minimize health‐related issues through healthy eating, lentils are gaining more popularity. Several processing methods, including heating, germination, fermentation, and extrusion, are frequently utilized to prepare this extensively consumed legume, transforming it into delicious and nutritious dishes while also optimizing its medicinal attributes. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies using the processed lentils effectively demonstrated their functional benefits including cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities. These facts make a strong case that consuming processed lentils can lower the likelihood of developing noncommunicable chronic illnesses like diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and so on. The conservation of bioactive substances including phenolic compounds and flavonoids is key to the processed lentils' beneficial health effects. These bioactive compounds have an impact on human physiology, neutralizing the excess free radicals or oxidants from damaging cell, which leads to improved health and well‐being. In this article, we reviewed and summarized the results from studies on processed lentils that have an impact on human health. By combining available studies, this review article provides an up‐to‐date and well‐informed viewpoint on improving health through dietary interventions, specifically looking at processed lentils and their potential to systematically lower disease risk and obtain health benefits.

"The burden of lifestyle diseases and their impact on health service in India"-A narrative review.

Basically, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are lifestyle diseases. They cannot be transmitted from one person to another person. Instead, our lifestyle, genetics, and environment influence our susceptibility to various diseases. In India, non-communicable illnesses and injuries are responsible for 52% of fatalities. The burden of non-communicable diseases and the resultant mortality are predicted to increase if the government does not take significant steps to prevent and control NCDs and related risk factors. According to the currently available research, the top causes of illness, disability, and death in India include hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, lung disease, chronic renal disease, trauma, stroke, and chronic obstructive and mental disorders. Since 1980s, the Government of India has assisted the states through several vertical programs to prevent and control NCDs. However, efforts to prevent and control NCDs significantly increased under the 11th plan. New programs were launched on a small scale in a select few districts. The financial burden of NCDs has mostly stayed the same, though based on past experiences, reducing exposure to risk factors requires focusing on health promotion and preventative actions. The public healthcare system must have the tools and talents needed for effective management, early diagnosis, and screening. Effective monitoring systems, integrated management, and public awareness campaigns are required to successfully implement the program and make services available to all national citizens.

From Policy to Practice: A Review of Africa’s Public Health Policy

Africa faces persistent health challenges, from infectious diseases to non-communicable illnesses, necessitating robust public health policies. However, the translation of these policies into effective practice remains a substantial challenge across the continent. This study employed a rigorous literature review, and policy analysis to shed light on the multifaceted factors impeding the successful transition from policy formulation to tangible health outcomes. Findings indicates that while Africa has made substantial progress in crafting health policies that align with global health goals, critical gaps persist in their execution. Major challenges include resource limitations, weak health infrastructure, insufficient capacity building, and complex socio-cultural dynamics that influence health behaviors and practices. In addition, bureaucratic hurdles, corruption, and lack of political will are identified as systemic barriers to policy implementation. The study highlights the need for adaptive and evidence-based policy making rigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track progress, and a multifaceted approach to bridge these gaps and address challenges. This includes strategic investments in healthcare infrastructure and workforce development, enhancing collaboration between governments and international partners, and fostering community engagement to ensure policies resonate with local contexts.

Indian Clinician's Perspective on the Approach to the Management of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Hypertension (HTN) is considered one of the most frequent life-threatening noncommunicable illnesses. Because HTN has a significant public health impact on cardiovascular health status and healthcare systems in India, it is critical to study Indian clinicians' approaches to HTN management. Methodology This was a cross-sectional, multicentric, non-interventional, and single-visit study that aimed to gather data from across India and examine sociodemographic characteristics and clinician treatment choices in the management of HTN in Indian individuals. As a result, building an information platform about HTN is critical to preventing and controlling this growing burden. Results A total of 5298 patients were recruited in the study from 1061 study centers across India. Among the study patients, 66.67% were females with a mean age of 53.95 ± 14.4, and 66.28% of hypertensive patients presented comorbidities. Among the known risk factors for HTN, 2227 (44.5%) were smokers, while 2587 (51.7%) had sedentary lifestyles. A family history of HTN in either one or both parents was seen in 1076 (21.50%) patients. In management, 40.40% of patients were on anti-hypertensive monotherapy.Amlodipine (41.8%) in monotherapy and amlodipine + metoprolol (32.34%) in combination therapy were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive. Conclusion Management of HTN can be improved by imparting patient education and awareness about the need for medication compliance, lifestyle modifications, and regular follow-up clinic visits.

An Assessment of the Nutritional Status and its Predictors amongst Women in a Rural Community of Dharwad Taluk, Karnataka, India

The connection between food insecurity and health is becoming more widely acknowledged, as it plays a major role in the onset and advancement of non-communicable illnesses. The family's overall well-being and health are directly impacted by the health status of the female. Rural women play a dominant role in the country’s economy and their nutritional status has direct bearing on the whole family. Hence the present study was conducted with the objective to assess nutritional status and to identify the predictors of poor nutrition among rural women of Dharwad taluk, Karnataka. The sample of the study included 500 rural women in the age group of 16-80 years. A self structured questionnaire, SES Agarwal 2005, Anthropometric measurements were used to assess BMI, Hb level, knowledge level and morbidity status. More than one third of the rural women were selected were in the age group of 40-80 years, were illiterates and involved in agriculture. Majority belong to social tribes and staying in nuclear families. Two third of the selected rural womenconsume non-vegetarian food. More than half of the families belonged to upper middle socio economic status. Majority of them had health related problems and were in mild to moderate anemia category. Low SES, low nutritional knowledge, non working status, morbidity condition, middle age group, anemia status and poor protein diet were found to be the risk factors of poor nutritional status among rural women. Low SES was found to be 2.6 times riskier; anemia condition was 4.68 times risk when compared to normal Hemoglobin level.

Clinical Significance of Rasayana Therapy in Management of Cancer

Cancer has faced medical experts with challenges due to its dreadfulness and the harmful consequences of existing therapies. It is the second most common non-communicable illness after ischemic heart disease. Extensive research has resulted in several innovative healing modalities and hundreds of cancer treatments. Surgical excision is the most established and well-tested therapy option. Radiation treatment is successful in managing a wide range of malignant tumours and is used to treat around half of all cancer patients. Cancer is the most prevalent cause of mortality globally. It has resulted in around 10 million fatalities by 2020, accounting for nearly one in every six deaths. Breast, lung, colon, and rectum prostate cancers are the most prevalent. Various studies have demonstrated that, despite advancements in cancer therapies, there remain various unmet requirements of cancer patients that vary depending on the stage and kind of disease. Unmet requirements in cancer patients have been linked to increased symptom discomfort, anxiety and a lower quality of life. Several research studies have revealed that cancer patients seek out complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) to address these unmet needs. In India, Ayurveda is the most often utilised alternative therapy that patients employ. Our previous research papers. Several case studies have demonstrated that the Rashadis-based Rasayana therapy procedure has a high potential for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients. In this article, we discussed the therapeutic use of Rasayana treatment cancer. Rasayana helps in the replenishment and enhancement of Dhatus and Ojas. Rasayana therapy's primary advantages are Deerghayu, Smriti, Medha, Arogyam, Tarunam Vaya, Prabha, Varna, Swararodarya, Indriya Balam, Vaksidhi, Pranati, and Kanti.

Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disorders

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the primary cause of mortality worldwide. 32% of all fatalities globally in 2019 were attributed to CVDs, with an estimated 17.9 million deaths. Heart attacks and strokes were the significant cause of 85% of these fatalities. More than 75% of fatalities from CVD occur in low- and middle-income nations. In 2019, non-communicable illnesses accounted for 17 million premature fatalities (deaths under 70 years of age) of which 38% were attributable to CVDs. An increased risk of acquiring high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol, and Type 2 diabetes can also be attributed to a family history of these disorders. These conditions can also raise an individual's risk of cardiovascular disease. By addressing behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use, bad food and obesity, physical inactivity, and problematic alcohol consumption, most cardiovascular illnesses may be averted. Early detection of cardiovascular illness is crucial for the commencement of medication and counseling-based therapy.

Promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders in a rich welfare state: A Norwegian perspective

The population's mental health - their ability to handle emotions, think rationally, control their behavior, and maintain good relations with others - is a county's most important resource. Failing ability to do so, causes a country's most burdensome illnesses, mental distress and mental disorder, and hinders optimal utilization of other resources. In Norway, prevalence of mental illness is similar to that of other rich countries. Cost of mental illness corresponds to four times the cost of running the armed forces. In working age, loss of health from mental illness is greater than from all somatic non-communicable illness together, and loss of healthy life years is comparable to that of all cancers together. More treatment cannot curb this. Prevention is the only way out. Based on known risk and protecting factors, thirteen strategic principles for an effective prevention plan are presented together with the new Norwegian escalation plan for mental health 2023–2033. Four evidence-based priorities are recommended: universal mental health screening in pregnancy and early motherhood, mandatory guidance of all new day-care center teachers, mental health as a separate subject in school, and employment for all. Finally, with reference to human rights, seven mental health rights are suggested to assure that all organizations become mental health promoting.