Non-communicable Diseases In India Research Articles

Estimating the potential impact of a health tax on the demand for unhealthy food and beverages and on tax revenue in India.

Foods high in fat, sugar or salt are important contributors to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases globally and in India. Health taxes (HTs) have been used by over 70 countries as an effective tool for reducing consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). However, the potential impacts of HTs on consumption and on revenues have not been estimated in India. This paper aims to estimate the potential impact of health taxes on the demand for sugar, SSBs and foods high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) in India while exploring its impact on tax revenues. PE of sugar was estimated using Private Final Consumption Expenditure and Consumer Price Index data while price elasticities for SSBs and HFSS were obtained from literature. The reduction in demand was estimated for an additional 10-30% HT added to the current goods and services tax, for varying levels of price elasticities. The results show that for manufacturers of sweets and confectionaries who buy sugar in bulk and assuming a higher price elasticity of -0.70, 20% additional HT (total tax 48%) would result in 13-18% decrease in the demand for sugar used for confectionaries and sweets. For SSBs, HT of 10-30% would result in 7-30% decline in the demand of SSBs. For HFSS food products, 10-30% HT would result in 5-24% decline in the demand for HFSS products. These additional taxes would increase tax revenues for the government by 12-200% across different scenarios. Taxing unhealthy foods is likely to reduce demand, while increasing government revenues for reinvestment back into public health programmes and policies that may reduce obesity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases in India.

Non-communicable Diseases in India: The Growing Public Health Challenge and the Role of Health Insurance

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenses in India. Methods: The study utilized information from the National Sample Survey (NSS) conducted in 2018 to examine the prevalence of NCDs and their relationship with OOP health expenditures. Results: There is a significant association between NCDs and higher OOP health spending in India. For individuals with NCDs, the average health expense per hospitalization episode was INR 19,420, with 89.3% covered by OOP payments and only 10.7% supported by health insurance. Additionally, the prevalence of NCDs varied by state, with Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh experiencing the highest burden of NCDs. Conclusions: The study underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive and multi-sectoral strategy to address the growing burden of NCDs in India. This strategy should encompass NCD prevention, early identification, and management. Policy initiatives should focus on reducing the financial strain of NCDs on Indian households, potentially through increased public health spending, enhanced insurance coverage, and specialized programs targeting NCD prevention and management.

Behavioral Activation for Comorbid Depression in People With Noncommunicable Disease in India: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial.

The increasing burden of depression and noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a global challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries, considering the resource constraints and lack of trained human resources in these settings. Effective treatment of depression in people with NCDs has the potential to enhance both the mental and physical well-being of this population. It will also result in the effective use of the available health care resources. Brief psychological therapies, such as behavioral activation (BA), are effective for the treatment of depression. BA has not been adapted in the community health care services of India, and the feasibility of using BA as an intervention for depression in NCD and its effectiveness in these settings have not been systematically evaluated. Our objective is to adapt BA for the Indian NCD context and test the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of the adapted BA intervention (BEACON intervention package [BIP]). Additionally, we aim to test the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial evaluation of BIP for the treatment of depression compared with enhanced usual care. Following well-established frameworks for intervention adaptation, we first adapted BA (to fit the linguistic, cultural, and resource context) for delivery in India. The intervention was also adapted for potential remote delivery by telephone. In a randomized controlled trial, we will be testing the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of the adapted BA intervention (BIP). We shall also test if a randomized controlled feasibility trial can be delivered effectively and estimate important parameters (eg, recruitment and retention rates and completeness of follow-up) needed to design a future definitive trial. Following the receipt of approval from all the relevant agencies, the development of the BIP was started on November 28, 2020, and completed on August 18, 2021, and the quantitative data collection was started on August 23, 2021, and completed on December 10, 2021. Process evaluation (qualitative data) collection is ongoing. Both the qualitative and quantitative data analyses are ongoing. This study may offer insights that could help in closing the gap in the treatment of common mental illness, particularly in nations with limited resources, infrastructure, and systems such as India. To close this gap, BEACON tries to provide BA for depression in NCDs through qualified NCD (BA) counselors integrated within the state-run NCD clinics. The results of this study may aid in understanding whether BA as an intervention is acceptable for the population and how feasible it will be to deliver such interventions for depression in NCD in South Asian countries such as India. The BIP may also be used in the future by Indian community clinics as a brief intervention program. Clinical Trials Registry of India CTRI/2020/05/025048; https://tinyurl.com/mpt33jv5. DERR1-10.2196/41127.

Treatment-seeking behaviour among 15–49-year-olds with self-reported heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes: a national cross-sectional study in India

BackgroundEighty per cent of India´s non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality is due to four conditions: heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes, which are primarily cause-amenable through treatment. Based on Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use, the current study aimed to identify the predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with treatment-seeking status among people self-reporting the four main NCDs in India.MethodsCross-sectional study using secondary data. Usual residents aged 15–49 who self-reported cancer (n = 1 056), chronic respiratory disease (n = 10 534), diabetes (n = 13 501), and/or heart disease (n = 5 861) during the fifth National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019–21, were included. Treatment-seeking status was modelled separately for each disease using survey-adjusted multivariable logistic regression.Results3.9% of India´s 15–49-year-old population self-reported ≥ 1 of the four main NCDs (0.1% cancer, 1.4% chronic respiratory disease, 2% diabetes, 0.8% heart disease). The percentage that had sought treatment for their condition(s) was 82%, 68%, 76%, and 74%, respectively. Greater age and having ≥ 1 of the NCDs were associated with greater odds of seeking disease-specific treatment. People in the middle or lower wealth quintiles had lower odds of seeking care than the wealthiest 20% for all conditions. Women with diabetes or chronic respiratory disease had greater odds of seeking disease-specific treatment than men. Muslims, the unmarried, and those with health insurance had greater odds of seeking cancer treatment than Hindus, the married, and the uninsured.ConclusionPredisposing, enabling, and need factors are associated with treatment-seeking status among people reporting the four major NCDs in India, suggesting that multiple processes inform the decision to seek disease-specific care among aware cases. Successfully encouraging and enabling as many people as possible who knowingly live with major NCDs to seek treatment is likely contingent on a multi-pronged approach to healthcare policy-making. The need to improve treatment uptake through accessible healthcare is further underscored by the fact that one-fifth (cancer) to one-third (chronic respiratory disease) of 15–49-year-olds reporting a major NCD have never sought treatment despite being aware of their condition.

Factors influencing adherence to non-communicable disease medication in India: secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from WHO - SAGE2.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of death globally and disproportionately affect those in low- and middle-income countries lower-middle-income countries. Poor medication adherence among patients with NCDs is prevalent in India due to lack of initiation, missed dosing or cessation of treatment, and represents a growing healthcare and financial burden. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors influencing medication adherence in adults with NCDs in India. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study, conducting secondary data analysis on the second wave of the World Health Organisation's 'Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)', a survey that collected data from predominantly older adults across India. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression modelling were conducted to specifically interrogate the reasons for lack of initiation and cessation of treatment. Reporting of this study was informed by the STROBE guidelines. Results: The average medication adherence rate was 51% across 2,840 patients with one or more NCDs, reflecting non-initiation and lack of persistence of treatment. The strongest factor significantly predicting non-adherence to medication across these components was multimorbidity (odds ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.40-0.56). Tobacco use (OR = 0.76, CI 0.59-0.98) and never having attended school (OR = 0.75, CI 0.62-0.92) were significantly associated with poor medication adherence (p < 0.05) while rural living (OR = 0.70, CI 0.48-1.02), feelings of anxiety (OR = 0.84, CI 0.66-1.08) and feelings of depression (OR = 0.90, CI 0.70-1.16) were factors lacking statistically significant association with medication adherence on multivariate analysis. Older age (OR = 2.02, CI 1.51-2.71) was significantly associated with improved medication adherence whilst there was a weak association between increased wealth and improved medication use. Limitations: The SAGE2 survey did not capture whether patients were taking their medication doses according to prescribed instructions-as a result our findings may under-estimate the true prevalence of medication non-adherence. Conclusion: Our analysis provides evidence that poor medication adherence in India is multifactorial, with distinct socioeconomic and health-system factors interacting to influence patient decision making. Future large-scale surveys interrogating adherence should assess all components of adherence specifically, whilst public health interventions to improve medication adherence should focus on barriers that may exist due to multimorbidity, comorbid depression and anxiety, and low educational status.

Does gender-equality concern with non-communicable diseases in India?

Does gender-equality concern with non-communicable diseases in India?

Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India: the ICMR-INDIAB national cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17)

Non-communicable disease (NCD) rates are rapidly increasing in India with wide regional variations. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of metabolic NCDs in India and analyse interstate and inter-regional variations. The Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study, a cross-sectional population-based survey, assessed a representative sample of individuals aged 20 years and older drawn from urban and rural areas of 31 states, union territories, and the National Capital Territory of India. We conducted the survey in multiple phases with a stratified multistage sampling design, using three-level stratification based on geography, population size, and socioeconomic status of each state. Diabetes and prediabetes were diagnosed using the WHO criteria, hypertension using the Eighth Joint National Committee guidelines, obesity (generalised and abdominal) using the WHO Asia Pacific guidelines, and dyslipidaemia using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. A total of 113 043 individuals (79 506 from rural areas and 33 537 from urban areas) participated in the ICMR-INDIAB study between Oct 18, 2008 and Dec 17, 2020. The overall weighted prevalence of diabetes was 11·4% (95% CI 10·2-12·5; 10 151 of 107 119 individuals), prediabetes 15·3% (13·9-16·6; 15 496 of 107 119 individuals), hypertension 35·5% (33·8-37·3; 35 172 of 111 439 individuals), generalised obesity 28·6% (26·9-30·3; 29 861 of 110 368 individuals), abdominal obesity 39·5% (37·7-41·4; 40 121 of 108 665 individuals), and dyslipidaemia 81·2% (77·9-84·5; 14 895 of 18 492 of 25 647). All metabolic NCDs except prediabetes were more frequent in urban than rural areas. In many states with a lower human development index, the ratio of diabetes to prediabetes was less than 1. The prevalence of diabetes and other metabolic NCDs in India is considerably higher than previously estimated. While the diabetes epidemic is stabilising in the more developed states of the country, it is still increasing in most other states. Thus, there are serious implications for the nation, warranting urgent state-specific policies and interventions to arrest the rapidly rising epidemic of metabolic NCDs in India. Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

What are the attributes of a household vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditure? using national survey data to analyse health expenditure for non-communicable diseases in india

What are the attributes of a household vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditure? using national survey data to analyse health expenditure for non-communicable diseases in india

Prevalence of Hypertension in Indian Tribal Population: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Hypertension is a serious condition that significantly increases the risks of several cardiovascular diseases. An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79years worldwide have hypertension, and two-thirds of them live in low- and middle-income countries. Indigenous (tribal) populations are not exceptional to the threat of hypertension. Hence, there is a need to highlight the rising prevalence of hypertension among Indian tribes and to bring them under health care programmes. This paper reports the systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the prevalence of hypertension among Indian tribes by following the PRISMA guidelines. Three databases, viz. PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and Scopus, were included. The gender-wise pooled prevalences were calculated, and forest plots were depicted. Other analyses were performed, including heterogeneity test, meta-regression and sub-group analysis. Of the 1010 studies obtained, 42 were included in this review. These studies covered tribal populations in different regions of India. The pooled prevalence of hypertension among men, women and combined were 23.66% (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.25 to 24.07%), 23.37% (95% CI: 22.99 to 23.75%) and 16.68% (95% CI: 16.10 to 17.28%) respectively. Considerable heterogeneity was found among these studies. The situation of increasing prevalence, as evident from this review, is worrisome as the hypertension epidemic will affect the poor tribal communities that cannot afford to pay for treatment expenses. Therefore, people's access to public health services must be improved. This review discusses the recent initiatives to reduce the burden of hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases in India and highlights the need of implementation research to strengthen these initiatives.

Awareness regarding the antitobacco laws and perceptions regarding interventions for effective tobacco control among young adults of Haryana, India.

Tobacco is one of the major behavioral risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in India. Tobacco control depends on public awareness regarding prevalent antitobacco measures. The present study documents the understanding of young adults (<25 years) regarding the antitobacco laws and their perception regarding interventions for effective tobacco control. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Haryana. A semistructured questionnaire was used to assess tobacco use, participants' awareness of sections 4, 5, 6 (a), and 8 of the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA, 2003), sources of information about antitobacco laws, and their implementation. The perception of participants about the effectiveness of laws and provisions was assessed using a three-point Likert scale. Of the 1470 participants, 517 (35.2%) smoked or used smokeless products. They reported the media (84.6%) to be the most critical source of information about antitobacco laws, followed by the health department (57.6%) and family/peer group (44.9%). Most participants were aware of the prohibition of smoking in offices or banks, educational institutions, hospitals, and other public places. Both tobacco users and nonusers perceived health education programs to be an effective intervention to reduce tobacco use (P < 0.01). The awareness regarding COTPA has increased among the general population. The media could be a powerful tool to counteract the pro-tobacco cues in society. The need of the hour is to focus on improving compliance with antitobacco laws at the population level to achieve a tobacco-free India.

Assessment of medication adherence among hypertensive patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India

Background: Hypertension is a chronic disorder and a prevalent non-communicable disease in India. With the increasing burden of hypertension, adherence to antihypertensive therapy plays a vital role to control blood pressure and preventing its complications. Therefore, this study was done in our tertiary care hospital to understand the medication adherence level in hypertension patients. Aims and Objectives: To assess adherence to antihypertensive medications in hypertensive patients using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 3 months in 100 hypertensive patients. The adherence status of patients to antihypertensive medications was assessed using an eight-item Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Results: Majority of the study participants in our study were &gt;50 years (68%) and females (64%). We observed that patients taking combination therapy better adhered to medication than monotherapy. We assessed in detail the medication adherence level among study participants using MMAS-8 and analyzed the reasons for non-adherence. Conclusion: The medication adherence rate in our study was found to be moderate to high, which needs to be maintained to attain optimal clinical benefit and also to prevent hypertension-related complications.

Health System Preparedness in Provision of Noncommunicable Diseases’ Services in Lakhimpur District, Assam State, India

Background: While noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the leading causes of mortality in the world today, we are unsure of the preparedness of the public health system in terms of provision for and utilization of NCD services in Assam. Methods: Preparedness of public health facility was assessed using WHO-SARA (Service Availability and Readiness Assessment) tool and Indian Public Health Standards tool. Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the Central University of Kerala. Results: The overall readiness of primary health centers (PHCs) ranged from 60% to 76% for NCD services, community health centers (CHCs) ranged from 72% to 87%, subdivisional hospitals from 70% to 87%, and district hospitals from 76% to 100%. Deficiencies were also noted in terms of the availability of equipment and medicines. Conclusion: The deficiencies in the PHCs and CHCs highlighted in the study emphasize the need to strengthen the health system, thereby strengthening the response of the health system to NCDs in India.

Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Urban Adult Population in a Tertiary Care Center, Chennai.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming one of the most common liver diseases among the Indian population. The predisposing factors for NAFLD are diet, lifestyle modifications, and lack of exercise. There is a paucity of research on NAFLD in the South Indian population. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of NAFLD among the urban adult population in Chennai. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in General Medicine outpatient departments at a tertiary care center in Chennai. The study included 510 non-alcoholic adults (both male and female) aged between 21 and 40 years. Ultrasonography was performed to rule out fatty liver in all participants. All the results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0. The frequency was given in percentage. The proportion of participants who screened positive for NAFLD was 61.5%. The participants with higher body mass index (BMI) were found to be significantly 23.09 times higher risk of developing NAFLD. An increase in age was also found to be a predictor of NAFLD. This study also supports that males are more prone to develop NAFLD and are at a 1.59% higher risk of developing the disease than females. Fatty liver has become one of the common non-communicable diseases in India, the high prevalence of NAFLD in the present study supports it. Therefore, people should have regular screening and diagnosis to rule out fatty liver disease. Proper diet patterns and exercise must be followed to prevent fatty liver.

The burden of non-communicable diseases: A scoping review focus on the context of India.

The mortality rate of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributes more in low-income and middle-income countries, also among individuals with lower socioeconomic status in high-income countries, making NCDs a big hurdle to minimizing global and national health disparities. Among 55 million fatalities worldwide in 2019, NCDs accounted for about 41 million (71%) deaths. The purpose of this scoping review was to comprehend the available literature on the burden of NCDs in India. This review included the studies that have been published between the period of 2009-2020. For this review, 18 full-text articles have been selected. A preliminary search was done to obtain articles from the search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, web of science, and Scopus. Our scoping review was focused on five major NCDs which are cardiovascular, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and stroke. In 2019, around 17.9 million individuals died from cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is accounting for 32% of all deaths. As compared to Chandigarh and Jharkhand (0.12 million and 0.96 million, respectively) Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra (4.8 million and 9.2 million, respectively) have a higher percentage of the population affected by diabetes. In India, stroke is the fifth-significant cause of disability and the fourth-leading cause of fatality, which is accounting for 3.5 percent of all disabilities. India should construct a higher-level coordinating framework and devise an overarching policy or strategy tailored to NCDs. To limit risk factor exposure, it is necessary to emphasize health promotion and preventive actions.

Building Public Health Imagination in Controlling NCDs through Integrative Medicine - A Narrative Synthesis Scoping Review on its Challenges &amp; Future in India

Background: India is amidst an epidemiological transition with the country’s health system being tested to manage the dual burden of communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and it is prudent that policy bearers should ensure stratification of data collected through large-scale surveys like NFHS &amp; NSS for better understanding of NCDs in India and AYUSH users for NCDs. The subject scoping review focuses on the uptake of the AYUSH system of medicines in the backdrop of NCDs in India, systems approach to healthcare, the concept of integrative medicine and the challenges it faces in terms of scalability and mass adoption. Design &amp; Method: Through a comprehensive literature review exercise, and nationally representative NFHS data on health, the qualitative research work presents an analysis to comprehend the evident prevalence of NCDs in India and the usage of the AYUSH system of medicine to restrain these chronic conditions with mechanisms like integrative medicine. Results: Out of the 1087 articles validated, 27 were finalised for a detailed review with respect to the identified thematic analysis. The selected articles assimilated through multiple themes and theories include the theory of the classical model of epidemiological and demographic transition and its inference in Indian settings with essential data on diseases (communicable and NCDs) in India, usage of Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM/ AYUSH) in global/ Indian context and its mainstreaming with biomedicine, systems approach to healthcare and global innovations in digital health.

Nonalcoholic Fatty LiverDisease: Is it a Significant Noncommunicable Disease in India

Nonalcoholic Fatty LiverDisease: Is it a Significant Noncommunicable Disease in India

A rapid assessment of the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) pandemic on health care & service delivery for noncommunicable diseases in India

Background and aimThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had disrupted the availability, access and utilisation of routine health care services. The present study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on India's Non communicable Disease (NCD) health care service delivery. MethodsThe study included existing hospitals in disease registry network of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (ICMR-NCDIR), Bengaluru. The study participants comprised site investigators who were clinicians from many specialities, including general medicine, surgery, cancer, neurology, cardiology, and endocrinology. A standardised questionnaire was prepared to collect data on NCD health care services at the respective hospitals over three months from March to May 2020. ResultsOut of 153 hospitals approached for the study, 106 (70%) agreed to participate. Of these, 16 hospitals fully converted for COVID-19 care were excluded from the study. Thus, data from 90 hospitals were included in the final analysis. There had been a total disruption of NCD-related healthcare services during the three months in 44% of the hospitals. In April 2020, the outpatient attendance for over one-third of the hospitals was reduced by more than 75%. Admissions for planned surgeries for cancer treatment were reduced by more than 75% for about 40% of the hospitals. Preventive activities and population-based screening for diabetes, hypertension and cancer appear to have been adversely affected, with about one-third of the hospitals reporting total disruption in April and May 2020. As many as 60% of the institutions reported adequate availability of doctors. Over 91% of the institutions had preparedness/action plans to ensure the continuity of NCD services. ConclusionThe study shows that despite adequate human and material resources, NCD outpatient services, elective surgeries and population-based screening were severely affected. Most institutions were prepared to overcome the pandemic-imposed disruption and ensure a continuum of care for NCDs'.

Exploring knowledge, attitude and practice regarding yoga among patients attending cardiology and neurology clinics in a tertiary care hospital in northern India

Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine, particularly yoga is increasing in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We assessed the overall awareness regarding yoga among patients and their opinion about it as an adjunct therapy for NCDs. Methods We included 384 patients attending the cardiology and neurology clinics at a tertiary care centre in northern India. A questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of yoga as a therapy. Results Ninety per cent of patients were aware of yoga, mainly through print and electronic media. Of the surveyed patients, 22% practised yoga. Lack of time and knowledge were cited as the main reasons for non-practice among the non-practising patients (88%), of which 82% believed that yoga could be practised along with modern medicine. In addition, 61% were ready to accept treatment if offered at the surveyed tertiary care centre. Conclusions Adequate knowledge, awareness and attitude towards yoga appears to be present in contrast to the low practice among the patient population surveyed. If implemented in an integrated fashion, the patients were willing to accept yoga as an adjunct therapy for their cardiac and neurological disorders-an encouraging sign given the burden of NCDs in India.

Non-Communicable Diseases and their Challenges in India

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the major concerns of the 21st century globally. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) show a higher burden of NCDs including India. The country has launched various programs for the control and prevention of NCDs, but the organization, integration, and implementation of NCD-related health services and programs face many challenges. The objective of this review article is to study the trends and challenges in the prevention and control of common NCDs in India and find probable solutions to them. Methodology: Search on PubMed and Google Scholar databases was done. Out of 387 relevant articles, 50 were included. Websites of various institutes and government portals were searched. Data were compiled and studied for identifying the challenges and their solutions. Results: The challenges were organized at four levels – community, facility, health system and policy, and research as per the WHO Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions frameworks (WHO ICCC) such as identification of eligible beneficiaries, shortage of infrastructure and workforce, lack of skills and need for training, inadequate data, poor surveillance, and monitoring systems and limited research. Conclusion: India’s growing NCD burden needs to be addressed by health-promoting partnerships, policies, and programs. To create successful national, multisectoral program for prevention and control of NCDs, high-level political commitment, intersectoral coordination, and community mobilization is required. Learnings from various other programs could be incorporated for effective management of NCDs in India. A more scientific research-based focus needs to be given to AYUSH and other non-medical interventions.

List of essential psychotherapeutic medicines 2019 of India: When science was left behind.

List of essential psychotherapeutic medicines 2019 of India: When science was left behind.